October University for Modern Sciences and Arts Module title: Linear Algebra

Faculty of Engineering Module code: MAT 251/241

Final Exam - Spring 2018 Allowed Time: 3 hours.

Answer all the following questions:

Question (1): (8 marks)
2 1 2 4
a) If 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝐵=[ ]. Find the matrix 𝑋 such that (𝐴𝑋 + 2𝐼 )𝑇 = 𝐵 (2 marks)
7 4 −1 1
Solution
2 −1 2 0 0 −1
(𝐴𝑋 + 2𝐼 )𝑇 = 𝐵 ⟹ 𝐴𝑋 + 2𝐼 = 𝐵 𝑇 ⟹ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 𝑇 − 2𝐼 = [ ]− [ ]=[ ]
4 1 0 2 4 −1

0 −1 4 −1 0 −1 −4 −3
𝐴−1 (𝐴𝑋) = 𝐴−1 [ ] ⟹ 𝑋=[ ][ ]=[ ]
4 −1 −7 2 4 −1 8 5

1 0 0
b) If 𝐴 = [ 0 0 1 ], show that 𝐴 is periodic matrix and then evaluate:
0 1 0

i) (𝐴−1 )𝑇 ii) |𝐴𝑇 𝐴−1 | iii) 3(𝐴5 )𝑇 − 2(𝐴𝑇 )3 + 𝐴𝑇 − 2𝐴 + 𝐼 (3 marks)

Solution
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
2
𝐴 = [0 0 1].[0 0 1] = [0 1 0] = 𝑰 ⟹ 𝐀 = 𝑨−𝟏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 (𝑨 = 𝑨𝑻 ). .
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
i) (𝐴−1 )𝑇 = (𝐴𝑇 )−1 = 𝐴−1 = A
ii) |𝐴𝑇 𝐴−1 | = |𝐴2 | = |𝐼| = 1
5 𝑇 𝑇 3 𝑇
iii) 3 (𝐴 ) − 2(𝐴 ) + 𝐴 − 2𝐴 + 𝐼 = 3𝐴 − 2𝐴 + 𝐴 − 2𝐴 + 𝐼 = 𝐼

c) Decode the received message in the following linear form: __ = 0 I=9 R = 18

22 21 41 21 17 14 8 8 31 22 A=1 J = 10 S = 19
2 1 B=2 K = 11 T = 20
Using the matrix, 𝐴 = [ ] and the given table. (3 marks)
1 1 C=3 L = 12 U = 21
Solution D=4 M = 13 V = 22
To decode the received message, E=5 N = 14 W = 23
F=6 O = 15 X = 24
22 21 41 21 17 14 8 8 31 22
G=7 P = 16 Y = 25
22 41 17 8 31
𝐴𝐵 = [ ] H=8 Q = 17 Z = 26
21 21 14 8 22
22 41 17 8 31 1 −1 22 41 17 8 31
𝐴−1 (𝐴𝐵) = 𝐴−1 . [ ] ⟹ 𝐵= [ ][ ]
21 21 14 8 22 −1 2 21 21 14 8 22
1 20 3 0 9
𝐵= [ ]. The columns of this matrix, written in linear form, give the original message:
20 1 11 8 13

1 20 20 1 3 11 0 8 9 13
A T T A C K - H I M
Page 1/6
Question (2): (8 marks)

2 1 1 1 −1
a) If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ 0 0 −2 ]
−4 −6 0 0 −5
i) Find the LU factorization for each of the following matrices (if possible).
ii) Deduce the rank for 𝐴 and 𝐵 and find 𝐴−1 , 𝐵 −1 (if possible). (3 marks)
Solution
1 1 −1
∵ |𝐵| = |0 0 −2| = 𝟎 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝑩 𝒉𝒂𝒔 𝒏𝒐 𝑳𝑼 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 and has rank equals 2.
0 0 −5
𝟐 𝟏
∵ |𝐴| = | | = −𝟖 ≠ 𝟎 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝑨 𝒉𝒂𝒔 𝑳𝑼 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 and has rank equals 2.
−𝟒 −𝟔

𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝒚 𝒛
𝑳𝒆𝒕, 𝑨 = [ ] = 𝑳𝑼 = [ ][ ]
−𝟒 −𝟔 𝒙 𝟏 𝟎 𝒘

