AN INTERNSHIP REPORT

A Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of the Degree of

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

NAGAR NIGAM

SUBMITTED BY

Name: RIYA SRIVASTAVA

Roll no.: 210240102022

Semester: 3rd

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
Roorkee Institute of Technology
Affiliated to

Uttarakhand Technical University

8th Km Dehradun Road, Puhana
Roorkee – 247 667
 DECLARATION

I declare that the work embodied in this Internship report is my own original work carried out by
me under the supervision of………………………… for the session………………. at “NAGAR
NIGAM”. The matter embodied in this internship report has not been submitted elsewhere for
the award of any other degree/diploma. I declare that I have faithfully acknowledged, given
credit to and referred to the researchers wherever the work has been cited in the text and the body
of the thesis. I further certify that I have not willfully lifted some other’s work, Para, text, data,
results, etc. reported in the journals, books, magazines, reports, dissertations, thesis, etc., or
available at websites and have included them in this internship report and cited as my own work.

Date: Name: -

Place: Signature: -
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am very happy to greatly acknowledge the numerous personalities involved in lending their
help to make our project “GARBAGE CONTROL” a successful one.

I take this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude to our honorable Director “Dr
Parag Jain” for providing an excellent academic climate in the college that made this endeavor
possible.

I give my wholehearted admiration and a deep sense of gratitude to “Mr. Vishal Sharma”,
HOD, “DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING”, Roorkee Institute of Technology, Roorkee for his inspiration, valuable
guidance, encouragement, suggestion, and overall help throughout.

I express my sincere thanks to NAGAR NIGAM, for his keen interest and invaluable help
throughout the project.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our internship coordinator Mrs. Mennu Mam,
Roorkee Institute of Technology, Roorkee, for his kind support and encouragement throughout
this course of work.

Finally, we express our gratitude to all the Teaching and Non-Teaching staff of “ELECTONICS
AND COMMUNICATION ENGENEERING”, Roorkee Institute of Technology, Roorkee for
their timely support and suggestions.

Date: Name: -

Student Enrollment ID: -

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SL No. TOPICS Page No.

1. ABSTACT 5

2. BACKGROUND OF 6
COMPANY/ORGANIZATION

3. INTRODUCTION 7

4. ANALYSIS 9

5. TECHNOLOGY USED AND 10

ITS DESCRIPTION

6. SCREENSHOTS 11

7. CONCLUSION 12

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY 13

9. CERTIFICATE 14
 ABSTRACT

The objectives of writing this paper is to study the current practices related to the
various waste management initiatives taken in India for human wellbeing. The
other purpose is to provide some suggestions and recommendations to improve
the waste management practices in Indian towns. This paper is based on
secondary research. Existing reports related to waste management and
recommendations of planners/NGOs/consultants/government accountability
agencies/key industry experts/ for improving the system are studied. It offers
deep knowledge about the various waste management initiatives in India and find
out the scope for improvement in the management of waste for the welfare of
the society. The paper attempts to understand the important role played by the
formal sector engaged in waste management in our country. This work is original
and could be further extended. Several studies and researches have been
conducted on the sources and characteristics of wastes as well as the possible
adverse effect of inappropriate handling and best international practices. One
thing that is still not clear however is what exactly constitutes a waste? How much
do we know about what should be classed as waste? What are the historical
contexts of waste managements? The present paper seeks to examine these vital
questions with a view to providing answers from previous studies. The paper
employed a desktop approach to provide answers to the research objectives.
Specifically, the paper uses a descriptive approach to gather information from
peer reviewed publications such as, journal articles, environmental organizations
reports and books. It was found that, waste is to a large extent subjective in
meaning as a substance can only be regarded as a waste when the owner labels it
as such. This is particularly true because one individual may regard a substance as
a waste, while another may view the same substance as a resource. Nevertheless,
it was argued that there is a need to clearly define what constitute wastes as this
form the basis for regulation.
 INTRODUCTION

