Assignment

1) Why is CPU considered as brain of the computer?

= The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is considered the brain of the
computer because it is responsible for executing most instructions that
the computer receives. It retrieves instructions from memory, process
them, and then stores the result back in the memory. It performs the
majority of the computational work in a computer and controls the other
components of the system. It is the central hub that coordinates the
activities of all the other parts of the computer and ensures that
everything runs smoothly.
2) Write down the function of ALU.
= ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) is one of the main components within a
computer processor. The ALU performs mathematical, Logical, and
Decision operations in a computer and is the final processing performed
by the processor.
The functions of ALU are given below:
a) To perform arithmetic calculation such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.
b) Logical Operations that includes AND, OR, NOT, XOR, NOR,
NAND, etc.
c) Bit-Shifting Operations: This refers to shifting the position of the bits
by a certain number of places to the right or left.
3) Explain the fetch cycle of CPU.
= The fetch cycle is the process by which the central processing unit
(CPU) retrieves instructions from memory and prepares them foe
execution. It is one of four fundamentals cycles that the CPU performs
in order to execute a program. The other cycles are decoded, execute,
and writeback.
The detailed explanation of the fetch cycle is given below:
a) The CPU retrieves the address of the next instruction to be executed
from the program counter(pc).
b) The CPU sends this address to the memory controller, which
translates the address into the physical location of the instruction in the
memory.
c) The memory controller sends a request to the memory to fetch the
instruction at the specified location.
d) The memory responds by sending the instructions back to the memory
controller.
e) The CPU stores the instructions in the instruction register (IR).
f) The CPU begins the decoding cycle, in which it decodes the
instructions stored in the IR and determines what operation it should
perform.
This process is repeated foe each instruction in the program until the
program is complete.
4) Write down the functions of CU.
=The control unit controls the operation of all parts of computer but does
not carry out any actual data processing operations.
The function of control unit (CU) are given below:
a) It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions
among other units of a computer.
b) It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
c) It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and
direct the operations of the computer.
d) It communicates with input/output devices.
5) What is data bus? Explain different types of buses used in computer
system.
= A group of wires exclusively used to transfer the data is called data
bus. Using this bus, the data is transferred between the processor,
memory and I/O devices.
There are several types of buses used in a computer system, including:
a) Data bus: This bus is used to transfer data between the CPU and the
main memory. It is typically used to transfer data between the processor
and the main memory, or between the processor and other peripheral
such as the graphics card or network card.
b) Address bus: This bus is used to transfer data address information
between different components of the system. It is used to specify the
location of a particular piece of data in the main memory.
c) Control bus: This bus is used to transfer control signals between
different components of the system. It is used to synchronize the
operation of different component and to initate communication between
them.
d) Memory bus: This bus is used to transfer data between main memory
and the processor. It is used to transfer data from main memory to the
processor for processing or to store data in the main memory after
processing.
e) Peripheral bus: This bus is used to connect peripherals such as
printers, keyboards, and mouse to the computer. It is used to transfer
data between the peripheral and the main system.
f) Expansion bus: The bus is used to connect additional components or
peripherals to the computer. It is used to expand the capabilities of the
system by adding new hardware such as a graphics card or a sound card.
7)What is register? Explain different types of register used in computer
system.
= A register is small, high-speed memory location within a computer’s
central processing unit (CPU). Register is used to store data and
instructions that are being used or processed by the CPU.
The different types of register used in computer system are as follows:
a) Instructions register: These registers are used to store the instructions
that are being executed by the CPU. The instructions are then decoded
and executed by the CPU. Instructions registers are typically very small,
as they only need to store a single instruction at a time. They are used by
the control unit and are not directly accessible by other components of
the system.
b) Accumulator register: The accumulator register is an important part of
CPU’s architecture, that is used to store intermediate results during the
execution of instruction. It is used to store the result of arithmetic and
logical operation performed by the CPU.
c) Program counter register: A program counter register is a register in a
computer processor that contain the address (location) of the instruction
being executed at the current time. As each instructions gets fetched, the
program counter increases its stored value.
d) Memory address register: A memory address is a unique identifier
used by a device or a CPU for data tracking. The binary address is
defined by an ordered and finite sequence allowing the CPU to track the
location of each memory byte.
e) Data register: The data register is used to hold data that will be stored
or fetched from the computer memory, also known as random access
memory (RAM).
8) What do you mean by clock speed of CPU?
= The clock speed refers to the speed at which the processor is able to
execute instructions. It is measured in cycles per second, or hertz (HZ).
A higher clock speed means that the processor is sable to complete more
instruction per second, which can result in faster performance when
running application and programs.
9) What do you understand if your CPU has clock speed of 2.5 GHZ?
= If the CPU have the clock speed of 2.5 GHz, it means that it is capable
of executing 2.5 billion cycle per second. A faster clock speed generally
means that the processor can complete more instruction per second,
which can result in improved performance when running applications
and programs.

1) Define peripheral device?

= The term peripheral device refers to all hardware components that are
attached to a computer and are controlled by the computer system. It
helps end user access and use the functionalities of a computer.
2) What are the major functions of input device?
= The major functions of input devices are:
a) To accept data from the user or outside the environment.
b) To convert user understandable from of data into binary code that is
understandable by the computer.
c) To send data and instructions in binary form to the computer for
further processing.
3) How does a keyboard work?
= Keyboard works when the user press any key, It first goes to keyboard
controller which is processor and has ROM, controller identifies which
key is pressed and send appropriate signal to the computer.
4) Explain types of keys in keyboard.
= There are several types of keys on a keyboard including:
a) Typing keys: These keys include the letter key (A to Z) and digit keys
(0 to 9) which generally give some layout as that of typewriters.
b) Numeric keypad: It is used to enter numeric data or cursor movement.
Generally, it consists of a set of 17 keys, that are laid out in the same
configuration used by most adding machines and calculators.
c) Function keys: The twelve-function key are present on the keyboard
which are arranged in a row at the top of the keyboard. Each function
key has unique meaning and is used for some specific purpose.
d) Control key: These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes
four directional arrow keys. Control keys also includes Home, End,
Insert, Delete, Page-up, Page-down, Control (ctrl), Alternate (Alt),
Escape (Esc).
e) Special purpose keys: Keyboards also contains some special purpose
keys such as Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and
Print screen.
5) Explain the use of Sound card in computer system.
= A sound card is a piece of computer hardware that allows a computer
to play audio files and to output sound to speakers or headphones. It is
typically installed in a slot on the motherboards of a computer or as a
separate expansion card. The sound card is responsible for converting
digital audio signals into analog audio signals, which can be played
through speakers or headphones. It can also convert analog audio into
digital signals, which can be recorded or saved to a computer. Some
common uses of sound card include playing music, movies and other
audio content, as well as recording and editing audio. Sound card can
also be used to enhance the audio experience of computer games by
providing realistic sound effect and special audio. Overall, the sound
card is an important component of a computer system that allows user to
interact with audio in a variety of ways.