𝟐 𝟏 𝒚 𝒛
[ ]=[ ]
−𝟒 −𝟔 𝒙𝒚 𝒙𝒛 + 𝒘
From the 1st. row we get: 𝒚=𝟐 and 𝒛=𝟏
From the 2nd. row we get: 𝒙𝒚 = −𝟒 ⟹ 𝒙 = −𝟐 and,
𝒙𝒛 + 𝒘 = −𝟔 ⟹ 𝒘 = −𝟒
Therefore,
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 𝟏
𝑨=[ ] = 𝑳𝑼 = [ ][ ]
−𝟔 −𝟒 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 −𝟒

b) Find the values of 𝑘 so that the following systems of equations,

𝑥+𝑦−𝑧 =1 , 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 𝑘𝑧 = 5 , 𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 4
has: i) unique solution, ii) more than one solution, iii) no solution. (5 marks)
Solution
1 1 −1
𝐴 =[2 5 𝑘] ⟹ |𝐴| = 1(25 − 𝑘2 ) − 1(10 − 𝑘) − 1(2𝑘 − 5) = −𝑘2 − 𝑘 + 20
1 𝑘 5

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 |𝐴| = 𝑘 2 + 𝑘 − 20 = (𝑘 + 5)(𝑘 − 4) = 0 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑘 = −5 𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 4

i) 𝒊𝒇 𝒌 ≠ −𝟓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑲 ≠ 𝟒 , then the system has a unique solution.
ii) 𝑰𝒇 𝒌 = 𝟒

1 1 −1 1 1 1 −1 1 1 1 −1 1
−𝟐𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 −𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑
(2 5 4 | 5) −𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟑
→ (0 3 6 | 3) → (0 3 6 | 3)
1 4 5 4 0 3 6 3 0 0 0 0

Then the system has an infinite number of solutions.

Page 2/6
 iii) 𝑰𝒇 𝒌 = −𝟓

1 1 −1 1 1 1 −1 1 1 1 −1 1
−𝟐𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 −𝟐𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑
(2 5 −5 | 5) −𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟑
→ (0 3 −3 | 3) → (0 3 −3 | 3 )
1 −5 5 4 0 −6 6 3 0 0 0 −3

Then the system has no solutions.

Question (3): (7 marks)

a) a) Consider the vector space 𝑉 = 𝑅 3 over 𝑅 . Determine which of the following sets is a subspace of 𝑉.
𝑈1 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ ℝ3 : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ≤ 1}.
𝑈2 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ ℝ3 : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ≥ 0}. (3 marks)
Solution
For 𝑼𝟏 :
3 1 3 1 1
i) If 𝑢1 = ( , 0, ) ∈ 𝑈1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢2 = ( , , ) ∈ 𝑈1 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑒, (𝑢1 + 𝑢2 ) ∉ 𝑈1 OR
4 5 4 6 5
1 1 1
ii) If 𝑐 = 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 = ( , , ) ∈ 𝑈 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 10𝑢 ∉ 𝑈1 . Therefore, 𝑼𝟏 is not subspace of 𝐕.
4 6 5

For 𝑼𝟐 :
i) If 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 0. 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, (0,0,0) ∈ 𝑈2
ii) if (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) ∈ 𝑈2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) ∈ 𝑈2 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) + (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) ∈ 𝑈2
iii) If 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝑈2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑐(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝑈2 . Therefore, 𝑼𝟐 is a subspace of 𝐕.

b) Let 𝑆 = {𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 } be a set of vectors in the vector space 𝑅 3 where, 𝑢1 = (1 , 2 , 3), 𝑢2 = (0 , 1 , 2) and
𝑢3 = (−1 , 0 , 1)
i) Determine whether the vector 𝑣 = (1 , −2 , 2) is a linear combination of the vectors 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 and 𝑢3 .
ii) Is the set 𝑺 a spanning set for the vector space 𝑹𝟑 ? Why ?
iii) Show whether the set 𝑺 is a basis for 𝑹𝟑 . (4 marks)
Solution
i) We need to find scalar 𝒄𝟏 , 𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅, 𝒄𝟑 such that;