 Introduction to Garbage
Most human activities generates waste (Brunner and Rechberger, 2014). Despite that, the
production of wastes remain a major source of concern as it has always been since pre historic
period (Chandler et al, 1997). In recent times, the rate and quantity of waste generation have
been on the increase. As the volume of wastes increases, so also does the variety of the waste
increases (Vergara and Tchobanoglous, 2012). Unlike the pre historic period where wastes were
merely a source of nuisance that needed to be disposed of. Proper management was not a
major issue as the population was small and a vast amount of land was available to the
population at that time. In those days, the environment easily absorbed the volume of waste
produced without any form of degradation (Tchobanoglous et al, 1993). A substantial increase in
volume of wastes generation began in the sixteenth century when people began to move from
rural areas to cities as a result of industrial revolution (Wilson, 2007). This migration of people to
cities led to population explosion that in turn led to a surge in the volume and variety in
composition of wastes generated in cities. It was then that materials such as metals and glass
began to appear in large quantities in municipal waste stream (Williams, 2005). The large
population of people in cities and communities gave rise to indiscriminate littering and open
dumps. These dumps in turn formed breeding grounds for rats and other vermin, posing
significant risks to public health. The unhealthy waste management practices resulted in several
outbreaks of epidemics with high death tolls (Tchobanoglous et al, 1993). Consequently, in the
nineteenth century public officials began to dispose waste in a controlled manner in other to
safe guard public health (Tchobanoglous et al, 1993). Most developed countries passed through
a period when they were developing environmentally. Today, however, most of these countries
have effectively addressed much of the health and environmental pollution issues associated
with wastes generation. In contrast, the increasing rate of urbanisation and developments in
emerging countries is now leading to a repeat of the same historical problems that developed
countries have had to address in the past (Wilson, 2007). An important question in modern day
wastes management is – what exactly is a waste? Waste is the useless by product of human
activities which physically contains the same substance that are available in the useful product
(White et al, 1995). Wastes have also been defined as any product or material which is useless
to the producer (Basu, 2009). Dijkema et al, (2000) pointed out that, wastes are materials that
people would want to dispose ofeven when payments are required for their disposal. Although,
waste is an essential product of human activities, it is also the result of inefficient production
processes whose continuous generation is a loss of vital resources (Cheremisinoff, 2003). A
substance regarded as a waste to one individual, may be a resource to another. Therefore, a
material can only be regarded as a waste when the owner labels it as such (Dijkema et al, 2000).
Despite this subjective nature of wastes, it is important to describe clearly, what constitutes a
waste because. This is because the classification of a material as a waste will form the
foundation for the regulations required to safeguard the populace and the environment where
the wastes are being processed or disposed of (DEFRA 2009).
 Statement of the problem

Although it is generally agreed that wastes management services are essential services that
must be provided in every society, nonetheless very little is known on what exactly constitute a
waste. Knowing that the concept of waste is highly subjective as one man’s wastes is a resource
to another. Hence, it is important to have a clear guide as to what could be classed as waste.
The present research therefore examines the concept of wastes and wastes management with a
view to determining what waste is, how they are classified and managed.

 Methodology

This paper which is a review of literatures relied heavily on secondary data as is the case
with most desktop study where existing information are used for analysis and to draw vital
conclusions. Some of the specific sources of data for the study includes books, journal
articles, unpublished papers, government reports, organizational and private webpages. This
type of research approach is employed when a substantial amount of work has been done
on a research topic and when the intention of the study is to answer specific questions
based on previous works. It is for these reasons that the present paper utilized this
approach to examine what different researchers have said on wastes, its classification and
management.

 Classification and Types of Waste

Waste arises in many different forms and its characterisation can be expressed in several forms.
Some common characteristics used in the classification of waste includes the physical states,
physical properties, reusable potentials, biodegradable potentials, source of production and the
degree of environmental impact (Demirbas, 2011; Dixon & Jones, 2005; White et al., 1995).
White et al. (1995) stated that waste can be classified broadly into three main types according
to their physical states; these are liquid, solid and gaseous waste. Although it is clear that
several classifications exists in different countries. The most commonly used classifications are
illustrated below.

• Physical state

o Solid waste

o Liquid waste

o Gaseous waste

• Source o Household/Domestic waste o Industrial waste

o Agricultural waste

o Commercial waste

o Demolition and construction waste

o Mining waste

• Environmental impact

o Hazardous waste

o Non-hazardous waste

Due to the limited scope of the research study, liquid wastes, which can be disposed of via
sewer networks or lost to ground water, and hazardous wastes, which require tighter
environmental controls, because of their potential to cause environmental harm, are excluded.
Only solid waste will be discussed in detail, excluding hazardous solid waste.

• Traditional/open Markets: Open market trading is a popular practice in many

developing countries for general buying and selling of goods. Sridhar & Adeoye (2003)
reported that the items sold in these markets include textile, household goods,
foodstuffs, herbal medicines, pharmaceuticals, electrical goods, building materials,
stationaries among others. Adekunle (2012) revealed that, although these markets
attract growths to the local economy, the inadequate management of waste in these
markets means that they contribute to environmental degradation. Aye & Widjaya,
(2006) reported that market wastes are the second largest contributor to the total
municipal solid waste generated in Indonesia after household waste. A study conducted
in India (Rajeshwari et al., 2001) revealed that waste from these markets are usually
very rich in organic matter. However, Rajeshwari and others reported that, these
organic materials are often dumped indiscriminately. Sridhar & Adeoye (2003) observed
that most of the solid wastes produced in these traditional markets are food waste.

