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g8 Notes

The document defines density, mass, and volume and provides examples of calculating density. It also defines units of density and provides examples of calculating mass or volume given two of the three quantities. Additional concepts like forces, types of forces, friction, weight, mass, pressure and examples are also explained.

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Michael Leung
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32 views6 pages

g8 Notes

The document defines density, mass, and volume and provides examples of calculating density. It also defines units of density and provides examples of calculating mass or volume given two of the three quantities. Additional concepts like forces, types of forces, friction, weight, mass, pressure and examples are also explained.

Uploaded by

Michael Leung
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DENSITY

Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volume.


𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = , 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦  𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦

Mass Volume Density


g cm3 g/ cm3
kg m3 kg/ m3

The SI unit of density is kg/m3

Example1

110 g of silver has a mass of 10 cm3. What is its density?


𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 110𝑔
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 3
= 11𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 10 𝑐𝑚
Example 2

Density of gold is 19 g/cm3. What is the mass of 3 cm3 of gold?

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦  𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 193 = 57𝑔

Example 3

Density of iron is 7.9 g/cm3. What is the volume of 39.5 g of iron?


𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 39.5
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = = = 5 𝑐𝑚3
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 7.9

Ex1: A measuring cylinder containing 60 cm3 of a liquid weighs 80 g. When a stone is immersed in
the liquid, the measuring cylinder weighs 124 g and the liquid level rises to 80 cm 3 mark. Using
these results, calculate the density of the stone.

Ex 2: The mass of an empty measuring cylinder is 60 g. When 30 cm 3 of oil is poured into it, the
total mass is 87.6 g. Calculate the density of oil.

Ex 3: A measuring cylinder contains 10 cm3 of water. A piece of metal of mass 70 g is lowered


into the cylinder. Given that the density of metal is 7 g cm -3 and that it is completely immersed,
calculate the new reading on the measuring cylinder.

Ex 4: A block of concrete 0.4 m long, 0.3 m wide and 0.1 m high has a density of 2500 kg/m 3.
Calculate its mass.

Note: An object will float on a liquid if it is less dense than the liquid.
Forces

What is a force?

A force is either a push or a pull.

Examples:

1. closing the door,


2. opening the window,
3. lifting the bag,
4. pushing a trolley,
5. opening and closing the tap water

Effects of a force

A force acting on an object can

(1) increase its speed


(2) decrease its speed
(3) change its direction
(4) change its shape and size

A force cannot change mass.

Measuring force

A spring balance or newton-meter is used to measure force.

The unit of force is the newton (N).

The size of the force can be read from the scale of a spring balance.

spring balance

scale

hook
Types of forces

Three common types of forces are:


1. force of gravity (non-contact force)
2. force of friction or frictional force (contact force)
3. magnetic force (non-contact force)

Force of gravity

Force of gravity is the force that pulls (attracts) objects towards the Earth’s surface.
The direction of the force of gravity is always vertically downwards
Friction

Friction is a force that opposes motion


Friction acts when two surfaces are in contact and in the opposite direction to the object’s motion

motion

pull

friction
Moving objects are slowed down by force of friction.
Friction converts kinetic energy to heat
On rough surface, friction is large.
On smooth surface, friction is small.
Friction can be reduced by applying oil or grease on the sliding surface.

Uses of friction

Friction is useful when we walk, climb, hold objects or when applying the brakes of a bicycle.

Problems of friction

Friction is a nuisance when it acts in the moving parts of a machine or causes wear and tear.
Air resistance is a form of friction in air.
Streamline shaped reduces air resistance and water resistance.

Magnetic force

Magnetic force is a force exerted by magnets.


The needle of a compass is a magnet. Magnetic force acts on the needle to show the direction of
North and South.
Magnets can attract iron or steel by their attractive magnetic force.
A magnet has two poles: North (N) pole and South (S) pole.
The force between two magnets can be attractive or repulsive.
Laws of magnets:
1. Like poles repel each other (push each other apart)
2. Unlike poles attract each other.
S S S N
N N N S
N S
N N
attract S N
S S repel
Weight

Differences between mass and weight

Mass Weight
is amount of matter in an object is pull of gravity on an object
SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg) SI unit of weight is newton (N)
is a constant (stays the same) varies with location
measured by a beam balance measured by a newton-meter or spring balance

Calculating weight

W=m×g

W = weight of object
m = mass of object in kg
g = acceleration due to gravity

Examples

Acceleration due to gravity on Earth = 10 m/s2


Acceleration due to gravity on Moon = 1.6 m/s2

Mass of a girl = 50 kg
Weight of girl on Earth = m × g = 50 × 10 = 500 N
Weight of girl on Moon = m × g = 50 × 1.6 = 80 N

Mass of an apple = 150 g


Weight of apple on Earth =…………………............N
Weight of apple on Moon =………………..………0.24 N

Measuring weight of an object

1. Suspend a newton-meter from a fixed support


2. Suspend the object from the hook of the newton-meter
3. Read position of pointer on the newton-meter

Precautions to be taken

1. Check for any zero error (if pointer points to zero reading) on newton-meter
2. Avoid parallax error when reading position of pointer
Pressure

Pressure is defined as force acting normally per unit area


Normally means perpendicularly (at 90 )

Relationship between pressure, force and area

1. Pressure increases when a larger force is applied over the same area.
2. Pressure increases when the same force acts over a smaller contact area.

Examples
A tractor or caterpillar have with wide wheels so that they can move on soft ground.
Nails have sharp points and knives have very sharp edges to increase pressure.
Skis (Snow-shoes) have large surface areas so that they do not sink into soft snow.

Calculating pressure
Force
Pressure = Area

The unit of pressure is the pascal (Pa).


1 Pa = 1 N/m2

Note: The force exerted by an object resting on a surface is its weight.

Ex 1 A block of rectangular faces has a weight of 24 N.


Calculate the pressure exerted by the block when resting on one of its faces as shown below:

Solution
Force 24 24
Pressure = = = = 4 N/m2 or 4 Pa
Area 3 ×2 6
EX 2 The total weight of a car is 18000 N.
The area of one of its tyres in contact with the ground is 75 cm2.
Calculate the pressure exerted by the car on ground.
Solution
Total area of four tyres in contact with ground = 4 × 75 = 300 cm 2
Force exerted by car on ground = 18000 N
Force 18000
Pressure exerted by car on ground = = = 60 N/cm2
Area 300

Ex: A block weighs 50 N. Calculate the pressure exerted by the block on the ground.

0.5 m

1.5 m
0.4 m

Ex: A dog weighs 180 N. The area of one of its feet in contact with the ground is 15 cm 2. Calculate
the pressure exerted by the dog on the ground.

Ex A girl weighs 500 N and stands on her two feet. Her shoes have a total area of 0.04 m2 in
contact with the ground. Calculate the pressure that the girl exerts on the ground.

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