𝒗 = 𝒄 𝟏 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒄 𝟐 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒄 𝟑 𝒖𝟑
(𝟏 , −𝟐 , 𝟐) = 𝒄𝟏 (𝟏 , 𝟐 , 𝟑) + 𝒄𝟐 (𝟎 , 𝟏 , 𝟐) + 𝒄𝟑 (−𝟏 , 𝟎 , 𝟏)
(𝟏 , −𝟐 , 𝟐) = (𝒄𝟏 − 𝒄𝟑 , 𝟐𝒄𝟏 + 𝒄𝟐 , 𝟑𝒄𝟏 + 𝟐𝒄𝟐 + 𝒄𝟑 )
Equating corresponding components gives a nonhomogeneous linear system of the following equations:

𝒄𝟏 − 𝒄𝟑 = 𝟏
𝟐𝒄𝟏 + 𝒄𝟐 = −𝟐 } ⟹ 𝑤𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚,
𝟑𝒄𝟏 + 𝟐𝒄𝟐 + 𝒄𝟑 = 𝟐

Page 3/6
 1 0 −1
For the previous system of non-homogenous equations (𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵) we get, |𝐴| = | 2 1 0 | = 0, then
3 2 1
the system has an infinite number of solutions or has no solution ???? Therefore, we must determine,

1 0 −1 1 1 0 −1 1 1 0 −1 1
−2𝑅1 + 𝑅2 −2𝑅2 + 𝑅3
(2 1 0 | −2) −3𝑅1 + 𝑅3
→ (0 1 2 | −1) → (0 1 2 | −1)
3 2 1 2 0 2 4 2 0 0 0 4

The last row shows contradiction (𝟎 ≠ 𝟒), so the system has no solution and this means that we cannot find
such 𝒄𝟏 , 𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅, 𝒄𝟑 to write an arbitrary vector 𝒗 as a linear combination of vectors of 𝒖𝟏 , 𝒖 𝒂𝒏𝒅, 𝒖𝟑 . i.e,

𝒗 ≠ 𝒄 𝟏 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒄 𝟐 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒄 𝟑 𝒖𝟑
ii) First the set 𝑺 does not span 𝑹𝟑 because, there is 𝒗 = (1 , −2 , 2) ∈ 𝑅 3 𝒗 cannot be written as a linear

combination of vectors of 𝑺.

iii) The set 𝑺 is not basis for 𝑹𝟑 because the set 𝑺 does not span 𝑹𝟑 .

Question (4): (9 marks)

a) Consider ℝ3 as an inner product space with the usual inner product and 𝑢 , 𝑣 and 𝑤 in ℝ3 where,
𝑢 = (2 , 1 , −3), 𝑣 = (1 , 0 , 4), 〈𝑢 , 𝑤〉 = −6 , 〈𝑤, 𝑣〉 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ‖𝑤‖ = 5. Calculate the following:
i) ‖𝑢‖ and ‖𝑣‖, ii) 〈𝑢, 𝑣 〉 and the angle 𝜽 between them,
̂ and 𝒗
iii) The unit vectors 𝒖 ̂ iv) 〈𝑢 + 𝑣 , 𝑤〉. v) ‖2𝑤 + 𝑣‖. (4 marks)
Solution
i) ‖𝒖‖ = √22 + 12 + (−3)2 = √4 + 1 + 9 = √14 and

‖𝒗‖ = √12 + 02 + (4)2 = √1 + 0 + 16 = √17

ii) 〈𝒖, 𝒗〉 = 𝒖𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒖𝟑 𝒗𝟑 = (2 × 1) + (1 × 0) + (−3 × 4) = −10

〈𝒖 ,𝒗〉 −10
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = ‖𝒖‖.‖𝒗‖ = √14 × √17 ≈ −𝟎. 𝟔𝟒𝟖 ⟹ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (−0.648) ≈ 𝟏𝟑𝟎. 𝟑𝟗
𝒖 𝟐 , 𝟏 , −𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 −𝟑 𝒗
̂=
iii) 𝒖
‖𝒖‖
= √𝟏𝟒
=(
√𝟏𝟒
,
√𝟏𝟒
,
√𝟏𝟒
) and ̂ = ‖𝒗‖ = 𝟏 ,√𝟏𝟕
𝒗
𝟎 , 𝟒
=(
𝟏
√𝟏𝟕
, 𝟎 ,
𝟒
√𝟏𝟕
)

