Tribhuvan University

Faculty of Humanities and Social Science

LAB REPORT COMPUTER NETWORKING (CACS 303)

Submitted To:

Department of Computer Application

Damak Multiple Campus

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor in Computer Application

Submitted By:
Name: Nitesh Raya

Roll No: 21

Under the Supervision of

Mr Umesh Jung Thapa

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences

Supervisor's Recommendation

This is to certify that the Lab Report entitled “Computer Networking” is an academic work
done by “Nitesh Raya” submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Bachelor of Computer Application at Faculty of Humanities and Social Science
,Tribhuvan University under my guidance and supervisions. To the best of my knowledge,
the worked performed by him/her in the Lab report is his/her own creation.

SIGNATURE
Mr. Umesh Jung Thapa
SUPERVISOR
Teacher
Bachelor of Computer Application
Damak Multiple Campus
Damak – 09, Jhapa
 Table of Contents
Lab 1: Introduction to packet tracer simulation tools .............................................................1
Lab 2: Configuring a router with a static IP address. .............................................................2
Lab 3: OSPF Routing ..................................................................................................................8
Lab 5: RIP (Routing Information Protocol) routing..............................................................14
Lab 6: Broder Gateway Protocol (BGP) Routing ..................................................................20
 Lab 1: Introduction to packet tracer simulation tools
TITLE: Introduction to packet tracer simulation tools.

OBJECTIVES:

• To know about packet tracer.

BACKGROUND THEORY:

Packet Tracer is a Cisco Systems cross-platform visual simulation application for creating

network topologies and simulating modern computer networks. Users can use the software to replicate
Cisco router and switch configurations using a simulated command line interface.

Packet Tracer's user interface is drag-and-drop, allowing users to add and remove simulated

network devices as needed. The interface of cisco packet tracer is shown below in figure

hence

1
 Lab 2: Configuring a router with a static IP address.
Theory:
Static IP address configuration on a router is manually assigning a fixed IP address to a specified interface. This
is done using the command-line interface (CLI) of the router, often by entering global configuration mode and then
selecting the interface to configure (e.g., 'interface GigabitEthernet0/0'). The 'IP address' command is then used to assign
the required static IP address as well as the subnet mask ('IP address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0'). Static IP address
configuration enables persistent connectivity for devices that require a fixed address inside a network, allowing for better
management and predictable network traffic routing.

ARCHITECTURE

2
CONFIGURATION
1. Configure username and password

3
2. Assign IP to Interface for remote login of router for Router0

4
5
For Router 1

6
 3. Routing the routers

For Router 0

For Router 1

Output

7
 Lab 3: OSPF Routing
Theory:
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a dynamic routing protocol commonly used in largescale networks
to determine the most efficient paths for data to travel between routers. OSPF employs a link-state
routing algorithm, where routers exchange information about their network links and states, enabling
them to build a comprehensive and up-to-date map of the network. This protocol calculates the shortest
path to a destination based on the accumulated cost of traversing various network links. OSPF
dynamically adapts to changes in network topology, making it resilient and scalable. It promotes
efficient routing by organizing the network into areas, reducing the complexity of route calculations.
OSPF's open standard design and support for multiple network types make it widely used in enterprise
environments, offering reliability, scalability, and adaptability to evolving network conditions.

ARCHITECTURE

8
CONFIGURATION
Step 1. Configuring Router 0

Step 2. Configuring Router 1

Step 3. Configure Router 2

9
Step 3: Assign IP address to Router 0

10
11
Assign IP address to Router 1

Configuring OSPF

For Router 0

12
For Router 1

For Router 2

Output

13
 Lab 5: RIP (Routing Information Protocol) routing
Theory
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is one of the oldest and simplest dynamic routing protocols used in
computer networks. RIP operates on the principle of distance vector routing, employing the Bellman-Ford
algorithm to determine the best path to a destination based on the number of hops. RIP routers exchange
routing information with their neighbors at regular intervals, typically every 30 seconds. The maximum hop
count in RIP is limited to 15, making it suitable for smaller networks but less practical for larger and more
complex topologies. Despite its simplicity, RIP has limitations such as slow convergence and susceptibility
to routing loops. Over time, more advanced routing protocols like OSPF and EIGRP have gained popularity,
relegating RIP to legacy systems or simpler network environments.

ARCHITECTURE

CONFIGURATION
Step 1. Configuring Router 0

14
Step 2. Configuring Router 1

Step 3. Configuring Router 2

Step 4. Assign IP address to Switch 0

Step 5. Assign IP address to Switch 1

15
Step 6. Assign IP address to Switch 2

16
17
18
Step 7. RIP Configuring For Router 0

For Router 1

For Router 2

19
Output

Lab 6: Broder Gateway Protocol (BGP) Routing

Theory:
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a standardized exterior gateway protocol used to exchange routing
information between different autonomous systems (ASes) on the Internet. As a path vector protocol, BGP
makes routing decisions based on network policies and rules, allowing routers to dynamically adjust paths to
reach destination networks. Unlike interior gateway protocols that focus on routing within a single network,
BGP is crucial for inter-domain routing, enabling the global connectivity of diverse networks. BGP plays a
vital role in ensuring efficient and reliable data transmission by facilitating the exchange of routing and
reachability information, contributing to the stability and scalability of the Internet.

ARCHITECTURE

20
CONFIGURATION
Step 1. Configuring Router 0

21
Step 2. Configuring Router 1

Step 3. Assigning IP

For PC 0

For PC 1

22
 For PC 2

For PC 3

23
Step 4. Configuring BGP

For Router 0

For Router 1

24
Output

25