Trigonometry

1) The unit of angle measure is degree and it is denoted by 0.

2) The unit of angle measure is radian and it is denoted by c.
3) π radian =180 degree i.e.  C  1800 ,
   
0
1radian =  180  degree i.e. 1C   180  ,
     

4)1degree =   
radian i.e.10    
C
   ,
 180   180 

Trigonometric Ratios

The ratios which relate the sides of a right angle to its angles are called trigonometric ratios.
There are six trigonometric ratios of an angle  . They are sin  , cos  , tan  , cot  ,sec  and cosec
Consider ABC is a right angled triangle as shown in the figure where A   . AB is
adjacent side, BC is opposite side and AC is hypotenuse, then

Oppositeside BC Adjacent side AB Oppositeside BC

1)sinθ =  , 2) cosθ =  , 3) tanθ =  ,
Hypotenuse AC Hypotenuse AC Adjacent side AB
Hypotenuse AC Hypotenuse AC Adjacent side AB
4) cosecθ =  , 5)secθ =  , 6) cot θ =  .
Oppositeside BC Adjacent side AB Oppositeside BC
Trigonometric functions of standard angles

Angle 300 450 600 900 1800 2700 3600

00
Ratio  ( / 6)c  ( / 4)c  ( / 3)c  ( / 2)c   (3 / 2)c  (2 )c
sin 0 1 1 3 1 0 -1 0
2 2
2
cos 1 3 1 1 0 -1 0 1
2 2
2
tan 0 1 1 3  0  0
3
cosec  2 2 2 1  -1 
3
sec 1 2 2 2  -1  1
3
cot  3 1 1 0  0 
3

Signs of trigonometric functions

Quadrants I II III IV

Trigonometric
ratios
sin + + - -
cos + - - +
tan + - + -
From above table, we say that
In I quadrant – all are positive.
In II quadrant – sine and cosec are positive
In III quadrant – tan and cot are positive
In IV quadrant – cos and sec are positive.
 Trigonometric Ratios of Compound and Allied Angles
Compound Angle [BTE 2016] – An angle obtained by algebraic sum or difference of two or more
angles is called a compound angle.
e.g. If A,B,C--- are angles, then A  B, A  B, A  B  C , A  B  C    are compound angles.

Allied Angles – If the sum or difference of the measures of two angles is either zero or is an integral

multiple of 900 or n where n  I , then these angles are called allied angles.
2
e.g. If is the measure of a given angle, then its allied angles are of the form 0,
 3
 ,   , 2   , 2   etc.
2 2

Trigonometric functions of addition and subtraction

1) sin( A  B)  sin Acos B  sin B cos A, 2) sin( A  B)  sin Acos B  sin B cos A,
3) cos( A  B)  cos Acos B  sin Asin B, 4) cos( A  B)  cos Acos B  sin Asin B,
5)tan( A  B)  tan A  tan B , 6)tan( A  B)  tan A  tan B ,
1  tan A.tanB 1  tan A.tanB
7)sin( A  B)sin( A  B)  sin 2 A  sin 2 B, 8)cos( A  B)cos( A  B)  cos 2 A  cos 2 B.

Trigonometric functions of allied angles

       3
 3 2  2 
Angle   2 
2 2 2
Ratio
sin  sin  cosθ cosθ sin   sin  cosθ cosθ  sin  sin 
cos cosθ sin   sin  cosθ cosθ  sin  sin  cosθ cosθ
tan  tan  cotθ cotθ  tan  tan  cotθ cotθ  tan  tan 
cosec cosecθ secθ secθ cosecθ cosecθ secθ secθ cosecθ cosecθ
sec secθ cosecθ cosecθ secθ secθ cosecθ cosecθ secθ secθ
cot cotθ tan   tan  cotθ cotθ tan   tan  cotθ tan 

Examples:
Without using the calculator, find the value of
 3  1  3  1
1) cos(75)0 . [BTE 2017] cos(75)0  0 0
 2) tan(75) [BTE2012]  tan(75)  
 2 2   3  1
3) sin2100 [ -1/2] 4) sec36600 [2]

5) sin1500  cos3000  tan 3150  sec2 36600 [6]

