AR40215

Building Energy System and Auditing

Semester-VI, B.Arch
Building Energy Index & Auditing
Building Energy Performance Index

Dr. Shankha Pratim Bhattacharya

Associate Professor
Department of Architecture and Regional Planning
IIT Kharagpur
Energy Performance Index of a Building is calculated as its yearly energy consumption over the total
built-up area.
EPI is estimated as kwh/ Sq m /Year
This value is calculated from total annual electricity purchased and generated [may be on site from GG
or DG set] (i.e. Annual kwh) consumption per square meter area of building. (Excluding electricity
generated from on-site renewable resources).
In case of industrial building and industrial products, the EPI is calculated based on energy per output.

Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Govt. of India has proposed a rating system based on the EPI score for Hospitals,
Office buildings and Shopping Malls.
Following are some of the building information and energy data need to be collected from the general survey of the
building.
•Connected Load (kW) or Contract Demand (kVA)
•Installed capacity: DG/ GG Sets (kVA or kW)
•Annual Electricity Consumption, purchased from Utilities (kWh)
•Annual Electricity Consumption, through Diesel Generating (DG)/Gas Generating (GG) Set(s) ( kWh)
•Installed capacity of Air Conditioning System (TR) and KW
•Installed lighting load (kW) ( if available)
•Fuel (LPG, NG) used for generating steam/water heating in the year (in appropriate units)

•Area of the building (exclude parking, lawn, roads, etc.)

•Air-Conditioned Area(in sqm)
•Working days/week (e.g. 5/6/7 days per week)
•Total number of Employees
•Total number of Beds [for Hospital Buildings]
•Average number of Persons at any time in the building during office hours
The total annual energy used [purchased + generated] in
the building function is then evaluated based on the survey
data.
The EPI is then found from the ratio between annual
energy consumption and total habitable floor area/ built-
up area.
The EPI is expressed in kWh/m2.

Building Information and Energy Data Survey

Format issued by BEE
 Office Buildings

Office Buildings: The EPI is based on energy consumption in kWh / sqm/ year.
It considers two conditions for rating:
(i) Office building having more than 50% air conditioned area
(ii) Office building having less than 50% air conditioned area. The rating bandwidth is mentioned below:

Energy Performance Index (EPI) bandwidth (in kWh / sqm/ year) for Office Buildings
Building having More than 50 % air Building having Less than 50 % air
conditioned area conditioned area
Warm and Hot and Warm and Hot and
Star Label Composite Composite
Humid Dry Humid Dry
1star 190-165 200-175 180-155 80-70 85-75 75-65
2star 165-140 175-150 155-130 70-60 75-65 65-55
3star 140-115 150-125 130-105 60-50 65-55 55-45
4star 115-90 125-100 105-80 50-40 55-45 45-35
5 star Below 90 Below 100 Below 80 Below 40 Below 45 Below 35

Source: https://beeindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/BEE%20Star%20Rating%20for%20existing%20Office%20Buildings.pdf
 Shopping Malls

Shopping Malls: The EPI is based on energy consumption in kWh / sqm/ year with following bandwidth

Energy Performance Index (EPI) bandwidth (in kWh / sqm/ year) for Shopping Malls
Star Label Composite Hot and Dry Temperate Warm and Humid
1star 350-300 300-250 275-250 450-400
2star 300-250 250-200 250-225 400-350
3star 250-200 200-150 225-200 350-300
4star 200-150 150-100 200-175 300-250
5 star below 150 below 100 Below 175 below 250

Source:
https://beeindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/BEE%20Star%20Rating%20-%20Shopping%20Mall.pdf
 Hospitals
The performance evaluation method used to star label performance of hospitals is based on a statistical model using
regression and distribution analysis. The model is calibrated from sample data from across the nation and focuses
on the key drivers of energy consumption including physical, locational and operational characteristics of hospital.

The method compares the energy consumption of a hospital with its benchmark value. The benchmark value
represents the average energy consumption of hospitals with similar characteristics and is derived using regression
analysis based on sample data.

The ratio of the actual energy consumption of a hospital to its benchmark value depicts the relative energy
efficiency of the building. A performance rank is derived by comparing this ratio to a distribution derived from the
sample data set. The performance rank lies in the range of 1-100. A rank of one implies performance amongst the
top 1% hospital buildings in the nation, while a rank of 50 represents an average performance. This rank is
converted into star labels based on table below.

