Ubuntu 10.

04 LTS
Ubuntu Installation Guide


Fultus ™ Books
 Ubuntu 10.04 LTS
Ubuntu Installation Guide
ISBN-10: 1-59682-203-1
ISBN-13: 978-1-59682-203-0
Copyright © 2004-2010 the Debian Installer team
Copyright © 2004-2010 Canonical Ltd.

Cover design and book layout by Fultus Corporation


Published by Fultus Corporation
Publisher Web: www.fultus.com
Linbrary - Linux Library: www.linbrary.com
Online Bookstore: store.fultus.com
email: [email protected]

Q
This material may only be distributed subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Creative Commons
ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA),
(the latest version is presently available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode).
Ubuntu, Canonical and Ubuntu logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Canonical Ltd., Inc., in the
U.S. and other countries. All product names and services identified throughout this manual are trademarks or
registered trademarks of their respective companies.
The author and publisher have made every effort in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the
information. However, the information contained in this book is offered without warranty, either express or
implied. Neither the author nor the publisher nor any dealer or distributor will be held liable for any damages
caused or alleged to be caused either directly or indirectly by this book.
 Table of Contents

Table of Contents
List of Tables...................................................................................................................................... 11
Credits and License .......................................................................................................................... 12
Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 13
Installing Ubuntu 10.04 "Lucid Lynx" For i386........................................................................... 14
Chapter 1. Welcome to Ubuntu .......................................................................................................... 15
1.1. What is Ubuntu?...................................................................................................................... 15
1.1.1. Sponsorship by Canonical .............................................................................................. 16
1.2. What is Debian?....................................................................................................................... 16
1.2.1. Ubuntu and Debian ......................................................................................................... 17
1.2.1.1. Package selection ....................................................................................................... 17
1.2.1.2. Releases ....................................................................................................................... 18
1.2.1.3. Development community ........................................................................................ 18
1.2.1.4. Freedom and Philosophy ......................................................................................... 18
1.2.1.5. Ubuntu and other Debian derivatives.................................................................... 19
1.3. What is GNU/Linux? ............................................................................................................. 19
1.4. Getting Ubuntu ....................................................................................................................... 20
1.5. Getting the Newest Version of This Document .................................................................. 21
1.6. Organization of This Document............................................................................................ 21
1.7. About Copyrights and Software Licenses ........................................................................... 22
Chapter 2. System Requirements ...................................................................................................... 24
2.1. Supported Hardware .............................................................................................................. 24
2.1.1. Supported Architectures ................................................................................................. 24
2.1.2. CPU, Main Boards, and Video Support ........................................................................ 25
2.1.2.1. CPU ............................................................................................................................. 25
2.1.2.2. I/O Bus ....................................................................................................................... 25
2.1.3. Laptops .............................................................................................................................. 25
2.1.4. Multiple Processors .......................................................................................................... 26
2.1.5. Graphics Card Support ................................................................................................... 26
2.1.6. Network Connectivity Hardware .................................................................................. 26
2.1.6.1. Wireless Network Cards .......................................................................................... 26

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Ubuntu 10.04 LTS Installation Guide
2.1.7. Peripherals and Other Hardware .................................................................................. 27
2.2. Devices Requiring Firmware................................................................................................. 27
2.3. Purchasing Hardware Specifically for GNU/Linux .......................................................... 27
2.3.1. Avoid Proprietary or Closed Hardware ....................................................................... 28
2.3.2. Windows-specific Hardware.......................................................................................... 28
2.4. Installation Media ................................................................................................................... 29
2.4.1. CD-ROM/DVD-ROM ..................................................................................................... 29
2.4.2. Hard Disk .......................................................................................................................... 30
2.4.3. USB Memory Stick ........................................................................................................... 30
2.4.4. Network ............................................................................................................................ 30
2.4.5. Un*x or GNU system ....................................................................................................... 30
2.4.6. Supported Storage Systems ............................................................................................ 30
2.5. Memory and Disk Space Requirements .............................................................................. 31
Chapter 3. Before Installing Ubuntu ................................................................................................ 32
3.1. Overview of the Installation Process.................................................................................... 32
3.2. Back Up Your Existing Data! ................................................................................................. 33
3.3. Information You Will Need ................................................................................................... 34
3.3.1. Documentation ................................................................................................................. 34
3.3.1.1. Installation Manual ................................................................................................... 34
3.3.1.2. Hardware documentation ....................................................................................... 34
3.3.2. Finding Sources of Hardware Information .................................................................. 34
3.3.3. Hardware Compatibility................................................................................................. 35
3.3.4. Network Settings ............................................................................................................. 36
3.4. Meeting Minimum Hardware Requirements ..................................................................... 37
3.5. Pre-Partitioning for Multi-Boot Systems ............................................................................. 38
3.5.1. Partitioning From DOS or Windows............................................................................. 39
3.5.1.1. Lossless Repartitioning When Starting From DOS, Win-32 or OS/2 ................ 40
3.5.1.2. Partitioning for DOS ................................................................................................. 40
3.6. Pre-Installation Hardware and Operating System Setup ................................................. 41
3.6.1. Invoking the BIOS Set-Up Menu ................................................................................... 41
3.6.2. Boot Device Selection ...................................................................................................... 42
3.6.2.1. Changing the Boot Order on IDE Computers ....................................................... 42
3.6.2.2. Changing the Boot Order on SCSI Computers ..................................................... 43
3.6.3. Miscellaneous BIOS Settings .......................................................................................... 43
3.6.3.1. CD-ROM Settings...................................................................................................... 43
3.6.3.2. Extended vs. Expanded Memory............................................................................ 43
3.6.3.3. Virus Protection......................................................................................................... 43