iv) 〈𝒖 + 𝒗 , 𝒘〉 = 〈𝒖 , 𝒘〉 + 〈𝒗 , 𝒘〉 = −6 + 2 = −4 ( 〈𝒖 , 𝒘〉 𝒂𝒏𝒅 〈𝒗 , 𝒘〉 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 )

v) ‖𝟐𝒘 + 𝒗‖ = √〈𝟐𝒘 + 𝒗 , 𝟐𝒘 + 𝒗〉 = √〈𝟐𝒘 , 𝟐𝒘〉 + 〈𝟐𝒘 , 𝒗〉 + 〈𝒗 , 𝟐𝒘〉 + 〈𝒗 , 𝒗〉

= √4〈𝑤 , 𝑤〉 + 2〈𝑤 , 𝑣〉 + 2〈𝑣 , 𝑤〉 + 〈𝑣 , 𝑣〉

= √4〈𝑤 , 𝑤〉 + 4〈𝑤 , 𝑣〉 + 〈𝑣 , 𝑣〉 = √4‖𝑤‖2 + 4〈𝑤 , 𝑣〉 + ‖𝑣‖2

= √4(5)2 + 4(2) + (√17)2 = √125 = 5√5

Page 4/6
b) Suppose that 𝑢1 = (1 , 1 , 1) , 𝑢2 = (1 , 1 , 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢3 = (1 , 0 , 0)

Use Gram-Schmidt technique to construct an orthonormal basis using 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢3 . (4 marks)

Solution
Step 1: Let 𝑣1 = 𝑢1 = (1 ,1 ,1)
〈𝑢2 , 𝑣1 〉
Step 2: 𝑣2 = 𝑢2 − ‖𝑣1 ‖2
𝑣1
(1 , 1 , 0).(1 , 1 , 1)
= (1 ,1 ,0) − ‖(1 , 1 , 1)‖2
. (1 , 1 , 1)

2 2 2 2 1 1 2
= (1 ,1 ,0) − 3 (1 , 1 , 1) = (1 ,1 , 0) − (3 , 3 , 3) = (3 , 3 , − 3)
〈𝑢3 , 𝑣1 〉 〈𝑢3 , 𝑣2 〉
Step 3: 𝑣3 = 𝑢3 − ‖𝑣1 ‖2
𝑣1 − ‖𝑣2 ‖2
𝑣2
1 1 2
(1 , 0 , 0).(1 , 1 , 1) (1 , 0 , 0).( , , − ) 1 1 2
3 3 3
= (1,0,0) − [ ‖(1 , 1 , 1)‖2 ] (1 ,1 , 1) − [ 1 1 2 2
] (3 , ,− )
‖( , ,− )‖ 3 3
3 3 3

1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2
= (1,0,0) − 3 (1 ,1 , 1) − 2 (3 , , − 3) = (1,0,0) − (3 , 3 , 3) − (6 , , − 6)
3 6
1 1 1 1
= (1,0,0) − (2 , , 0) = (2 , − , 0)
2 2
1 1 2 1 1
Therefore, {𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 } = {(1 ,1 ,1) , ( , , − 3) , (2 , − , 0) } forms an orthogonal basis for 𝑅 3 .
3 3 2

To obtain orthonormal basis {𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 } for the inner product space, divide 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 by ‖𝑣1 ‖ , ‖𝑣2 ‖ , ‖𝑣3 ‖
1
respectively, where, ‖𝑣1 ‖ = √3 , ‖𝑣2 ‖ = √2/3 , ‖𝑣3 ‖ = √
2
1 1 2 1 1
1 ,1,1 ( , ,− ) ( , − , 0) ,
3 3 3 2 2
Therefor, the orthonormal basis {𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 } = {( ) ,( ) ,( )}
√3 √2/3 √1/2

Question (5): (Total marks: 9 )

2 −1 1 1
a) Let 𝑀 = [ −5 −2 1 ]. Show that, 𝑋 = [ −1 ], is an eigenvector for 𝑀 and then deduce its eigenvalue.
0 0 1 0
(2 marks)
Solution
2 −1 1 1 3 1
∵ 𝑀𝑋 = [ −5 −2 1 ] [ −1 ] = [ −3 ] = 3 [ −1 ] = 3𝑋
0 0 1 0 0 0
∴ 𝑋 is an eigenvector for 𝑀 and its corresponding eigenvalue λ=3

