Chapter 2 Rev Wps Office Group 3

CHAPTER 2 : REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
" Fermented Washed Rice Water and Ground Coffee as Sustainable Foliar Fertilizer"
Foliar fertilization has gained attention as an effective method for nutrient delivery to plants. The
utilization of organic materials, such as fermented washed rice water and ground coffee, presents a
promising avenue for sustainable agriculture. This review explores existing literature on the efficacy and
benefits of using fermented washed rice water and ground coffee as foliar fertilizers.
Fermented Washed Rice Water:
As a byproduct of growing rice, fermented washed rice water has nutrients and microorganisms that
are good for plant growth (Rahman et al., 2018; Thanh et al., 2020). Research has indicated that the
foliar fertilizer application of fermented rice water improves soil health, boosts yield, and promotes
plant growth (Tuan et al., 2019; Nguyen and Thanh, 2021). Nutrients like potassium, phosphate, and
nitrogen become more bioavailable during the fermentation process, which facilitates plant uptake and
utilization (Nguyen et al., 2017; Pham and Nguyen, 2020).
According to research by Kim et al. (2019), applying fermented rice water topically to crops enhanced
their ability to withstand environmental stressors by increasing their chlorophyll content,
photosynthetic activity, and antioxidant enzyme activity. Additionally, the root systems benefits from
the establishment of a beneficial microbial community brought about by fermented rice water, which
improves soil fertility and nutrient cycling.
Seaweed extract-based fertilizer is an organic fertilizer made from seaweed, containing nutrients,
amino acids, and growth hormones. It's used to enhance plant growth, stress tolerance, and soil health
(Khan et al., 2009; Khan et al., 2011).
Washed rice water and seaweed extract-based fertilizers share key chemical components essential for
plant growth and soil enrichment. They both contain carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins (B, C),
minerals (potassium, magnesium), and plant growth regulators (auxins, cytokinins) (Lee et al., 2019).
These compounds promote microbial activity, nutrient uptake, and stress resistance in plants.
Additionally, bioactive compounds like phenolics and flavonoids aid in antioxidant defense and pathogen
suppression (Kumar et al., 2020). Together, these ingredients support sustainable agriculture, enhance
crop productivity, and minimize environmental impact.
Method:
Spontaneous Fermentation, where microorganisms naturally present in the environment ferment the
rice water over time.To create a sustainable foliar spray fertilizer, collect washed rice water in a gallon
container and seal it for a week. During this time, natural microorganisms ferment the rice water,
enriching it with nutrients. After straining, dilute the solution and use it to nourish plants as a cost-
effective and eco-friendly fertilizer alternative.
Ground Coffee:
Ground coffee residues are rich in organic matter, nitrogen, and other essential nutrients, making them
suitable candidates for foliar fertilization. Studies have highlighted the positive effects of ground coffee
extracts on plant growth, nutrient uptake, and stress tolerance. The application of ground coffee as a
foliar fertilizer promotes soil microbial activity, enhances nutrient retention, and suppresses pathogenic
organisms.
According to research by Da Silva et al. (2020), applying coffee extract topically to a variety of crops
enhanced leaf area, biomass accumulation, and nutrient assimilation. Coffee's caffeine content
stimulates metabolism in plants and improves photosynthetic efficiency, acting as a natural growth
stimulant. Coffee grounds also help the soil retain water and have a better structure, which reduces the
effects of drought and increases crop resilience.
Compost tea fertilizer is a liquid fertilizer made by steeping compost in water (Nardi et al., 2002). It's
essentially a brew of nutrients and beneficial microorganisms extracted from compost. This "tea" is then
applied to plants as a natural fertilizer to promote growth, improve soil health, and increase nutrient
uptake.
To emphasize the chemical similarities between compost tea and ground Arabica coffee, which make
them useful organic soil amendments (Albuquerque et al., 2016; Chaudhry et al., 2020), They are
abundant in micronutrients necessary for plant growth as well as important nutrients like potassium,
phosphate, and nitrogen. Both have organic matter that improves microbial activity, soil structure, and
water retention (Barbieri et al., 2018; El-Naggar et al., 2022). They also include bioactive substances like
flavonoids and polyphenols that support soil microbial communities and aid in the suppression of weeds
(Ghosh et al., 2017; Seo et al., 2021). These results highlight their potential as long-term substitutes for
enhancing crop productivity and soil health in agriculture.
Method:
Wet fermentation is a process used in coffee production where freshly harvested coffee cherries are
soaked in water to remove the outer fruit layer through natural fermentation. It helps separate the
coffee beans from the pulp, enhancing flavor and quality.Wet fermentation, typically used in Arabica
coffee processing, is repurposed as a sustainable foliar spray fertilizer. By diluting the fermented
solution, coffee farmers create a nutrient-rich spray, promoting plant growth and soil health while
aligning with principles of sustainability and circular economy.
In the Philippines, malabar spinach, or alugbati, is a leafy green vegetable that is high in antioxidants,
vitamins, and minerals (Mendoza & De Castro, 2018). Its resistance to pests and diseases as well as its
flexibility to a variety of soil conditions have been documented (Ali & Bhatti, 2013). Furthermore,
because Malabar spinach grows well with little artificial input, it has long been a staple in organic
farming systems (De Castro & Duldulao, 2017).
Synergistic Effects:
Studies have shown that the synergistic application of fermented rice water and coffee extract
promotes balanced nutrient uptake, stimulates root development, and boosts plant vigor. The
combination of these sustainable inputs provides a holistic approach to crop management, fostering
environmental sustainability and agricultural resilience.
The interconnectedness between Malabar spinach (Alugbati) and organic fertilizers like fermented
washed rice water and ground coffee underscores the synergistic relationship between sustainable
agriculture practices and crop productivity. Incorporating these organic inputs into Malabar spinach
cultivation systems promotes soil health, nutrient cycling, and environmental sustainability while
enhancing the nutritional quality and yield of the crop. Further research is warranted to optimize the
integration of Malabar spinach with organic fertilizers, ensuring the resilience and viability of organic
farming systems in meeting global food security challenges.

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CHAPTER 2 : REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Fermented Washed Rice Water:

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