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    Intermolecular Forces: General Chemistry 2

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    Cielo Gatdula

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    Intermolecular Forces: General Chemistry 2

    Uploaded by

    Cielo Gatdula
    22 views26 pages

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    GC2_Q3_L2

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    22 views26 pages

    Intermolecular Forces: General Chemistry 2

    Uploaded by

    Cielo Gatdula

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 26

    Intermolecular

    Forces
    GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

    QUARTER 2 – LESSON 2
    Fact or Bluff

    The Kinetic Molecular Theory explains the


    properties of solids and liquids in terms of
    intermolecular forces of attraction and the
    kinetic energy of the individual particles.
    Describe and differentiate the types of
    intermolecular forces (S11/12PS-IIIa-1)
    o Differentiate intramolecular forces and intermolecular
    forces of attraction.
    o Describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular
    forces.
    o Determine the intermolecular forces of attraction that
    holds the molecules together.
    Why do molecules in a liquid or solid
    stick around each other?
    What are the two kinds of forces, or
    attractions, that operate in a molecule?

    Intramolecular Forces
    Intermolecular Forces
    Intramolecular Forces
    • Intramolecular forces are the forces that hold atoms together
    within a molecule.
    Intermolecular Forces
    • Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between molecules.
    Intramolecular Force

    Intermolecular Force
    Let us take a look at the structure of
    hydrogen chloride.
    Types of Intramolecular Forces
    1. Ionic bond: This bond is formed by the complete transfer of
    valence electron(s) between atoms.

    the nonmetal accepts


    In ionic bonds, the those electrons to
    metal loses electrons to become a negatively
    become a positively charged anion.
    charged cation.
    Types of Intramolecular Forces
    2. Covalent bond: This bond is formed between atoms that
    have similar electronegativities—the affinity or desire for
    electrons. Because both atoms have similar affinity for
    electrons and neither has a tendency to donate them, they
    share electrons in order to achieve octet configuration and
    become more stable.

    Nonpolar covalent bond Polar covalent bond


    • A nonpolar covalent bond is formed between
    same atoms or atoms with very similar
    electronegativities.
    • A polar covalent bond is formed when atoms of
    slightly different electronegativities share electrons.
    Intermolecular Forces of Attraction
    • are much weaker than
    the intramolecular forces
    of attraction but are 1. London Dispersion Forces
    important because they
    2. Dipole-dipole Forces
    determine the physical
    properties of molecules 3. Hydrogen-bonding
    like their boiling point,
    melting point, density, 4. Ion-dipole Forces
    and enthalpies of fusion
    and vaporization.
    London Dispersion Forces
    • These are the weakest of the intermolecular forces and
    exist between all types of molecules, whether ionic or
    covalent—polar or nonpolar.

    The more electrons a molecule has, the stronger


    the London dispersion forces are.
    London Dispersion Forces
    • For example, bromine, Br2, has more electrons than
    chlorine, Cl2, so bromine will have stronger London
    dispersion forces than chlorine, resulting in a higher boiling
    point for bromine, compared to chlorine.
    LDF only
    • Monoatomic noble gases
    • He, Ne, Ar, …..
    • Diatomic molecules
    • H2, Cl2, Br2, ….
    • Pure hydrocarbons (with C and H only)
    • Methane, Ethane, Propane, …
    • Symmetrical molecules
    • CO2, CCl4, …
    Dipole-dipole Forces
    • These are attractive forces between the positive end of
    one polar molecule and the negative end of another
    polar molecule.
    Dipole-dipole Forces
    • dipole-dipole is for all polar molecules except H-F, H-O or
    H-N. (they have a stronger force)
    The more polar the substance, the stronger its dipole-
    dipole interactions. The higher the dipole moment, the
    stronger the intermolecular forces that must be
    overcome for a substance to boil, and the higher the
    boiling point.
    Dipoles form when there is a large difference in electronegativity
    between two atoms joined by a covalent bond.
    Hydrogen Bonding
    • This is a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction that
    occurs specifically between a hydrogen atom bonded to
    either an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom.

    Hydrogen just
    wanna have FON
    Hydrogen Bonding

    The partially positive end of


    hydrogen is attracted to
    the partially negative end
    of the oxygen, nitrogen, or
    fluorine of another
    molecule.
    Ion-Dipole Forces
    • attractive force that results from the electrostatic attraction
    between an ion and a neutral molecule that has a dipole.
    Ion-Dipole Forces
    • Ion-dipole forces are particularly important in solutions of ionic
    substances such as NaCl in polar liquids such as water.

    Most commonly found in solutions.

    A positive ion (cation) attracts the


    partially negative end of a neutral
    polar molecule.

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