• Hotels and restaurants: The hotel industry can negatively impact on the
environment due to the large volume of solid waste they produce (Scanlon, 2007). A
survey of solid waste management practice of small hotels in the UK (Radwan et al.,
2010), revealed that most hotel operators are not environmentally conscious; the
survey showed that most of the hotels do not reuse their waste. Hence, they contribute
to environmental degradation as a result of the huge volume of solid waste they
generate daily. Similar, Erdogan & Baris (2007) reported that most of the hotels that
participated in a survey to determine environmental practice of hotels in Ankara, Turkey
do not sort or recycle their waste. They added that, some of the hotels that sort their
waste had inadequate system for waste separation. A survey in Hong Kong (Chan & Lam,
2001), revealed that the lack of interest to reuse waste in the hotel industry is as a result
of the cost associated with the purchase of recycling materials. Furthermore, the survey
revealed that the lack of information on the impact of solid waste generated by hotels
on the environment added to the lack of interest to reduce solid waste by the hotels.
Kasim (2007) pointed out that on the average a hotel will produce more solid waste
than a household. He further stated that, the characteristics and the volume of waste
produced in a hotel would depend on the number of rooms available in the hotel and
their involvement in events hosting. A survey (Trung & Kumar, 2005) reported that a
typical hotel will produce waste from various sources such as Kitchen and restaurants,
rooms, offices, laundry and gardens. Trung and Kumar argued that the typical waste
composition will include food waste, plastics, paper, paints, used batteries, garden
waste among others. Erdogan & Baris (2006) noted that most of the solid waste
produced by hotels in Ankara include paper, plastic, metals, glass and food waste. Chan
& Lam (2001) reported that, about 53,070 tons of solid waste was produced by hotels in
Hong Kong in 1996 costing about 3.02 million Hong Kong dollars. The waste materials
included plastic toiletries, unused soap, slippers and newspapers. They added that,
between 1986 and 2000 the hotel industry contributed about 1.5% of the total solid
waste generated in Hong Kong.

• Retail waste
A report (DEFRA, 2011) pointed out that the retail sector covers various commercial
activities from the sales of vehicles to household items in or outside stores. The report
added that, most wastes produced from the sector are non-metallic with composition
ranging from packaging materials to animal and vegetable waste. Generally, the type of
materials sold influences the type of waste produced. A survey of grocery stores in
Quebec, Canada, (Norrie et al., 1997) revealed that materials such as fruits, baked
products, seafood, packaging materials and other frozen products make up a large
amount of waste from grocery stores. A report (WRAP, 2011) pointed out that in 2008
alone, the retail sector generated about 1.4 million tonnes of packaging and food waste
in the UK. Environment & Heritage Service (2005) reported that in 2005 commercial
activities such as retailing, wholesaling, public administration, real estates and other
business activities produced about 459,285 tonnes of waste in Northern Ireland. A
survey in Mexicali, Mexico (Ochoa et al., 2010) revealed that a single store in Mexicali
generated about 5,375kg of cartons and 339kg of plastics per week. A survey (Norrie et
al., 1997) pointed out that, one supermarket chain in Quebec spends about $6 million
for waste disposal. Hence, Ochoa et al. (2010) suggested that, supermarkets should
consider recycling and reusing as a waste management tool in other to recover some
operational cost.

 Waste Management
Human interactions with the environment (human activities) have always resulted in
waste production. However, Giusti (2009) reported that waste production and
management was not a major issue until people began living together in
communities. Vergara & Tchobanoglous (2012) reported that as population and
purchasing power of people increases worldwide, more goods are produced to meet
increasing demand, thereby leading to the production of more waste. Marchettini et
al. (2007) pointed out that, these continuous flows of waste resulting from human
activities, overburdened the environment. Vergara & Tchobanoglous (2012)
 reported that proper planning and control is required in other to prevent the
negative impact of waste on the environment. As a result, Ghiani et al. (2014) added
that, a proper organisation of solid waste management has become an essential task
needed to safeguard the environment. Beranek (1992) argues that the provision of
an efficient solid waste management system is now as important as other essential
amenities such as electricity, airports, and highways. Basu (2009) pointed out that
due to the increasing volume of waste. The continuous disposal of waste to landfill is
unsustainable. Hence, Basu argues that the processing of waste is a necessary step
needed to safeguard public health.