[sin1500  1/ 2, cos3000  1/ 2, tan 3150  1,sec36600  2]

sec2 1350
6) [4]
cos(2400 )  2sin 9300
 Examples for Tutorial
Without using the calculator, prove that
1) sin 4200 cos3900  cos(3000 )sin(3300 )  1 [BTE2016]
[sin 4200  3 / 2, cos3900  3 / 2, cos(3000 )  1/ 2, sin(3300 )  1/ 2]
2) sin1500  tan 3150  cos3000  sec2 3600  3 [BTE2015]
0 0 0 0
[sin150  1/ 2, tan 315  1, cos300  1/ 2, sec360  1]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Examples:
Prove that
1) sin(n  1) A.sin(n  2) A  cos(n  1) A.cos(n  2) A  cos A

sin( A  B) cot A  cot B

2) 
cos( A  B) 1  cot A cot B

5 1 
3) If tan x  and tan y  , prove that x  y  . [BTE2014]
6 11 4
4) In any ABC , prove that tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A.tan B.tan C . [BTE2014]
[ A  B  1800  C, tan(1800  C)   tan C]
1  tan 2 .tan  cos 3
5) Prove that  . [BTE2013]
1  tan 2 .tan  cos 
4  5 3
6) If sin A  ,  A   and cos B  ,  B  2 , find a) sin( A  B) , b) cos( A  B) .
5 2 13 2
56 63
[sin( A  B)  , cos( A  B)   ]
65 65
Examples for Tutorial
0 0 0 0
1) sin(45  A).cos(45  B)  cos(45  A).sin(45  B)  cos( A  B)
sin( A  B) sin( B  C ) sin(C  A)
2)   0
sin A sin B sin B sin C sin C sin A

sin( A  B) tan A  tan B

3) 
sin( A  B) tan A  tan B
1 1
4) If tan A  and tan B  , find tan( A  B) .[BTE2016] [tan( A  B)  1]
2 3
5) Show that tan3A  tan 2 A  tan A  tan3A.tan 2 A.tan A . [3 A  2 A  A]
6) Prove that 1  tan  .tan 2  sec2 . [BTE2015]
5 7
7) If sin    , cos    and  ,  lies in the third quadrant, find sin(   ) . [BTE2013]
13 25
 12 24 
cos    13 ( is in III quadrant, cos  is negative.), sin    25 (  is in III quadrant, sin  is negative.) 
 
sin(   )   253 
 325 
 Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple and Sub-multiple Angles

Multiple Angles – Angles of the form 2 ,3 , 4    are integral multiples of  . They are called
multiple angles.
 3
Sub-multiple Angles – Angles of the form , ,    are called sub-multiple angles of  .
2 2
Trigonometric functions of double and triple angles:
1) sin 2  2sin  cos  , 2) cos 2  cos 2   sin 2   1  2sin 2   2 cos 2   1,

3) sin 2  2 tan  , 4) cos 2  1  tan  , 5) tan 2  2 tan 

2

1  tan 2  1  tan 
2
1  tan 2 
6)1  cos 2  2sin 2  ,  sin 2   1  cos 2 , 7)1  cos 2  2 cos 2  ,  cos 2   1  cos 2 ,
2 2
8) 1  sin 2  (cos   sin  )2 , 9) 1  sin 2  (cos   sin  ) 2 ,

12) tan 3  3 tan   tan  .

3
10) sin 3  3sin   4sin 3  , 11) cos 3  4 cos3   3cos  ,
1  3 tan 3 
Trigonometric functions of half angles:
1) sin   2sin( / 2) cos( / 2), 2) cos   cos 2 ( / 2)  sin 2 ( / 2)  1  2sin 2 ( / 2)  2 cos 2 ( / 2)  1,
2 tan( / 2) 1  tan 2 ( / 2) 2 tan( / 2)
3) sin   , 4) cos   , 5) tan  
1  tan ( / 2)
2
1  tan ( / 2)
2
1  tan 2 ( / 2)
6)1  cos   2sin 2 ( / 2), 7)1  cos   2 cos 2 ( / 2),
8)1  sin    cos( / 2)  sin( / 2)  , 9)1  sin   cos( / 2)  sin( / 2) 
2 2
.

