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Lecture-9, Derivative and Continuity, Cal-1

The document discusses one-sided derivatives and continuity. It defines right-hand and left-hand derivatives, and states that a function is differentiable if its right and left-hand derivatives are equal. It also discusses the relationship between differentiability and continuity, providing examples where continuity does not imply differentiability.

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Orochi Scorpion
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26 views8 pages

Lecture-9, Derivative and Continuity, Cal-1

The document discusses one-sided derivatives and continuity. It defines right-hand and left-hand derivatives, and states that a function is differentiable if its right and left-hand derivatives are equal. It also discusses the relationship between differentiability and continuity, providing examples where continuity does not imply differentiability.

Uploaded by

Orochi Scorpion
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Derivative and Continuity (1)

One – Sided Derivatives

Definition: (Right – hand Derivative)


we say a function f is differentiable from the right at 𝒂 or has Right – hand
derivative of function f at 𝒂 if the limit

𝑓(𝑎 +ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑎)


𝑓+′ (𝑎) = lim
ℎ→𝟎 ℎ

Provided the limit exists.

Definition: (Left – hand Derivative)


we say a function f is differentiable from the left at 𝒂 or has Left – hand
derivative of function f at 𝒂 if the limit

𝑓(𝑎−ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓−′ (𝑎) = lim
ℎ→𝟎 −ℎ

Provided the limit exists.

Theorem: (Differentiability)

The derivative of f at 𝒂 exists if and only if Right–hand derivative of f at 𝒂 is


equal to Left–hand derivative of f at 𝒂. That is,

f (a) = f + (a) = f − ( a) .
(2)

Definitions: (Differentiability)
• A function f is differentiable at a if 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) exists.
• It is differentiable on an open interval (a, + ∞), (−∞, a) and (−∞, + ∞) if it is
differentiable at every number in the interval.
• In general, we will say that f is differentiable on an interval of the form [a, b],
[a, + ∞), (−∞, b], [a, b), or (a, b] if it is differentiable at all points inside the interval
and the appropriate one-sided derivative exists at a and b.

Relationship between Differentiability and Continuity


Theorem -1: (Differentiability implies Continuity)

(Converse is not true in general)

exists. Now we can write

And by product rule of limit

∎
(3)
(Converse is not true in general)
The continuity of a function at a is not a sufficient condition for the derivative
to be exist at a. The following examples will show this fact.

Examples -1: The absolute value function f ( x) = x is continuous everywhere


in R but it is not everywhere differentiable as it is not differentiable at a = 0 .
x , x  0
Solution: Since f (x) = x = 
− x , x  0
there is no issue to write
1 , x  0
f (x) = 
−1 , x  0
as polynomial is differentiable everywhere in R.
Now we check differentiability only at a = 0 . For this we calculate
𝑓(0 + ℎ) − 𝑓(0) |0 + ℎ| − 0 ℎ
𝑓+ ′ (0) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = lim =1
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ

and
𝑓(0 − ℎ) − 𝑓(0) |0 − ℎ| − 0 ℎ
𝑓− ′ (0) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = lim = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = −1
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 −ℎ ℎ→0 −ℎ

As f + (0)  f − (0) , so f (x) = x is not differentiable at a = 0 .

Hence it is not everywhere differentiable in R.


 1
 x Sin , x0
Examples -2: The function f ( x) =  x is continuous at a=0

0 , x=0
but it is not differentiable there.
1
h Sin −0
f (0 + h ) − f (0) 1
Solution: f + (0) = hlim = lim h = lim Sin
→0 h h→0 h h→0 h
which does not exist as f + (0) does not exist, so f is not differentiable at a=0.
(4)
 2 1
 x Sin , x0
Assignment: Check 𝑓 (0) for the function f ( x) = 
′ x

0 , x=0

How Can a Function Fail to Be Differentiable?


There are three possible situations occur in the graph of a function where the
function fails to be differentiable at x = a:
1) If the graph changes direction abruptly when x = a . In general, if the graph of a
function has a “corner” or “kink” in it, then the graph of has no tangent at this
point and is not differentiable there.
[In trying to compute, we find that the left and right limits are different.]

2) The Theorem “Differentiability implies continuity “gives another way for a


function not to have a derivative. It says that if is not continuous at x = a, then is
not differentiable at x = a. So, at any discontinuity (for instance, a jump
discontinuity) fails to be differentiable.

3) A third possibility is that the curve has a vertical tangent line when x = a,
that is, f is continuous at x = a, and lim | f  ( x) | =  . This means that the
x→a

tangent lines become steeper and steeper as x → a .

Figure below illustrates the three possibilities that we have discussed.


(5)
Theorem -2: If the Left-hand derivative and the Right-hand derivative of f (x) at
x = a are finite (They may or may not be equal), then f (x) is continuous at x=a.

Proof: See Elements of Real Analysis by Thomas Bruckner.


(6)

• Trace or copy the graph of the given function. (Assume that the axes have equal scales.)
Sketch the graph of f  below it.
(7)
(8)

56.

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