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3.6.3.4. Shadow RAM ............................................................................................................. 43
3.6.3.5. Memory Hole ............................................................................................................. 44
3.6.3.6. Advanced Power Management ............................................................................... 44
3.6.4. Hardware Issues to Watch Out For ............................................................................... 44
Chapter 4. Obtaining System Installation Media........................................................................... 45
4.1. Official Ubuntu CD-ROMs .................................................................................................... 45
4.2. Downloading Files from Ubuntu Mirrors ........................................................................... 45
4.2.1. Where to Find Installation Images ................................................................................. 46
4.3. Preparing Files for USB Memory Stick Booting.................................................................. 46
4.3.1. Copying the files — the easy way.................................................................................. 47
4.3.2. Copying the files — the flexible way............................................................................. 47
4.3.2.1. Partitioning the USB stick ........................................................................................ 47
4.3.2.2. Adding the installer image ...................................................................................... 48
4.3.3. Booting the USB stick ...................................................................................................... 48
4.4. Preparing Files for Hard Disk Booting ................................................................................ 48
4.4.1. Hard disk installer booting using LILO or GRUB ....................................................... 49
4.5. Preparing Files for TFTP Net Booting .................................................................................. 49
4.5.1. Setting up a BOOTP server ............................................................................................. 50
4.5.2. Setting up a DHCP server ............................................................................................... 50
4.5.2.1. Enabling PXE Booting in the DHCP configuration .............................................. 51
4.5.3. Enabling the TFTP Server ............................................................................................... 52
4.5.4. Move TFTP Images Into Place ........................................................................................ 52
4.6. Automatic Installation ............................................................................................................ 53
4.6.1. Automatic Installation Using the Ubuntu Installer ..................................................... 53
4.6.2. Automatic Installation Using Kickstart......................................................................... 53
4.6.2.1. Additions .................................................................................................................... 54
4.6.2.2. Missing features......................................................................................................... 55
Chapter 5. Booting the Installation System ..................................................................................... 56
5.1. Booting the Installer on Intel x86 .......................................................................................... 56
5.1.1. Booting from a CD-ROM ................................................................................................ 56
5.1.2. Booting from Linux Using LILO or GRUB ................................................................... 56
5.1.3. Booting from USB Memory Stick ................................................................................... 57
5.1.4. Booting with TFTP ........................................................................................................... 57
5.1.4.1. NIC or Motherboard that support PXE .................................................................. 58
5.1.4.2. NIC with Network BootROM.................................................................................. 58
5.1.4.3. Etherboot .................................................................................................................... 58
5.1.5. The Boot Screen ................................................................................................................ 58

