Array antennas introduction

Francisco José Cano

[email protected]

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

(Technical University of Madrid, UPM)

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009

Outline

• Array antennas definition

• Arrays types
• Depending on its elements
• Depending on it application
• Depending on the geometry
• Depending on the network
• Arrays theory
• Radiation pattern of an array
• Multiplication patterns principle
• Equispace linear arrays
• Effects of the feeding elements

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009 2

 Array antenna
definition

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009 3

What is an array antenna?

• Definition:
• An array antenna is a spatially extended collection of N similar radiating elements, and
the term "similar radiating elements" means that all the elements have the same
radiation p
patterns,, orientated in the same direction in 3D space.
p
• The elements don't have to be necessary spaced on a regular grid, but it is assumed
that they are all fed with the same frequency.
– Group of individual radiating elements
– Feed from a common terminal
– By linear networks

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009 4

 Radiating elements used to form
arrays

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009

Array types

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009 6

 Arrays
y types:
yp elements

• Depending on its elements

– Wires → wire array antennas
– Printed elements → printed array antennas
– Slot → slot array antennas
– Horn → horn array antennas

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009

Arrays
y types:
yp application
pp

• Depending on it application
– Communications
• mobile
• Satellite
– Radar
– …

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009

 Arrays
y types:
yp ggeometry
y (I)

• D
Depending
di on it geometry
t
– Linear
– Planar
– Conformal
» Cylindrical
» Spherical

This classification depends on the position where the different elements are
p
placed:
„ Linear (elements in a line)
„ Planar (elements in a plane): rectangular (elements in a rectangular shape),
triangular
g (elements
( in a triangle
g shape,
p , circular (elements
( on concentric
circumferences)
„ Conformal (elements in a 3D-surface): cylinder, sphere...

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009

Arrays types: geometry (II)

Examples of linear arrays

Base station antennas for

mobile systems
application: DECT (3.5
GHz): Vertical 65
65°, 90
90°
antennas

Base station antennas Base station antennas

for mobile systems for mobile systems
applications: GSM 1800 applications: UMTS:
MHz: Vertical pol.° crosspolar ± 45°
sectorial 65° & 90° sectorial 65° antennas
antennas

The printed antennas have the advantage to be easy to

fabricate and low cost

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009

 Arrays types: geometry (III)
Examples of planar arrays

• Satcom antenna
-airborne
airborne radar technology for
satellite communications
placed on the F16

• Cobra Dane
– A big antenna formed
of 34769 radiating
elements
– works at 1200 MHz
– part of the security
radar in USA

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009

Arrays types: geometry (IV)

p of conformal
Examples
arrays
• Radiating elements placed on a no planar surface (for example curve)
• Cylindrical (Elements placed over a cylinder)
• Conical (Elements placed over a cone)
• Spherical (Elements placed on a sphere)
• Different surfaces ( flight wings, vehicle, etc.)

Example: Cylindrical array of slots

Omnidirectional Circularly
Polarized Slot Antenna Fed by a Circularly Polarized Omnidirectional
Cylindrical Waveguide for Millimeter Wave Monopole with
Identification Friend or Foe Parasitic Strip Elements for
System in the 37GHz band Identification Friend or Foe System
ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009
 Arrays
y types:
yp network (I)

• Depending on the network

– Passive
» A single
i l beam
b
» Multibeam
– Active
– Adaptative

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009

Arrays types: network (II)

Pasive
i arrays
• Use a feeding network with passives elements (power divider,
divider transmission lines,
lines matching
network etc.)
– The radiation pattern and polarization are fixed.
– Work as a unique antenna.
– Depending on the network
» A single beam
» multibeam
– Can have different input terminals in the network (multi-diagram or multibeam
antenna).
– Are reciprocal,
p , works in transmission and reception.
p

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009 14

 Arrays types: network (III)
Active
i arrays
• Linear active network to feed the arrays
– Allow
All amplified
lifi d distribution
di t ib ti ini the
th antenna
t
– Allow active control of the excitations and of the radiation patterns.
– Allow signal processing

The active arrays are antennas with variable phase, that allow beam steering in a variable
direction (very useful in Radar systems).

