Republic of the Philippines

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT FOR BRANCHES AND EXTENSIONS
MARAGONDON BRANCH

MODULE

IN

PHYS 20034
PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS
COURSE GUIDE

1. Fundamentals
A. Unit
B. Vectors

2. Mechanics
A. Kinematics
B. Dynamics I: Force
C. Energy
D. Dynamics II: Momentum
E. Rotational motion
F. Periodic motion
G. Fluids

3. Thermal Physics
A. Heat and Temperature
B. Calorimetry
C. Heat Transfer
D. Thermodynamics

4. Electricity and Magnetism

A. Electrostatics
B. Electrostatics Applications
C. Electric Current

5. Waves and Optics

A. Wave Phenomena
B. Sound
C. Physical Optics
D. Geometric Optics
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

Topic Page

Module 1 Fundamentals

Lesson 1: Unit
Lesson 2: Vectors

Module 2 Mechanics

Lesson 1: Kinematics
Lesson 2: Dynamics I: Force
Lesson 3: Energy
Lesson 4: Dynamics II: Momentum
Lesson 5: Rotational Motion
Lesson 6: Periodic Motion
Lesson 7: Fluids

Module 3 Thermal Physics

Lesson 1: Heat and Temperature

Lesson 2: Calorimetry
Lesson 3: Heat Transfer
Lesson 4: Thermodynamics

Module 4 Electricity and Magnetism

Lesson 1: Electrostatics Applications

Lesson 2: Electric Current
Lesson 3: Magneto Statics

Module 5 Waves and Optics

Lesson 1: Wave Phenomena

Lesson 2: Sound
Lesson 3: Physical Optics
Lesson 4: Geometric Optics
MODULE 1 Fundamentals
Lesson 1
Unit

Learning Objectives:

• Students will learn how to analyze units to facilitate units and formulas in solving physics and
engineering related problems.
• Add vectors using Pythagorean Theorem and trigonometric function.

Course Materials:

• The International System of Units is currently the generally accepted system of units in the
physical science.
• SI is abbreviated from systeme internationale

• Fundamental units of the International System

QUANTITY UNIT SYMBOL
LENGTH meter m
MASS kilogram kg
TIME second s
ELECTRIC CURRENT ampere A
TEMPERATURE kelvin K
AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE mole mol
LUMINOUS INTENSITY candela cd

Multiples of International System Division of International System

FACTOR PREFIX SYMBOL FACTOR PREFIX SYMBOL

ͳͲଶସ yotta Y ͳͲି ଵ deci d
ͳͲଶଵ zetta Z ͳͲି ଶ centi c
ͳͲଵ଼ exa E ͳͲି ଷ milli m
ͳͲଵହ peta P ͳͲି ଺ micro µ
ͳͲଵଶ tera T ͳͲି ଽ nano n
ͳͲଽ giga G ͳͲି ଵଶ pico p
ͳͲ଺ mega M ͳͲି ଵହ femto f
ͳͲଷ kilo k ͳͲି ଵ଼ atto a
ͳͲଶ hecto h ͳͲି ଶଵ zepto z
ͳͲଵ deca da ͳͲି ଶସ yocto y
Derived units – units that are obtained by multiplying or dividing one base quantity with another
quantity.
Area: length x width→ m2

Volume: length x width x height → m3

Density: mass /volume → kg /m3

distance
Speed: → m/s
time

displacement
Velocity: →m/ s
time

velocity 2
Acceleration: → m/s
time

m
Force:mass x acceleration → kg • 2
∨N → Newton
s
2
m
Work: force x distance → kg • 2 ∨J → Joule
s

Pressure: force /area→ N /m2∨Pa→ Pascal

Check out the links below:

• International System of Units
https://physics.info/system-international/
• Gaussian System of Units
https://physics.info/system-gaussian/
• British-American System of Units
https://physics.info/system-english/
• Miscellaneous Units
https://physics.info/system-miscellaneous/
• S.I. base units and derived units
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DTv_eI9Hlro
• Conversion from S.I. to English system with conversion factor.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jqmIbcId3B0&t=314s
Activities:

a.) Imagine that you are driving your. As you're driving along, you notice that the speed limit
signs have numbers like 120 (on the highway) and 50 (in the city). As you start to speed up, you
realize that the signs are in km/hour. Unfortunately, your speedometer only reads in mi/hour.
Figure out how fast you're allowed to go if the sign says:
1. 120 km/hr
2. 75 km/hr
3. 50 km/hr

Assessment:

a.) You are working with a map that has a scale of 1:2,500 meaning that 1 unit on the map is
equal to 500 units on the ground. If you are using a ruler to measure the distance between
points on the map, what are the distance between points if you measure?
1. 20 cm.
2. 13 inch.
3. 50 mm.
Express your answer in meters

b.) A 20 km long, 8 m wide, two-lane highway is to be paved with a 4 cm thick layer of asphalt.
A fleet of three dump trucks is to be employed, each with an empty mass of 20 metric tons and
a carrying capacity of 20 cubic meter, Determine.