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Ubuntu 10.04 LTS Installation Guide
5.2. Boot Parameters ...................................................................................................................... 59
5.2.1. Ubuntu Installer Parameters .......................................................................................... 60
5.2.1.1. Using boot parameters to answer questions ......................................................... 64
5.2.1.2. Passing parameters to kernel modules .................................................................. 65
5.2.1.3. Blacklisting kernel modules .................................................................................... 65
5.3. Troubleshooting the Installation Process ............................................................................ 65
5.3.1. CD-ROM Reliability ........................................................................................................ 65
5.3.1.1. Common issues ......................................................................................................... 66
5.3.1.2. How to investigate and maybe solve issues.......................................................... 66
5.3.2. Boot Configuration .......................................................................................................... 68
5.3.3. Common Intel x86 Installation Problems ..................................................................... 68
5.3.3.1. System Freeze During the PCMCIA Configuration Phase ................................. 69
5.3.3.2. System Freeze while Loading USB Modules ........................................................ 69
5.3.4. Interpreting the Kernel Startup Messages .................................................................... 69
5.3.5. Reporting Installation Problems .................................................................................... 70
5.3.6. Submitting Installation Reports ..................................................................................... 70
Chapter 6. Using the Ubuntu Installer ............................................................................................. 72
6.1. How the Installer Works ........................................................................................................ 72
6.2. Components Introduction ..................................................................................................... 73
6.3. Using Individual Components ............................................................................................. 76
6.3.1. Setting up Ubuntu Installer and Hardware Configuration ....................................... 76
6.3.1.1. Check available memory / low memory mode.................................................... 76
6.3.1.2. Selecting Localization Options ................................................................................ 77
6.3.1.3. Choosing a Keyboard ............................................................................................... 78
6.3.1.4. Looking for the Ubuntu Installer ISO Image ........................................................ 78
6.3.1.5. Configuring the Network ........................................................................................ 79
6.3.1.6. Configuring the Clock .............................................................................................. 80
6.3.2. Partitioning and Mount Point Selection ....................................................................... 80
6.3.2.1. Guided Partitioning .................................................................................................. 80
6.3.2.2. Manual Partitioning .................................................................................................. 82
6.3.2.3. Configuring Multidisk Devices (Software RAID) ................................................ 83
6.3.2.4. Configuring the Logical Volume Manager (LVM) ............................................... 87
6.3.2.5. Configuring Encrypted Volumes............................................................................ 88
6.3.3. Installing the Base System .............................................................................................. 92
6.3.4. Setting Up Users And Passwords .................................................................................. 92
6.3.4.1. Create an Ordinary User .......................................................................................... 93
6.3.5. Installing Additional Software ....................................................................................... 93

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6.3.5.1. Configuring apt ......................................................................................................... 93
6.3.5.1.1 Installing from more than one CD or DVD ..................................................... 94
6.3.5.1.2 Using a network mirror ...................................................................................... 95
6.3.5.2. Selecting and Installing Software ............................................................................ 96
6.3.6. Making Your System Bootable ....................................................................................... 97
6.3.6.1. Detecting other operating systems ......................................................................... 97
6.3.6.2. Install the Grub Boot Loader on a Hard Disk ....................................................... 98
6.3.6.3. Install the LILO Boot Loader on a Hard Disk ....................................................... 98
6.3.6.4. Continue Without Boot Loader ............................................................................... 99
6.3.7. Finishing the Installation................................................................................................. 99
6.3.7.1. Setting the System Clock .......................................................................................... 99
6.3.7.2. Reboot the System ..................................................................................................... 99
6.3.8. Miscellaneous ................................................................................................................... 99
6.3.8.1. Saving the installation logs .................................................................................... 100
6.3.8.2. Using the Shell and Viewing the Logs ................................................................. 100
6.3.8.3. Installation Over the Network............................................................................... 101
6.4. Loading Missing Firmware ................................................................................................. 102
6.4.1. Preparing a medium ...................................................................................................... 103
6.4.2. Firmware and the Installed System ............................................................................. 104
Chapter 7. Booting Into Your New Ubuntu System..................................................................... 105
7.1. The Moment of Truth ........................................................................................................... 105
7.2. Mounting encrypted volumes ............................................................................................. 105
7.2.1. dm-crypt .......................................................................................................................... 105
7.2.2. loop-AES .......................................................................................................................... 106
7.2.3. Troubleshooting ............................................................................................................. 106
7.3. Log In ...................................................................................................................................... 107
Chapter 8. Next Steps and Where to Go From Here..................................................................... 109
8.1. Shutting down the system ................................................................................................... 109
8.2. If You Are New to Unix ....................................................................................................... 109
8.3. Orienting Yourself to Ubuntu ............................................................................................. 109
8.3.1. Ubuntu Packaging System ............................................................................................ 110
8.3.2. Application Version Management ............................................................................... 110
8.3.3. Cron Job Management ................................................................................................... 110
8.4. Further Reading and Information....................................................................................... 111
8.5. Setting Up Your System To Use E-Mail ............................................................................. 111
8.5.1. Default E-Mail Configuration....................................................................................... 112
8.5.2. Sending E-Mails Outside The System ......................................................................... 112