Demirbas (2011) describes waste management as a process by which wastes are

gathered, transported and processed before disposal of any remaining residues.
Similarly, Tchobanoglous et al. (1993) describe solid waste management as the effective
supervision and handling, keeping, collection, conveying, treatment and disposal of
waste in a manner that safeguard the environment and the public. Tchobanoglous et al
added that, solid waste management utilizes skills and knowledge from various
discipline such as legal, financial, administration among others in the day to day running
of waste management issues. Demirbas (2011) suggested that the main reason for
managing waste is to ensure a safe environment. Troschinetz & Mihelcic (2009) pointed
out that some waste management methods are often preferred than others. For
instance, reuse, recycling, composting and energy generation from incineration are
often preferred to landfills. However, Dijkema et al. (2000) argued that even some of
the preferred management methods, often produce some hazardous materials such as
incineration residues. Strange (2002) reported that landfilling is the final destination of
most waste produced from waste treatment and processing facilities. Strange, added
that, other technologies merely serve the purpose of volume reduction or treatment
before final disposal. Cheremisinoff (2003) reported that, there are different forms of
approach to waste management. He added that, wastes streams with different
characteristics may require different management approach. For instance, industrial
waste might contain more hazardous materials than municipal waste streams. Hence,
the management of these two waste streams might differ. Vergara & Tchobanoglous,
(2012) found that, although waste management might differ between countries, there
are some basic processes or paths that waste management needs to follows. These
paths are illustrated in Figure 1, the study reported that, wastes generated must be
gathered and stored by the generator in a place. The municipal authorities or their
agents collect the waste from the point of storage, for transportation to processing or
disposal sites. The study added that, in some instances, the waste generators separate
the waste into various materials from where they are collected for recycling by the
recycling industries.

 Conclusion and Recommendation

It is agreed that wastes is a direct result of human interaction and activities.
Nevertheless, there seems to be several opinions as to what constitute a waste. Several
researchers however agreed that wastes are materials whose owners no longer have a
need for. Therefore, it is obvious that wastes is indeed subjective in meaning, as the
term is open to several interpretations and also influenced by personal opinion.
Nevertheless, it is important to provide a definition or at least a guide for the purposes
of policies andlegislations. This is evident from the fact that, it is the knowledge of what
specifically constitute a waste and the categories of wastes that determines how wastes
are dealt with or managed. Waste management involves a process whereby wastes are
collected, transported and disposed of in the best possible way of limiting or eliminating
the harmful effect of wastes. This aspect of environmental management is as important
as other public amenities or infrastructures without which the life of contemporary man
would be extremely difficult. This is because studies have shown a direct link between
air, water and land pollution and diseases such as lung cancer, heart disease, cholera
and hepatitis. In addition, climate change and eutrophication are a direct result of water
and air pollution. Little wonder why there is a huge disparity in the life expectancy of
people in developed and developing countries. Since factors such as population increase
and the coming together of people to form communities lead to increase waste
generation. Efforts should be directed towards making projections far ahead in order to
ensure that new and existing settlements are adequately planned so as to accommodate
possible increase in the volume of waste generation in future. Effectively planning ahead
will prevent indiscriminate disposal and other harmful practices so as to prevent the
build-up of open dumps and breeding ground for rats and other vermin which poses
health risk.
 ANALYSIS

A GLOBAL CITY INITIATIVE FOR

GARBAGE IN NATURE BY 2030

Data analysis
Once data became available, the next phase of the research process is data analysis
(Onwuegbuzie & Teddlie, 2003, p.351). The analysis is an almost completely mechanical
procedure. The data collected with self completion questionnaires, semi-structured
interviews, and non-participant observations have been integrated in the analysis process.
Before starting the analysis, the researcher noted downs all data, especially audio records.
Then the data was assorted according to its contents and coded in order to process analysis
(Some data within the self completion questionnaires were pre-coded). However, as the
researcher used both qualitative and quantitative data, different methods were used to
analyze them.