Source:
https://beeindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/Star%20Rating%20Scheme%20-%20Hospitals.pdf
 BPO
BPOs, which primarily focus on providing service to IT related activities such as application management and
application development, data Centre operations or testing and quality assurance – may have varied hours of
operation (e.g.24x7/24x5. 18x7, 16x7 or 16x5 etc.) The Star Rating for BPO buildings is calculated based on the
actual performance in terms of Average Annual hourly Energy Performance Index (AAhEPI).
AAhEPI: AAhEPI (Wh/hr/Sqm) is defined as Average Annual hourly EPI of a building. This value is calculated from
EPI values mentioned in the tables.
[EPI/(Daily hours of Operation x days of operation in a week x 52 weeks in a year)] x 1000.
This value is independent of time and therefore applicable to all types of BPO operations.

Average Annual hourly EPI (AAhEPI) of BPO

Warm and
Star Label Composite Hot and Dry Temperate
Humid
1star 52-46 37-31 47-41 54-48
2star 46-40 31-25 41-35 48-42
3star 40-34 25-19 35-29 42-36
4star 34-28 19-13 29-23 36-30
5 star Below 28 Below 13 Below 23 Below 30
Examples
Problem: 1
A Shopping Mall of G+ 3 structures is situated in Delhi. Estimate the EPI of the Shopping Mall as per the BEE norms.
The break-up details of the built-up area in sqm are given in the Table: 1 below:
Table: 1
Floor AC (Zone-I) AC (Zone-II) Non-AC Service
Ground 2000 500 1000 500
First 2000 1000 500 500
Second 1500 1200 600 700
Third 1500 1200 600 700

The energy consumption for air-conditioning and lighting are estimated as per the Table: 2 below:
Table: 2
Floor AC (Zone-I) AC (Zone-II) Non-AC Service
LPD (w/m2) 10 10 8 6
Running hours per day 12 12 12 16
AC Load (TR/m2) 0.03 0.01 Nil Nil
Running hours per day 10 12 Nil Nil
Following statement are also found during the energy audit of the office building:
Equipment load was found as 50Kw-hr per day per floor
It was found in the energy audit that, the office required average 200lit Diesel per month to operate a DG set for
additional power. The shopping mall food court requires 100 lit LPG per day. The annual estimate should be carried
with 365 days per year. Assume 1 lit of Diesel = 7.5 Kw-hr and 1 lit of LPG = 10.75 kW-hr.
Estimation of Building Energy use
Floor AC (Zone-I) AC (Zone-II) Non-AC Service
Ground 2000 500 1000 500
First 2000 1000 500 500
Second 1500 1200 600 700
Third 1500 1200 600 700
Total Area 7000 3900 2700 2400

Table: 2
Floor AC (Zone-I) AC (Zone-II) Non-AC Service
AC Load (TR/m2) 0.03 0.01 Nil Nil
Running hours per day 10 12 Nil Nil

Running Hours
Total Daily Energy Use due to Air-conditioning system:

AC-Zone-I: (7000X0.03) TR Running for 10 hours per day = (7000X0.03)X3.5X10 = 7,350 Kw-hr
AC-Zone-I: (3900X0.01) TR Running for 12 hours per day = (3900X0.01)X3.5X12 = 1,638 Kw-hr
Area X TR/m2 1TR = 3.5 Kw
Estimation of Building Energy use
Floor AC (Zone-I) AC (Zone-II) Non-AC Service
Ground 2000 500 1000 500
First 2000 1000 500 500
Second 1500 1200 600 700
Third 1500 1200 600 700
Total Area 7000 3900 2700 2400

Table: 2
Floor AC (Zone-I) AC (Zone-II) Non-AC Service
LPD (w/m2) 10 10 8 6
Running hours per day 12 12 12 16

Total Daily Energy Use due to Lighting system:

AC-Zone-I&II: (10900X10) Watt for 12 hours per day = [(10900X10)X12]/1000 = 1308 Kw-hr
Non-AC-Zone: (2700X8) Watt for 12 hours per day = [(2700X8)X12]/1000 = 259.2 Kw-hr
Service-Zone: (2400X6) Watt for 16 hours per day = [(2400X6)X16]/1000 = 230.4 Kw-hr

Area X LPD Running Hours

Energy Use in other Services:

Equipment load was found as 50Kw-hr per day per floor = 4X50 = 200 Kw-hr
DG set operation = 200lit Diesel per month = 200 X 7.5 = 1500 Kw-hr per month
Food court requires 100 lit LPG per day = 100X10.75 = 1075 Kw-hr per Day

Daily Energy Use: Monthly Energy Use:

Air Conditioning System: (7350 + 1638) = 8988 Kw-hr DG set operation = 1500 Kw-hr per month
Lighting System: (1308+259.2+230.4) = 1797.6 Kw-hr
Equipment: = 200 Kw-hr
Food court LPG: = 1075 Kw-hr
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Daily Energy Use: 12,060.6 Kw-hr
 Yearly Energy Use of the Shopping Mall:
12,060.6 Kw-hr X 365 Days + 1500 Kw-hr X 12 month = 4420119 Kw-hr
Total Built-up Area of the Building = (7000+3900+2700+2400) = 16000 m2

Yearly Energy Use of the Building (Kw-Hr)

Energy Performance Index (EPI) of the Shopping Mall =
Total Built-up Area of the Building (m2)

4420119(Kw-Hr)
Energy Performance Index (EPI) of the Shopping Mall = = 276.25 Kw-hr/m2 / Year
16000(m2)
Delhi being in Composite climatic zone and the Shopping Mall is having EPI = 276.25 Kw-hr/m2/year,
It comes under TWO-STAR Category
Problem: 2

A BPO at Chennai works in 24X5 mode. The total built-up area of the BPO building is 7000m2, out of which 5000m2
area designated for IT Office. Rest 2000m2 area is service area. The total number of IT Staff working in the building
is 1000. The air-condition load density of the IT Office area is found as 0.005TR/m2. The service area doesn't have
air-conditioning facility. The LPD of IT Office and Service area is 14 and 10 w/m2 respectively. The equipment load is
estimated as 1.2KW-hr per day per head.
The building services like water pump, chiller plant etc. are connected with a DG set. It requires 100 liter diesel per
month. The Office food court requires 250 lit LPG per week.
Daily an average of 150 Kw solar energy is harvested in the building roof top and used for the lighting in parking and
gardens. Assume 1 lit of Diesel = 7.5 Kw-hr and 1 lit of LPG = 10.75 kW-hr. Estimate the EPI of the BPO and check its
star rating as per Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Govt. of India.
Solution:
The BPO works in 24X5 mode
Daily (24 hrs) electricity requirement:

Air-condition Load: (5000 X 0.005)X3.5X24 = 2100 Kw-hr

Lighting Load: (5000X14+2000X10)X24/1000 = 2160 Kw-hr
Equipment Load: (1000X1.2) = 1200 Kw-hr
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Daily consumption: 5460 Kw-hr

DG Set requirement: 100 litre diesel = 100X7.5 = 750 Kw-hr per month
LPG for food court: 250 litre = 250X10.75 = 2687.5 Kw-hr per Week
Calculation of EPI:

Daily consumption: 5460 Kw-hr Yearly Consumption: 5460X5X52 = 1419600 Kw-hr

Monthly consumption: 750 Kw-hr Yearly Consumption: 750X12 = 9000 Kw-hr

Weekly consumption: 2687.5 Kw-hr Yearly Consumption: 2687.5X52 = 139750 Kw-hr

Total Yearly Consumption = 1568350 Kw-hr

Total Built-up area = 7000 m2
EPI = (1568350/7000) = 224.05Kw-hr/m2/ year
 Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Govt. of India prescribe the star rating as per below:
AAhEPI: AAhEPI (Wh/hr/Sqm) is defined as Average Annual hourly EPI of a building.
[EPI/(Daily hours of Operation x days of operation in a week x 52 weeks in a year)] x 1000.
This value is independent of time and therefore applicable to all types of BPO operations.

224.05
AAhEPI (Average Annual hourly EPI of a building ): × 1000 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟗
24 × 5 × 52
Average Annual hourly EPI (AAhEPI) of BPO
Hot and Warm and
Star Label Composite Temperate
Dry Humid
Chennai being in
1star 52-46 37-31 47-41 54-48
Warm-humid
climatic zone, the 2star 46-40 31-25 41-35 48-42
BPO is 4-Star Rated
3star 40-34 25-19 35-29 42-36
4star 34-28 19-13 29-23 36-30
5 star Below 28 Below 13 Below 23 Below 30