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009 15

Arrays types: network (IV)

Adaptative
i arrays
• A di
digital
it l processor allow:
ll
LPF
– Digital control of patterns IF
IFA A/D
LNA
– Patterns dependent of Filter
gital signall processorr

» frequency
f A/D
» time
» code ….
– Simultaneous variables patterns

LPF
IF
IFA A/D
Dig

LNA
Filter
A/D

The adaptative arrays are kind of antennas that works with active feeding modifying
instantaneously the radiation pattern depending of the signal that it receives (These antennas are
very useful in communication systems)
ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009 16
 Big arrays

Very Large Array (VLA).

(VLA)

Radiotelescope situated in Socorro,

New Mexico.
Works in the band of 1 to 25GHz

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009 17

Array theory

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 Radiation pattern of an array (I)

• The Multiplication patterns principle,

principle that characterize the arrays antennas,
antennas is based on the
superposition principle derived of the Maxwell equations.

• F
Formulation
l ti condition:
diti
– Equal elements
– Equal oriented elements

• An array describes with this principle is characterized by: z

– The position vectors of each elements: IN
I1 r
– The feeding currents of each elements: Ii rN
– The radiation pattern of the radiating element : r1
I2 ri r
r2
ri
Ii

x y

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009 19

Radiation pattern of an array (II)

z
• Radiated field for one element:
I1 IN r
G G I G
rN
Ei ( r ,θ ,φ ) = Ee ( r ,θ ,φ ) i e jk0rrˆ i
r1
I2 ri r
r2
I0 ri
Ii
Radiated field of an Relative phase for x y
Complex
p feeding
g displacement out
radiating element
coefficient of the origin
in the origin

G G G G
E A ( r ,θ , φ ) = ∑ Ei = Ee ( r ,θ ,φ ) ∑ Ai e jk0rrˆ i
G
FA (θ ,φ ) = ∑ Ai e jk0rrˆ i
G G
E A ( r ,θ , φ ) = Ee ( r ,θ ,φ ) ⋅ FA (θ ,φ )
In function of:
The radiated field can be expressed as the product of the element field, ¾Element positions
situated in the origin,
origin by the ARRAY FACTOR FA(θ,φ). (θ φ)
¾Excitation Ai
¾Frequency
ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009 20
 Multiplication patterns principle (I)

E A (r , θ , φ ) = Ee (r , θ , φ ) ⋅ FA (θ , φ )

• The radiation pattern of an array is the product of the radiation pattern of the single
radiating element and the array factor.
•The
Th total
t t l radiated
di t d field
fi ld polarization
l i ti depends
d d only
l on the
th usedd radiating
di ti element
l t (FA is
i a
scalar value).
• The array
y factor allow to analyze
y how is the influence of the geometry
g y and the excitation
law on the radiation without considering what kind of radiating element we use.
•In big arrays, FA(θ,φ) varies more than Ee(θ,φ) does, and we can approximate the total
radiation pattern as the array factor.
factor

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009 21

Multiplication patterns principle (II)

• Example:
p

E A (r , θ , φ ) = Ee (r , θ , φ ) ⋅ FA (θ , φ )

Element radiation pattern Ee Array Factor FA Array radiation pattern EA

Theta Theta Theta

(degree) (d
(degree)
) (degree))
(d

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009 22

 Equispace linear arrays (I)
• Array of N elements separated of a distance d and feed with An coefficients

G
FA (θ , φ ) = ∑ An e jnk0rrˆ n = ∑ An e jnk0d cosθ = ∑ An e jnψ
n n n

DFT −1 { An }!!

•As we can see in this expression, the array factor FA is the DFT of the excitation law of the array.
•We can establish a parallelism between the studied concepts in signal processing with the arrays concepts.
g pprocessing
•While in signal g we ppass from time domain to frequency
q y spectrum,
p , in arrays
y theory
y we ppass from
spatial domain (position and excitation law) to angular spectrum (radiation pattern).
•Some of the properties that we obtain studying the DFT are:
¾The arrayy factor is a periodic
p function,, of period
p 2π,, in the ψ variable.
¾If the array is longer (electrically o in function of λ), the main lobe of it array factor will be narrower, the
same that occur with the relation between narrow pulses and narrow frequency spectrum.
¾Excitation with laws that decrease from the centre to the edges
g have lower side lobe levels in the
radiation pattern, although we have a wider main lobe in the radiation pattern.