I. Qualitative data Analysis

One of the most common approaches to qualitative data analysis entails what is
often referred to as thematic analysis (Bryman, 2012, p.578). Thematic analysis is a
method for identifying, analyzing, and reporting themes (patterns) within
qualitative data sets. According to Gibson & Beown (2009, p. 127), the term
thematic analysis refer to the process of analyzing data according to
commonalities, relationships and differences across a data set. Boyatzis (1998,
p.VII) also describes it as a process for encoding qualitative data and which find a
pattern in the information that at the minimum describes and organizes possible
observations or at the maximum interprets of various aspects of the research topic
(Boyatzis, 1998, 167). With the thematic analysis approach, the researcher looked
for patterns to build up themes. A them is a form or a style found in the
information that at the minimum describes and organizes the possible
observations and at maximum interprets aspects of phenomenon (Bogatzis, 1998,
p.4).The researcher followed three stages to carry on thematic analysis as
described by King & Hprrocks (2010, p.153) (see Figure 4). As the first step, the
researcher refined descriptive codes and general context that related to the
research questions. Then, the identified codes were clustered and meaning of the
cluster interpreted according to research questions. The researcher applied all
those interpretive codes in to full data sets. Next, the researcher derived key
themes according to the theoretical framework and constructed diagrams to
represent relationships between levels of coding. These themes were most
important for the analysis. The themes captured something important about the
data in relation to the research question and represents phases of conducting
thematic analysis. When the final classification of the themes had been constructed,
a discussion of the findings was done with regard to the literature review and the
data from documents reviewed. However, qualitative data from the semi-
structured interviews and non participant observations were edited every day to
get the clear transcriptions of the data set. All the notes typed for further analysis.
NVivo, the Computer assisted qualitative data analysis software were used for final
analysis of qualitative data. NVivo provided a range of tools for handle coded data
records & information about them and accessed data records accurately and swiftly.

II. Quantitative data analysis

Computer assisted statistical programme for social science (SPSS) were used to
analyze collected quantitative data. SPSS has the capability to manage large
numbers of data and give the result with graphics, forms, tables, averages, and
percentage & cross tabulations. It can be used to find relationships such as
deviations, correlations, regressions and tendencies of given statistics. The
total xxx questions with xxx variables were edited, coded and analyzed with the
programme to study SWM in HUC and its impact on sound environmental
development. The researcher used Microsoft excel 2007 to illustrate some of the
findings along with SPSS.
 TECHNOLOGY USED AND ITS DESCRIPTION

1. Genetic engineering of natural products

Single-use plastics, such as polythene bags and straws, are meant to be

thrown out immediately after use. At least in cities, they are only given out
upon request to discourage its use. But the problem is deep-rooted and
requires alternatives to cater to this consumption economy.

Genetic engineering is helping many natural fibers, such as hemp, flax and
jute to acquire properties that can expand their use from being used as
fabrics, textiles, and currency to become better substitutes for plastics.
Innovations with flax include Flaxstic -- a combination of flax straw waste,
plant-based biopolymers and recycled materials -- and ‘jute soy’ made from
jute fiber cellulose and soy resin protein.

2. Using nanotechnology for smart packaging

Cardboard, paper and other biodegradable products have long been

used in packaging of materials and one can coat cardboard with new

water-resistant materials to prevent leaks as well as protect it from

water splashes and rain. Nanotechnology allows such coatings to be

made thinner and more cost effective.

 SCREENSHOTS

 Conclusion and Recommendation

It is agreed that wastes is a direct result of human interaction and activities.
Nevertheless, there seems to be several opinions as to what constitute a
waste. Several researchers however agreed that wastes are materials
whose owners no longer have a need for. Therefore, it is obvious that
wastes is indeed subjective in meaning, as the term is open to several
interpretations and also influenced by personal opinion. Nevertheless, it is
important to provide a definition or at least a guide for the purposes of
policies andlegislations. This is evident from the fact that, it is the
knowledge of what specifically constitute a waste and the categories of
wastes that determines how wastes are dealt with or managed. Waste
management involves a process whereby wastes are collected, transported
and disposed of in the best possible way of limiting or eliminating the
harmful effect of wastes. This aspect of environmental management is as
important as other public amenities or infrastructures without which the
life of contemporary man would be extremely difficult. This is because
studies have shown a direct link between air, water and land pollution and
diseases such as lung cancer, heart disease, cholera and hepatitis. In
addition, climate change and eutrophication are a direct result of water and
air pollution. Little wonder why there is a huge disparity in the life
expectancy of people in developed and developing countries. Since factors
such as population increase and the coming together of people to form
communities lead to increase waste generation. Efforts should be directed
towards making projections far ahead in order to ensure that new and
existing settlements are adequately planned so as to accommodate
possible increase in the volume of waste generation in future. Effectively
planning ahead will prevent indiscriminate disposal and other harmful
practices so as to prevent the build-up of open dumps and breeding ground
for rats and other vermin which poses health risk.
 BIBILOGRAPHY

1. www.Google.com
2. www.Youtube.com
3. www.Wikipidea.com
4. https://greensmartcities.org