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Ubuntu 10.04 LTS Installation Guide
8.5.3. Configuring the Exim4 Mail Transport Agent........................................................... 113
8.6. Compiling a New Kernel ..................................................................................................... 114
8.6.1. Kernel Image Management .......................................................................................... 115
8.7. Recovering a Broken System ............................................................................................... 116
Appendix A. Installation Howto ................................................................................................. 118
A.1. Booting the installer............................................................................................................. 118
A.1.1. CDROM .......................................................................................................................... 118
A.1.2. USB memory stick......................................................................................................... 118
A.1.3. Booting from network .................................................................................................. 119
A.2. Installation ............................................................................................................................ 119
A.3. And finally… ........................................................................................................................ 120
Appendix B. Automating the installation using preseeding ................................................. 121
B.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 121
B.1.1. Preseeding methods ...................................................................................................... 121
B.1.2. Limitations...................................................................................................................... 122
B.2. Using preseeding .................................................................................................................. 122
B.2.1. Loading the preconfiguration file ............................................................................... 122
B.2.2. Using boot parameters to preseed questions ............................................................ 123
B.2.3. Auto mode ...................................................................................................................... 124
B.2.4. Aliases useful with preseeding .................................................................................... 126
B.2.5. Using a DHCP server to specify preconfiguration files ........................................... 127
B.3. Creating a preconfiguration file ......................................................................................... 127
B.4. Contents of the preconfiguration file (for lucid) .............................................................. 128
B.4.1. Localization .................................................................................................................... 128
B.4.2. Network configuration ................................................................................................. 129
B.4.3. Mirror settings ............................................................................................................... 131
B.4.4. Clock and time zone setup ........................................................................................... 131
B.4.5. Partitioning ..................................................................................................................... 132
B.4.6. Partitioning using RAID ............................................................................................... 133
B.4.7. Controlling how partitions are mounted ................................................................... 134
B.4.8. Base system installation ................................................................................................ 135
B.4.9. Account setup ................................................................................................................ 135
B.4.10. Apt setup ...................................................................................................................... 136
B.4.11. Package selection ......................................................................................................... 137
B.4.12. Boot loader installation ............................................................................................... 138
B.4.13. Finishing up the installation ...................................................................................... 138
B.4.14. X configuration ............................................................................................................ 139

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B.4.15. Preseeding other packages ......................................................................................... 139
B.5. Advanced options................................................................................................................. 140
B.5.1. Running custom commands during the installation ................................................ 140
B.5.2. Using preseeding to change default values ............................................................... 140
B.5.3. Chainloading preconfiguration files ........................................................................... 141
Appendix C. Partitioning for Ubuntu ......................................................................................... 142
C.1. Deciding on Ubuntu Partitions and Sizes ......................................................................... 142
C.2. The Directory Tree ............................................................................................................... 143
C.3. Recommended Partitioning Scheme ................................................................................. 144
C.4. Device Names in Linux ....................................................................................................... 145
C.5. Ubuntu Partitioning Programs ........................................................................................... 146
C.5.1. Partitioning for Intel x86 .............................................................................................. 147
Appendix D. Random Bits ............................................................................................................ 149
D.1. Linux Devices ....................................................................................................................... 149
D.1.1. Setting Up Your Mouse ................................................................................................ 150
D.2. Disk Space Needed for Tasks ............................................................................................. 151
D.3. Disk Space Needed .............................................................................................................. 152
D.4. Installing Ubuntu from a Unix/Linux System ................................................................ 152
D.4.1. Getting Started............................................................................................................... 152
D.4.2. Install debootstrap ........................................................................................................ 153
D.4.3. Run debootstrap ............................................................................................................ 153
D.4.4. Configure The Base System ......................................................................................... 154
D.4.4.1. Create device files .................................................................................................. 154
D.4.4.2. Mount Partitions..................................................................................................... 154
D.4.4.3. Setting Timezone .................................................................................................... 155
D.4.4.4. Configure Networking .......................................................................................... 155
D.4.4.5. Configure Apt ......................................................................................................... 157
D.4.4.6. Configure Locales and Keyboard ........................................................................ 157
D.4.5. Install a Kernel ............................................................................................................... 157
D.4.6. Set up the Boot Loader ................................................................................................. 158
D.4.7. Finishing touches .......................................................................................................... 159
D.4.8. Create a User .................................................................................................................. 159
D.4.9. Install the Ubuntu Desktop ......................................................................................... 159
D.5. Installing Ubuntu over Parallel Line IP (PLIP) ................................................................ 160
D.5.1. Requirements ................................................................................................................. 160
D.5.2. Setting up source ........................................................................................................... 160
D.5.3. Installing target.............................................................................................................. 161