1. The total volume of asphalt needed.

2. The number of dump truck loads required.

Assignment:

References:
https://serc.carleton.edu/mathyouneed/units/UnitExample.html
https://physics.info/

MODULE 1 Fundamentals

Lesson 2
Vector

Learning Objectives:

• Students will learn how to analyze measure and convert units to facilitate units in solving
physics and engineering related problems.
• Add vectors using Pythagorean Theorem and trigonometric function.

Course Materials:

• Vectors are used in science to describe anything that has both a direction and a magnitude.
They are usually drawn as pointed arrows, the length of which represents the vector's
magnitude.
• Many properties of moving objects are also vectors. Take, for instance, a billiard ball rolling
across a table. The ball's velocity vector describes its movement—the direction of the vector
arrow marks the ball's direction of motion, and the length of the vector represents the speed of
the ball. The billiard ball's momentum is also a vectorial quantity, because momentum is equal
to mass times velocity. Therefore, the ball's momentum vector points in the same direction as its
velocity vector, and the momentum vector's magnitude, or length, is the multiplication product of
the ball's speed and its mass. Let us say that a rolling billiard ball is moving toward a glancing
collision with a stationary billiard ball. On impact, the moving ball transfers some of its
momentum to the stationary ball, and both roll away from the collision in different directions.
Following the impact, both balls have velocity and hence momentum. In fact, the sum of the
momentum vectors of the two balls after the collision is equal to the first ball's momentum vector
before the collision, ignoring small losses due to friction as well as sound and heat energy
produced during the impact.
• Therefore, with an understanding of vectors, billiards players can predict where both balls will
go following a collision, allowing them to sink more target balls while keeping the cue ball safely
on the table.
• A variety of mathematical operations can be performed with and upon vectors. One such
operation is the addition of vectors. Two vectors can be added together to determine the result
(or resultant).
• Recall the Newton's laws of motion, that the net force experienced by an object was
determined by computing the vector sum of all the individual forces acting upon that object. That
is the net force was the result (or resultant) of adding up all the force vectors. During that unit,
the rules for summing vectors (such as force vectors) were kept relatively simple.

ADDITION OF PARALLEL AND ANTI-PARALLEL VECTORS (Fig. A1 AND A2)

Fig. A1

Fig. A2
WHEN ADDING VECTORS THAT ARE NOT PARALLEL NOR ANTI-PARRALEL

USING PHYTAGOREAN THEOREM

The condition for using Pythagorean Theorem is that two vectors must make a right angle such
as North and East.

The hypotenuse will be the resultant or net force on the object.

Fig.A3

Trigonometric functions is used in determining the angle of the net force.

Check out the links below:
• What is Vector?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ml4NSzCQobk

• Addition of Vectors
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HseRUq-IACw

• Addition of Vectors using Parallelogram Method

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqFybu5kVjk

Activities:

Sample #1
Find the magnitude and direction of resultant force
a.) 10Newton, North + 5Newton, West

Answer
a.) 10N, North + 5N, West
First, find the resultant force: Second, find the angle θ.

Using Pythagorean Theorem Look at the fig.A3

R=√ (5)2+(10)2 Using:

R=√ 25+ 100

R=11.18 We can get the angle θ.

−1 10
θ=tan
5
θ=27 ⁰
Sample #2
Two people are pushing a disabled car. One exerts a force of 200 N east, the other a force of
150 N east. What is the net force exerted on the car? (Assume friction negligible.)

The forces point in the same

direction, so they add up.

∑F = F1 + F2
∑F = 200 N + 150 N
∑F = 350 N
The two original forces are east,
so the resultant is east.

∑F = 350 N east

Sample #3

An airplane heads due north at 100 m/s through a 30 m/s cross wind blowing from the east to
the west. Determine the resultant velocity of the airplane (relative to due north).

North (the direction the engines

are pushing) is perpendicular to
west (the direction the wind is
pushing). The resultant of these
two vectors is the hypotenuse of a
 right triangle. We use Pythagorean
Theorem to find its magnitude…

v2 = v2plane + v2wind

v2 = (100 m/s)2 + (30 m/s)2

v = 104 m/s

To find its direction:

Using Fig.A3
opposite Vwind 30 m/s
tan ∅ = = =
adjacent Vplane 100 m/s

∅ =tan−1 ( 100
30
)
∅ =17 °

v = 104m/s, 17° west of north

Assessment:

Assignment:

References:

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/football-vectors/
https://physics.info/vector-addition/summary.shtml
https://physics.info/vector-addition/practice.shtml
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-1/Vector-Addition