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009 23

Equispace linear arrays (II)

• Array of N elements separated of a distance d and feed with An coefficients

G
FA (θ , φ ) = ∑ An e jk0rrˆ n N −1 N −1 N −1
FA (θ , φ ) = ∑ An e = ∑ an e = ∑ an e jnψ
jnk0d cosθ jn( k0 d cosθ +α )
jnα
An = an e n =0 n =0 n =0
G G ψ = kd cos θ + α
rn = ndzˆ, rˆ ⋅ rn = nd cos θ
Radiating elements with progressive phase:

Excitation laws most used: ¾ = difference

¾α diff phase
h b
between
t 2 elements
l t

¾Uniform in amplitude and phase, An = 1 ∀n

¾Uniform in amplitude
p and the p
phase is p
progressive
g
¾Symmetry amplitude and decreasing from centre to edge and the phase is constant or progressive

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009 24

 Linear arrays uniformly feed in amplitude and phase

⎛ Nψ ⎞
jNψ N −1 sin ⎜ ⎟
Example of a broadside array: N −1
e −1 ψ
⎝ 2 ⎠
FA (ψ ) = ∑ e jnψ =
j
omnidirectional
idi ti l antenna
t
mobile communications
used
d in
i An = 1 n=0 e jψ − 1
=e 2
⎛ψ ⎞
sin ⎜ ⎟
1.0
⎛ Nψ ⎞
⎝2⎠
⏐FAN(ψ)⏐ sin ⎜ ⎟
1 ⎝ 2 ⎠
0.8 FAN (ψ ) =
N ψ
N=2 sin
3 2
0.6 4
5
04
0.4 6
7
8
0.2
9
10

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
± ψ (º)

Width between nulls of principal lobes: Width of the main lobe at -3dB:
λ λ
ψ 1N = ±2π / N ⇒ k0 d cosθ1N = 2π / N ⇒ cosθ1N = Δθ −3dB = 0.886 [rad ]
Nd Nd
⎛π ⎞ λ
⇒ sin ⎜ − θ1N ⎟ = Side lobe levels SLL:
⎝2 ⎠ Nd
⎛ 3π ⎞ 1/ N
FAN ⎜ ⎟ =
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ λ ⎞ ⎝ ⎠ sin ⎛ 3π ⎞
N
Δθ = 2 ⎜ − θ1N ⎟ = 2arcsin ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ Nd ⎠ ⎝ 2N ⎠
2λ 2π 2
If Nd >> λ ⇒ Δθ nulls = = [rad ] SLLN ,big = ⇒ −13.46dB
Nd L 3π
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Linear arrays uniformly feed in amplitude

and the phase is progressive (I)

• Uniform feeding in amplitude and the phase is progressive:

1 jnα α = difference
diff
An = an e jnα = e constant phase
N between 2
elements

1 N −1 ji( k0d cos(θ )+α ) 1 N −1 jiψ where ψ = k0 d cos θ + α

FA (θ ) = ∑e
N i =0
= ∑e
N i =0

¾ The new variable α allow to adjust the steering direction of the main lobe of the
array.
¾The progressive phase between elements α allow to compensate for a determined
di ti off the
direction th space, the
th phase
h difference
diff associated
i t d to
t the
th propagation
ti between
b t
the generated waves for the different elements, positioning the maximum radiation
in this specified direction.

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009 26

 Linear arrays uniformly feed in amplitude
and the phase is progressive (II)

0 ≤ θ ≤ π ⇒ − k0 d + α ≤ ψ ≤ + k0 d + α
⎛ ψ⎞
sin ⎜ N ⎟
1 ⎝ 2⎠ Visible margin
FA (θ ) =
N ⎛ψ ⎞
sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
⎛ α ⎞
Maximum in ψ=0, θ = cos ⎜ −
−1
⎟
Periodic of period 2π in ψ⎝ k0 d ⎠
Nulls in ψ=2π/N
π θmax 0 θ
• If we observe this figure, we can deduce some arrays properties that can be generalized to equispace
linear antennas:
¾ If the excitation coefficient An (except the progresive phase component) are reals and positives,
the maximum of the array factor is in ψ = 0,0 because it is in this direction where the contribution
of all the arrays elements will sum in phase.
¾ If the visible margin include ψ = 0, the maximum will be in the direction θmax= arccos(-α/k0d).
So varying the difference phase α, it allow to change the steering direction of the array main
l b This
lobe. Thi method
h d is
i actually
ll usedd in
i electronical
l i l exploration
l i radars,
d controlling
lli digitally
di i ll the
h
phase shift between the elements.