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Ubuntu 10.04 LTS Installation Guide
D.6. Installing Ubuntu using PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE) ..................................................... 162
D.7. The Graphical Installer........................................................................................................ 163
D.7.1. Using the graphical installer ....................................................................................... 164
D.7.2. Known issues ................................................................................................................. 164
Appendix E. Administrivia ........................................................................................................... 165
E.1. About This Document ......................................................................................................... 165
E.2. Contributing to This Document ......................................................................................... 165
E.3. Major Contributions ............................................................................................................. 165
E.4. Trademark Acknowledgement........................................................................................... 166
Appendix F. GNU General Public License ................................................................................ 167
F.1. Preamble ................................................................................................................................ 167
F.2. GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE .................................................................................. 168
F.3. How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs ...................................................... 172
Linbrary™ Advertising Club (LAC) ........................................................................................... 175
Your Advertising Here................................................................................................................ 181

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 List of Tables

List of Tables
Table 3.1. Hardware Information Needed for an Install ................................................ 35
Table 3.2. Recommended Minimum System Requirements .......................................... 37

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Ubuntu 10.04 LTS Installation Guide

Credits and License

This manual is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of
the GNU General Public License. Please refer to the license in Appendix F, GNU General
Public License.

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 Abstract

Abstract
This document contains installation instructions for the Ubuntu 10.04 system (codename
"Lucid Lynx"), for the Intel x86 ("i386") architecture. It also contains pointers to more
information and information on how to make the most of your new Ubuntu system.

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Ubuntu 10.04 LTS Installation Guide

Installing Ubuntu 10.04

"Lucid Lynx" For i386
We are delighted that you have decided to try Ubuntu, and are sure that you will find that
Ubuntu's GNU/Linux distribution is unique. Ubuntu brings together high-quality free
software from around the world, integrating it into a coherent whole. We believe that you
will find that the result is truly more than the sum of the parts.
We understand that many of you want to install Ubuntu without reading this manual, and
the Ubuntu installer is designed to make this possible. If you don't have time to read the
whole Installation Guide right now, we recommend that you read the Installation Howto,
which will walk you through the basic installation process, and links to the manual for more
advanced topics or for when things go wrong. The Installation Howto can be found in
Appendix A, Installation Howto.
With that said, we hope that you have the time to read most of this manual, and doing so
will lead to a more informed and likely more successful installation experience.

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Chapter 1. Welcome to Ubuntu

Chapter 1.
Welcome to Ubuntu
This chapter provides an overview of the Ubuntu Project, and the Debian Project upon
which it is based. If you already know about the Ubuntu Project's history and the Ubuntu
distribution, feel free to skip to the next chapter.

1.1. What is Ubuntu?

Ubuntu is a complete desktop Linux operating system, freely available with both
community and professional support. The Ubuntu community is built on the ideas
enshrined in the Ubuntu Manifesto: that software should be available free of charge, that
software tools should be usable by people in their local language and despite any
disabilities, and that people should have the freedom to customize and alter their software
in whatever way they see fit.
• Ubuntu will always be free of charge, and there is no extra fee for the "enterprise
edition", we make our very best work available to everyone on the same Free terms.
• Ubuntu includes the very best in translations and accessibility infrastructure that the Free
Software community has to offer, to make Ubuntu usable by as many people as
possible.
• Ubuntu is shipped in stable and regular release cycles; a new release will be shipped
every six months. You can use the current stable release or the current development
release. A release will be supported for 18 months.
• Ubuntu is entirely committed to the principles of open source software
development; we encourage people to use open source software, improve it and pass
it on.
Ubuntu is suitable for both desktop and server use. The current Ubuntu release supports
Intel x86 (IBM-compatible PC), AMD64 (Hammer) and PowerPC (Apple iBook and
Powerbook, G4 and G5) architectures.
Ubuntu includes more than 1000 pieces of software, starting with the Linux kernel version
2.6 and GNOME 2.30, and covering every standard desktop application from word
processing and spreadsheet applications to internet access applications, web server
software, email software, programming languages and tools and of course several games.

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Ubuntu 10.04 LTS Installation Guide
1.1.1. Sponsorship by Canonical
The Ubuntu Project is sponsored by Canonical Ltd.1 Canonical will not charge licence fees for
Ubuntu, now or at any stage in the future. Canonical's business model is to provide
technical support and professional services related to Ubuntu. We encourage more
companies also to offer support for Ubuntu, and will list those that do on the Support pages
of this web site.