3 −3 −4
b) If 𝐴 = [ 0 2 2 ], and 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒 (𝐴) = 4.
0 0 𝑘
Page 5/6
 i) Find the eigenvalues for the matrices 𝐴 , 2𝐴 , 𝐴𝑇 , 𝐴3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴−1 .
ii) Find the eigenvectors of matrix 𝐴.
iii) Show that matrix 𝐴 is diagonalizable and then evaluate 𝐴3 . (7 marks)
Solution
i) ∵ 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒 (𝐴) = 4 = 3 + 2 + 𝑘 ⟹ 𝒌 = −𝟏 and
∵ 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠,
∴ 𝐸. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 ∶ 𝟑 , 𝟐 , −𝟏 , 𝐸. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 2𝐴 ; 𝟔 , 𝟒 , −𝟐 , 𝐸. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑇 ∶ 3 , 2 , −1
𝟏 𝟏
𝐸. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴3 :, 27, 8 , -1 , 𝐸. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴−1 ∶ , , −𝟏
𝟑 𝟐

ii) To find the eigenvalues of A, we use the equation: ( 𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼)𝑋 = 0 which gives the system:
𝟑−𝝀 −𝟑 −𝟒 𝒙𝟏 (𝟑 − 𝝀)𝒙𝟏 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎
( 𝟎 𝟐−𝝀 𝟐 ) (𝒙𝟐 ) = 𝟎 ⟹ (𝟐 − 𝝀)𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎 } (1)
𝟎 𝟎 −𝟏 − 𝝀 𝒙𝟑 −(𝟏 + 𝝀)𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎
𝑇𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑿𝝀=𝟑 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝝀 = 𝟑, 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 (𝟏), 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡,
𝟎𝒙𝟏 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎
𝒓 𝟏
𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎 } ⟹ 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎 , 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑿𝟏 = [ 𝟎 ] = 𝒓 [ 𝟎 ]
𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 + 𝟎 − 𝟒 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎
𝑇𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑿𝝀=𝟐 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝝀 = 𝟐, 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 (𝟏), 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡,

𝒙𝟏 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎
𝟑𝒓 𝟑
𝟎 + 𝟎𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎 } ⟹ 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎 , 𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒓, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟑𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑿𝟐 = [ 𝒓 ] = 𝒓 [ 𝟏 ]
𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 + 𝟎 − 𝟑𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎
𝑇𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑿𝝀=−𝟏 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝝀 = −𝟏, 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 (𝟏), 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡,
𝟒𝒙𝟏 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟓
𝒓
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝟎 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎 } ⟹ 𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒓 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙𝟐 = − 𝒓 , 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑿𝟑 = [ 𝟐 ] = 𝒓 [ −𝟐/𝟑 ]
𝟑 𝟐 −𝟑𝒓
𝟎 + 𝟎 + 𝟎 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎 𝒓 𝟏
𝟏 𝟑 𝟎. 𝟓
iii) First of all we must check that a matrix 𝑷 = [𝑿𝟏 𝑿𝟐 𝑿𝟑 ] = [ 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐/𝟑 ] so,
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
𝟏 𝟑 𝟎. 𝟓
|𝑷| = |𝟎 𝟏 −𝟐/𝟑 | = 𝟏 ≠ 𝟎. (Therefore 𝑷 exists and has an inverse 𝑷−𝟏 )
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
The matrix 𝑨 is diagonalizable because there exists an invertible matrix 𝑷 so, we can write a diagonal
matrix 𝑫 which it is similar to 𝑨 in the form: 𝑫 = 𝑷−𝟏 𝑨𝑷 , from which we can write, 𝑨 = 𝑷𝑫𝑷−𝟏 ,
Therefore, 𝑨𝟑 = (𝑷𝑫𝑷−𝟏 )𝟑 = (𝑷𝑫𝑷−𝟏 )(𝑷𝑫𝑷−𝟏 )(𝑷𝑫𝑷−𝟏 ) = 𝑷(𝑫𝟑 )𝑷−𝟏

𝟏 𝟑 𝟎. 𝟓 𝟐𝟕 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟑 𝟎. 𝟓 −𝟏
𝟑
𝑨 = [𝟎 𝟏 −𝟐/𝟑 ] . [ 𝟎 𝟖 𝟎 ].[𝟎 𝟏 −𝟐/𝟑 ]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏

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