Scribd
Upload
32 views15 pages

Lecture-6, Continuous Functions, Cal-1 IBA

Uploaded by

Orochi Scorpion
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
32 views15 pages

Lecture-6, Continuous Functions, Cal-1 IBA

Uploaded by

Orochi Scorpion
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

Continuity (1)

Intuitively, the graph of a function can be described as a “continuous curve” if it


has no breaks or holes.

➢ If one or more of the conditions of this definition fails to hold, then we will
say that f has a discontinuity at x = a.
Types of Discontinuities (2)

Each function drawn in Figure below illustrates a discontinuity at x = c.

(e)

Types of Discontinuities

Removable Discontinuity Non - Removable Discontinuity

lim f ( x) exists but f (c) does not defined


x→c

or

lim f ( x) exists but lim f ( x)  f (c)


x→c x→c

Jump Discontinuity Infinite Discontinuity Oscillating Discontinuity


lim f ( x) , lim− f ( x) Either Values of f (x) oscillate
x →c+ x→c

exists but lim f ( x) or lim+ f ( x) near c


x → c+ x→c

lim f ( x)  lim− f ( x) is infinite


x →c+ x→c
Example: Where are each of the following functions discontinuous? (3)

Solution:
(a) Notice that
f (2) is not defined, so f is discontinuous at 2.

(b) Here f (0) is defined but xlim


→0
f (x) does not exist. So it is discontinuous at 0.
(c) Here f has value at x=2 which is f (2) = 1 and (4)

But
f(2) ≠ xlim
→2
f(x)

So it is discontinuous at 2.

(d) The greatest integer function [x] has discontinuities at all the integers

since xlim
→n
[x] does not exist if is an integer because
(5)
Example: Determine whether the following functions are continuous at x = 2

Solution: In each case we must determine whether the limit of the function as

x→2 is the same as the value of the function at x = 2.

• In all three cases the functions are identical, except at x = 2, and hence all
three have the same limit at x = 2, namely,

• The function f is undefined at x = 2, and hence is not continuous at x = 2


(Figure a).

• The function g is defined at x = 2, but its value there is g(2) = 3, which is not
the same as the limit as x approaches 2; hence, g is also not continuous at
x = 2 (Figure b).

• The value of the function h at x = 2 is h (2) = 4, which is the same as the


limit as x approaches 2; hence, h is continuous at x = 2 (Figure c).

(Note that the function h could have been written more simply as h(x) = x + 2,
but we wrote it in piecewise form to emphasize its relationship to f and g.)
CONTINUITY ON AN INTERVAL (6)
Continuity on an open interval (a, b)

If a function f is continuous at each number in an open interval (a, b), then

we say that “f is continuous on (a, b)“.

This definition applies to infinite open intervals of the form

(a,+∞) , (−∞, b) , and (−∞,+∞) .

➢ In the case where f is continuous on (−∞,+∞), we will say that

“ f is continuous everywhere ”.
Remark:
Because Definition of limit of a function at a point involves a two-sided limit, that
definition does not generally apply at the endpoints of a closed interval [a, b] or
at the endpoint of an interval of the form [a, b), (a, b], (−∞, b], or [a, + ∞).
To remedy this problem, we will agree that a function is continuous at an
endpoint of an interval if its value at the endpoint is equal to the appropriate one-
sided limit at that endpoint.
For example, the function graphed in the figure is
continuous at the right endpoint of the interval [a, b]
because
lim f(x) = f(b)
x → b−

but it is not continuous at the left endpoint because

lim f(x) ≠ f(a)


x → a+
Using this terminology, we define continuity on a closed interval as follows. (7)

Example: What can you say about the continuity of the function f(x) = √9 − 𝑥 2 ?

Solution: Because the natural domain of this function is the closed interval
[−3, 3], we will need to investigate the continuity of f on the open interval (−3, 3)
and at the two endpoints. If c is any point in the interval (−3, 3), then it follows
that

which proves f is continuous at each point in the interval (−3, 3).

The function f is also continuous at the endpoints since

Thus, f is continuous on the closed interval [−3, 3]. See figure below
SOME PROPERTIES OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS (8)

Theorem: If the functions f and g are continuous at a, then

(a) f + g is continuous at a.

(b) f − g is continuous at a.

(c) fg is continuous at a.

(d) f /g is continuous at a if g(a) ≠ 0 and has a discontinuity at a if g(a) = 0.


(9)
(10)

Example :
(11)

LOCATION OF ROOTS THEOREM

Solution:

Thus, the given equation has a root between 1 and 2.


Exercises-1.5 by Anton

You might also like