1.2. What is Debian?

Debian is an all-volunteer organization dedicated to developing free software and
promoting the ideals of the Free Software community. The Debian Project began in 1993,
when Ian Murdock issued an open invitation to software developers to contribute to a
complete and coherent software distribution based on the relatively new Linux kernel. That
relatively small band of dedicated enthusiasts, originally funded by the Free Software
Foundation2 and influenced by the GNU3 philosophy, has grown over the years into an
organization of around 1000 Debian Developers .
Debian Developers are involved in a variety of activities, including Web4 and FTP5 site
administration, graphic design, legal analysis of software licenses, writing documentation,
and, of course, maintaining software packages.
In the interest of communicating our philosophy and attracting developers who believe in
the principles that Debian stands for, the Debian Project has published a number of
documents that outline our values and serve as guides to what it means to be a Debian
Developer:
• The Debian Social Contract6 is a statement of Debian's commitments to the Free
Software Community. Anyone who agrees to abide to the Social Contract may
become a maintainer7. Any maintainer can introduce new software into Debian —
provided that the software meets our criteria for being free, and the package follows
our quality standards.
• The Debian Free Software Guidelines8 are a clear and concise statement of Debian's
criteria for free software. The DFSG is a very influential document in the Free
Software Movement, and was the foundation of the The Open Source Definition9.

1 http://www.canonical.com/
2 http://www.fsf.org/
3 http://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html
4 http://www.debian.org/
5 ftp://ftp.debian.org/
6 http://www.debian.org/social_contract
7 http://www.debian.org/doc/maint-guide/
8 http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines

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Chapter 1. Welcome to Ubuntu
• The Debian Policy Manual10 is an extensive specification of the Debian Project's
standards of quality.
Debian developers are also involved in a number of other projects; some specific to Debian,
others involving some or all of the Linux community. Some examples include:
• The Linux Standard Base11 (LSB) is a project aimed at standardizing the basic
GNU/Linux system, which will enable third-party software and hardware
developers to easily design programs and device drivers for Linux-in-general, rather
than for a specific GNU/Linux distribution.
• The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard12 (FHS) is an effort to standardize the layout of the
Linux file system. The FHS will allow software developers to concentrate their
efforts on designing programs, without having to worry about how the package will
be installed in different GNU/Linux distributions.
• Debian Jr.13 is an internal project, aimed at making sure Debian has something to
offer to our youngest users.
For more general information about Debian, see the Debian FAQ14.

1.2.1. Ubuntu and Debian

Ubuntu and Debian are distinct but parallel and closely linked systems. The Ubuntu project
seeks to complement the Debian project in the following areas:

1.2.1.1. Package selection

Ubuntu does not provide security updates and professional support for every package
available in the open source world, but selects a complete set of packages making up a solid
and comprehensive desktop system and provides support for that set of packages.
For users that want access to every known package, Ubuntu provides a "universe"
component (set of packages) where users of Ubuntu systems install the latest version of any
package that is not in the supported set. Most of the packages in Ubuntu universe are also in
Debian, although there are other sources for universe too. See the Ubuntu Components page
for more detail on the structure of the Ubuntu web distribution.

9 http://opensource.org/docs/definition_plain.html
10 http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/
11 http://www.linuxbase.org/
12 http://www.pathname.com/fhs/
13 http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-jr/
14 http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/

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Ubuntu 10.04 LTS Installation Guide
1.2.1.2. Releases
Ubuntu makes a release every six months, and supports those releases for 18 months with
daily security fixes and patches to critical bugs.
As Ubuntu prepares for release, we "freeze" a snapshot of Debian's development archive
("sid"). We start from "sid" in order to give ourselves the freedom to make our own
decisions with regard to release management, independent of Debian's release-in-
preparation. This is necessary because our release criteria are very different from Debian's.
As a simple example, a package might be excluded from Debian "testing" due to a build
failure on any of the 11 architectures supported by Debian "sarge", but it is still suitable for
Ubuntu if it builds and works on only three of them. A package will also be prevented from
entering Debian "testing" if it has release-critical bugs according to Debian criteria, but a bug
which is release-critical for Debian may not be as important for Ubuntu.
As a community, we choose places to diverge from Debian in ways that minimize the
difference between Debian and Ubuntu. For example, we usually choose to update to the
very latest version of Gnome rather than the older version in Debian, and we might do the
same for key other pieces of infrastructure such as X or GCC. Those decisions are listed as
Feature Goals for that release, and we work as a community to make sure that they are in
place before the release happens.

1.2.1.3. Development community

Many Ubuntu developers are also recognized members of the Debian community. They
continue to stay active in contributing to Debian both in the course of their work on Ubuntu
and directly in Debian.
When Ubuntu developers fix bugs that are also present in Debian packages -- and since the
projects are linked, this happens often -- they send their bugfixes to the Debian developers
responsible for that package in Debian and record the patch URL in the Debian bug system.
The long term goal of that work is to ensure that patches made by the full-time Ubuntu team
members are immediately also included in Debian packages where the Debian maintainer
likes the work.
In Ubuntu, team members can make a change to any package, even if it is one maintained
by someone else. Once you are an Ubuntu maintainer it's encouraged that you fix problems
you encounter, although we also encourage polite discussions between people with an
interest in a given package to improve cooperation and reduce friction between maintainers.