Examples
1) If   450 , verify that
3tan   tan3 
a) sin 3  3sin   4sin3  b) tan 3 
1  3tan 2 
12 3 120  119 
2) If cos    and     , find a) sin 2 169  b) cos 2 169 
13 2
1
3) If sin A  , find sin 3A . [sin 3 A  1] [BTE2014]
2
4) Prove that

sin   sin 2 sin 9 cos 9

a)  tan  b)  2
1  cos   cos 2 sin 3 cos 3

c) 2  2  2  2 cos8  2 cos 
 Examples for Tutorial

1) If   600 , verify that

a) sin 2  2sin  cos b) cos 2  2cos2   1

2) If sin   0.6 , find sin 3 . [sin 3  0.936]

3) If sin   0.4 , find cos3 . [cos 3  0.3297]
4) If sin A  0.4 , find sin 3A . [sin 3 A  0.944] [BTE2014]
sin 2  cos  sec 4  1 tan 4
5) Prove that a)  cot  b) 
1  sin   cos 2 sec 2  1 tan 
c) 2  2  2 cos 4  2 cos 

Examples on half angle formulae

1) If   450 , find the values of sin( / 2) and cos( / 2) without using the calculator.
[Use the formulae 1  cos   2sin 2 ( / 2), 1  cos   2 cos 2 ( / 2)
2 2 2 2
sin( / 2)  , cos( / 2)  ]
2 2

sin( / 2)  sin   0  1  sin A

2) Prove that a)  tan( / 2) b) tan  45   
1  cos( / 2)  cos   2 1  sin A
Examples for Tutorial

1) If tan( / 2)  3 , find cos. [cos   cos120  1/ 2]

1
2) If tan( A / 2)  , find sin A [sin A  3 / 2]
3
1  sin   cos 
3) Prove that a)  tan( / 2) b)
1  sin   cos 
 Factorization and Defactorization Formulae
Factorization – The process of conversion from sum/difference into product is called factorization.

Defactorization - The process of conversion from product of terms into sum/difference is called
defactorization.

Factorization Formulae:
   2  2 2 
1) sin C  sin D  2sin C  D cos C  D , 2) sin C  sin D  2 cos C  D sin C  D ,
2   
  
3) cos C  cos D  2 cos C  D cos C  D ,
2 2 
 2  
2 2 
4) cos C  cos D  2sin C  D sin D  C  2sin C  D sin C  D .
2   
Defactorization Formulae:
1) 2sinA cos B  sin( A  B)  sin( A  B), 2) 2cosA sin B  sin( A  B)  sin( A  B),
3) 2cosAcosB  cos( A  B)  cos( A  B), 4) 2sinA sin B  cos( A  B)  cos( A  B).

Examples

A) Express the following as a sum or difference of trigonometric functions.

1) 2sin 4 cos 2 [2sin 4 cos 2  sin 6  sin 2 ]
2) 2cos1170 sin 530 [2cos1170 sin 530  sin1700  sin 640 ]
B) Express the following as product of trigonometric functions:
1) sin 2  sin 4 [2sin 3 cos  ] 2) cos 700  cos 200 [2cos 450 cos 250 ]
C) 1) If 2cos 600.cos100  cos A  cos B , then find A and B. [BTE2013] [ A  70, B  50]
sin 4  sin 2 cos 3 A  2 cos 5 A  cos 7 A
2) Prove that a)  tan  b)  cos 2 A  sin 2 A.tan 3 A
cos 4  cos 2 cos A  2 cos 3 A  cos 5 A
sin190  cos110
c)  3 sin190  cos(900  190 )  cos 710 , cos190  sin(900  190 )  sin 710 
0
cos19  sin11 0  
3 1
d) cos100 cos500 cos 700  e) sin100 sin 300 sin 500 sin 700 
8 16
 A B 
f)  cos A  cos B    sin A  sin B   4.cos2 
2 2

 2 

Examples for Tutorial

A) Express the following as a sum or difference of trigonometric functions.
1) 2cos 4 cos 2 [2 cos 4 cos 2  cos 6  cos 2 ]
 1 
2) sin( / 4) sin(3 / 4) sin( /4)sin(3 /4)  cos( /2)cos  
 2 
B) Express the following as product of trigonometric functions:

 2  3  
1) sin 7  sin5 [2 cos 6 sin  ] 2) cos  cos  2sin sin 
13 13  26 26 

C) 1) If sin800  sin 500  2sin .cos  , find  and  . [  650 ,   150 ]

cos 2 B  cos 2 A sin A  2sin 2 A  sin 3 A

2) Prove that a)  tan( A  B) b)  tan 2 A
sin 2 A  sin 2 B cos A  2 cos 2 A  cos 3 A
cos110  sin110 3
c)  tan 560 d) sin 200 sin 400 sin 600 sin 800  [BTE2016]
0 0
cos11  sin11 16

 A B 
f)  cos A  cos B    sin A  sin B   4.sin 2 
2 2
e) 8sin 200 sin 400 cos100  3 
 2 

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Definition - If sin   x , then   sin 1 x is inverse trigonometric function. It is read as sine inverse
of x .
Similarly cos1 x, tan 1 x,cot 1 x,sec1 x,cosec1x are inverse trigonometric functions.

Relation between inverse trigonometric ratios :

1) sin 1 ( x)  cosec1 (1/ x), cosec1 ( x)  sin 1 (1/ x),
cos 1 ( x)  sec1 (1/ x), sec 1 ( x)  cos 1(1/ x),
tan 1 ( x)  cot 1 (1/ x), cot 1 ( x)  tan 1 (1/ x).
2) sin 1 ( x)   sin 1 ( x), cos 1 ( x)    cos 1 ( x),
tan 1 ( x)   tan 1 ( x), cot 1 ( x)    cot 1 ( x),
cosec1 ( x)   cosec1 ( x), sec1 ( x)    sec1 ( x).
3) sin 1 (sin x)  x, cos 1 (cos x)  x, tan 1(tan x)  x,
cot 1 (cot x)  x, cosec1 (cosecx)  x, sec 1(sec x)  x.
4) sin 1 x  cos 1 x   / 2, tan 1 x  cot 1 x   / 2, cosec1 x  sec1 x   / 2.
 x y 
5) If x  0, y  0 and xy  1then, tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1  .
 1  xy 
 x y 
6) If x  0, y  0 and xy  1then, tan 1 x  tan 1 y    tan 1  .
 1  xy 
 x y 
7) If x  0, y  0 then, tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1  .
 1  xy 
1
Note – 1) sin 1 x 
sin x
Examples : Prove that

1  1  1  1  1  9 
1) tan    tan    cot   [BTE2017]
7  13  2
6 1
 
2) cot 1    tan 1    sec1 2 . [BTE 2017]
5  11 
3  8  77 
3) sin 1    sin 1    sin 1   [BTE 2015, 2016]
5  17   85 
4 3  27 
4) cos 1    tan 1    tan 1   [BTE 2015,17]
5 5  11 

Examples for Tutorial

1 1  3  8  84 

1) tan 1    tan 1    [BTE 2017] 2) sin 1    sin 1    cos 1   [BTE 2017]
2 3 4 5  17   85 
4  12   33 
3) cos 1    cos 1    cos 1   [BTE 2016]
5  13   65 
4  12   63 
4) cos 1    cos 1    cos 1   [BTE 2017]
5  13   65 
1  12  1  3  1  56 
5) cos    sin    sin   . [BTE 2017]
 13  5  65 
1  3  1  8  1  84 
6) sin    sin    cos   . [BTE 2017]
5  17   85 

Principal Value of Inverse Function

Definition – The smallest numerical value, either positive or negative, of an inverse trigonometric
function is called as principal value of the function.
1 1 1
e.g. We know sin 300  ,sin1500  ,sin 3900    
2 2 2
1 1 1
 300  sin 1   , 1500  sin 1   , 3900  sin 1     
2 2 2
1
 sin 1   have many values 300 ,1500 , 3900 ,   
2
1
 Principal value of sin 1   is 300.
2
Examples: Find the principal value of the following:

 1      3   2 
1) sin 1  2) sec cos1 
 2
  
4  2   
 3

   

  1   1
3) cos   sin 1     [BTE2012]  
2  2   2

Examples for Tutorial

 1   2   1     
1) cos1      2) tan 1      3) tan 1  1  
 2  3   3  6  4

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Syllabus for Mid Semester Examination - Oct. 2018

Unit I – Logarithm, Partial Fraction, Complex Numbers

Unit II – Determinant, Matrices