1.2.1.4. Freedom and Philosophy

Debian and Ubuntu are grounded on the same free software philosophy. Both groups are
explicitly committed to building an operating system of free software.

18
Chapter 1. Welcome to Ubuntu
Differences between the groups lie in their treatment of non-computer applications (like
documentation, fonts and binary firmware) and non-free software. Debian distributes a
small amount of non-free software from their Internet servers. Ubuntu will also distribute
binary drivers in the "restricted" component on its Internet servers but will not distribute
any other software applications that do not meet its own Ubuntu Licensing Guidelines.

1.2.1.5. Ubuntu and other Debian derivatives

There are many other distributions that also share the same basic infrastructure (package
and archive format). Ubuntu is distinguished from them in a number of ways.
First, Ubuntu contributes patches directly to Debian as bugs are fixed during the Ubuntu
release process, not just when the release is actually made. With other Debian-style
distributions, the source code and patches are made available in a "big bang" at release time,
which makes them difficult to integrate into the upstream HEAD.
Second, Ubuntu includes a number of full-time contributors who are also Debian
developers. Many of the other distributions that use Debian-style packaging do not include
any active Debian contributors.
Third, Ubuntu makes much more frequent and fresher releases. Our release policy of
releasing every six months is (at the time of writing :-) unique in the Linux distribution
world. Ubuntu aims to provide you with a regular stable and security-supported snapshot
of the best of the open source world.

1.3. What is GNU/Linux?

Linux is an operating system: a series of programs that let you interact with your computer
and run other programs.
An operating system consists of various fundamental programs which are needed by your
computer so that it can communicate and receive instructions from users; read and write
data to hard disks, tapes, and printers; control the use of memory; and run other software.
The most important part of an operating system is the kernel. In a GNU/Linux system,
Linux is the kernel component. The rest of the system consists of other programs, many of
which were written by or for the GNU Project. Because the Linux kernel alone does not form
a working operating system, we prefer to use the term "GNU/Linux" to refer to systems that
many people casually refer to as "Linux".
Linux is modelled on the Unix operating system. From the start, Linux was designed to be a
multi-tasking, multi-user system. These facts are enough to make Linux different from other
well-known operating systems. However, Linux is even more different than you might
imagine. In contrast to other operating systems, nobody owns Linux. Much of its
development is done by unpaid volunteers.

19
Ubuntu 10.04 LTS Installation Guide
Development of what later became GNU/Linux began in 1984, when the Free Software
Foundation15 began development of a free Unix-like operating system called GNU.
The GNU Project16 has developed a comprehensive set of free software tools for use with
Unix™ and Unix-like operating systems such as Linux. These tools enable users to perform
tasks ranging from the mundane (such as copying or removing files from the system) to the
arcane (such as writing and compiling programs or doing sophisticated editing in a variety
of document formats).
While many groups and individuals have contributed to Linux, the largest single
contributor is still the Free Software Foundation, which created not only most of the tools
used in Linux, but also the philosophy and the community that made Linux possible.
The Linux kernel17 first appeared in 1991, when a Finnish computing science student named
Linus Torvalds announced an early version of a replacement kernel for Minix to the Usenet
newsgroup comp.os.minix. See Linux International's Linux History Page18.
Linus Torvalds continues to coordinate the work of several hundred developers with the
help of a few trusty deputies. More information about the linux-kernel mailing list can be
found on the linux-kernel mailing list FAQ19.
Linux users have immense freedom of choice in their software. For example, Linux users
can choose from a dozen different command line shells and several graphical desktops. This
selection is often bewildering to users of other operating systems, who are not used to
thinking of the command line or desktop as something that they can change.
Linux is also less likely to crash, better able to run more than one program at the same time,
and more secure than many operating systems. With these advantages, Linux is the fastest
growing operating system in the server market. More recently, Linux has begun to be
popular among home and business users as well.
1.4. Getting Ubuntu
For information on how to download Ubuntu from the Internet, see the download web page20.
The list of Ubuntu mirrors21 contains a full set of official Ubuntu mirrors, so you can easily
find the nearest one.
Ubuntu can be upgraded after installation very easily. The installation procedure will help set
up the system so that you can make those upgrades once installation is complete, if need be.

15 http://www.fsf.org/
16 http://www.gnu.org/
17 http://www.kernel.org/
18 http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~awb/linux.history.html
19 http://www.tux.org/lkml/
20 http://www.ubuntu.com/download/
21 http://wiki.ubuntu.com/Archive

20
Chapter 1. Welcome to Ubuntu
1.5. Getting the Newest Version of This Document
This document is constantly being revised. Updated versions of this installation manual are
available from the official Install Manual pages22.

1.6. Organization of This Document

This document is meant to serve as a manual for first-time Ubuntu users. It tries to make as
few assumptions as possible about your level of expertise. However, we do assume that you
have a general understanding of how the hardware in your computer works.
Expert users may also find interesting reference information in this document, including
minimum installation sizes, details about the hardware supported by the Ubuntu
installation system, and so on. We encourage expert users to jump around in the document.
In general, this manual is arranged in a linear fashion, walking you through the installation
process from start to finish. Here are the steps in installing Ubuntu, and the sections of this
document which correlate with each step:
1. Determine whether your hardware meets the requirements for using the installation
system, in Chapter 2, System Requirements.
2. Backup your system, perform any necessary planning and hardware configuration
prior to installing Ubuntu, in Chapter 3, Before Installing Ubuntu. If you are preparing
a multi-boot system, you may need to create partitionable space on your hard disk
for Ubuntu to use.
3. In Chapter 4, Obtaining System Installation Media, you will obtain the necessary
installation files for your method of installation.
4. Chapter 5, Booting the Installation System describes booting into the installation
system. This chapter also discusses troubleshooting procedures in case you have
problems with this step.
5. Perform the actual installation according to Chapter 6, Using the Ubuntu Installer.
This involves choosing your language, configuring peripheral driver modules,
configuring your network connection, so that remaining installation files can be
obtained directly from an Ubuntu server (if you are not installing from a CD),
partitioning your hard drives and installation of a base system, then selection and
installation of tasks. (Some background about setting up the partitions for your
Ubuntu system is explained in Appendix C, Partitioning for Ubuntu.)
6. Boot into your newly installed base system, from Chapter 7, Booting Into Your New
Ubuntu System.

22 http://help.ubuntu.com/9.10/installation-guide/i386/

21
Ubuntu 10.04 LTS Installation Guide
Once you've got your system installed, you can read Chapter 8, Next Steps and Where to Go
From Here. That chapter explains where to look to find more information about Unix and
Ubuntu, and how to replace your kernel.
Finally, information about this document and how to contribute to it may be found in
Appendix E, Administrivia.

1.7. About Copyrights and Software Licenses

We're sure that you've read some of the licenses that come with most commercial software
— they usually say that you can only use one copy of the software on a single computer.
This system's license isn't like that at all. We encourage you to put a copy of Debian
GNU/Linux on every computer in your school or place of business. Lend your installation
media to your friends and help them install it on their computers! You can even make
thousands of copies and sell them — albeit with a few restrictions. Your freedom to install
and use the system comes directly from Ubuntu being based on free software.
Calling software free doesn't mean that the software isn't copyrighted, and it doesn't mean
that CDs containing that software must be distributed at no charge. Free software, in part,
means that the licenses of individual programs do not require you to pay for the privilege of
distributing or using those programs. Free software also means that not only may anyone
extend, adapt, and modify the software, but that they may distribute the results of their
work as well.

Note
The Ubuntu project, as a pragmatic concession to its users, does make some
packages available that do not meet our criteria for being free. These packages are
not part of the official distribution, however, and are only available from the
multiverse area of Ubuntu mirrors; see the Ubuntu web site23 for more information
about the layout and contents of the archives.
Many of the programs in the system are licensed under the GNU General Public License, often
simply referred to as "the GPL". The GPL requires you to make the source code of the
programs available whenever you distribute a binary copy of the program; that provision of
the license ensures that any user will be able to modify the software. Because of this
provision, the source code24 for all such programs is available in the Ubuntu system.

23http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/components
24For information on how to locate, unpack, and build binaries from Ubuntu source packages, see the
Debian FAQ (http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/), under "Basics of the Debian Package Management
System".

22
Chapter 1. Welcome to Ubuntu
There are several other forms of copyright statements and software licenses used on the
programs in Ubuntu. You can find the copyrights and licenses for every package installed
on your system by looking in the file /usr/share/doc/ package-name/copyright once
you've installed a package on your system.
For more information about licenses and how Ubuntu determines whether software is free
enough to be included in the main distribution, see the Ubuntu License Policy25.
The most important legal notice is that this software comes with no warranties. The
programmers who have created this software have done so for the benefit of the
community. No guarantee is made as to the suitability of the software for any given
purpose. However, since the software is free, you are empowered to modify that software to
suit your needs — and to enjoy the benefits of the changes made by others who have
extended the software in this way.

25 http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/licensing

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