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009 27

Linear arrays uniformly feed in amplitude

and the phase is progressive (III)

• The arrays are divided depending on it steering direction in these followings types:
¾ Broadside array: has it radiation maximum in the perpendicular plane of the array (θmax
= π/2), where α = 0 and the visible margin is –k0d < ψ < k0d.
¾ Exploration array: steer at a variable direction θmax fixed by the difference constant
phase α. The visible margin is the general one:0 ≤ θ ≤ π ⇒ − k d + α ≤ ψ ≤ + k d + α
0 0
⎛ −α ⎞
ψ = k0 d cosθ max + α = 0 ⇒ θ max = arccos ⎜ ⎟
⎝ k0 d ⎠
¾ Endfire array: has the radiation maximum in the array axis (θmax = 0 or π).
¾ For the case θmax = 0, α = -k0d and the visible margin is -2k0d < ψ < 0. in this case the
radiaton pattern is pencil beam type with the same beamwidth in the two principal planes.
planes
¾ If the distance between elements d (and/or the phase shift α) are bigger than determined
values (as d > λ , can appear “grating lobes” or diffraction lobes (emerge similar of the
) So this why
main lobe). y d = 0.6 – 0.8λ for broadside arrays
y and d = 0.4 – 0.45λ for enfire
arrays.
¾ When the elements are fed with the same amplitude |An| = 1, the array factor FA continue to
be a periodic sinc and the diagram in ψ (slide(22)) is still valid.

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009 28

 Directivity with linear arrays uniformly
feed in amplitude and the phase is progressive

• Uniform feeding (an = 1, ∀n):

N2
D= N −1
sin ( mk0 d )
N + ∑ 2( N − m) cos mα
m =0 mk 0 d

• Interest case: λ D=N L=Nd

– Multiple separation of λ/2: d = k 2
λ D = 2N
d
=2
L
– Broadside array (α=0): d≈ , d <λ λ λ
2
⎛ 1 ⎞λ d L
– Endfire array: d ≤ ⎜1 − ⎟ D = 4 N = 4
⎝ 2N ⎠ 2 λ λ

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009 29

Broadside array

Uniform feeding
g in amplitude
p and pphase: The visible margin
g is
Maximum: ψ =0⇒ θ max = π 2

1
d=λ/2
0.8

06
0.6 d=0.75λ
d 0.75λ
0.4 d=λ
02
0.2

0
-2π -π 0 π 2π ψ

Conclusion: For the same element numbers, when we increase the

separation
p distance,, the directivity
y of the antenna increase.

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009 30

 Exploration array

Exploration array: steer at a variable direction θmax fixed by the difference constant phase α.

0.8

0.6
2πd 2πd
− +α <ψ < +α
04
0.4 λ λ
0.2

0
ψ
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300

Steering direction:
⎛ λ ⎞
θ 0 = cos −1 ⎜ −α ⎟
⎝ 2π d ⎠

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009 31

Effect of varying the

difference phase elements α
90
α=0
0 120 60
α=60º
60 120
90
60
N=10
150 30
150 30

d=λ/2
180 0 0
180

210 330
210 330

240 300 240 300

270 270

α=120 α=180º
90
=120º 120 60 120
90
60

150 30 150 30

180 0 180 0

210 330 210 330

240 300 240 300

270 270
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 Endfire array

The endfire array is characterized to achieve a pencil beam type main lobe
Depending on the array axis:

• Main maximum: θ=0 or (θ=π)

( )

−4π d
• Visible margin:
g <ψ < 0
λ
• Required progressive phase:
d
α = − k0 d = −2π
λ
• Width between the nulls of the main lobe:
2λ
• If Nd >> λ ⇒ BWnulls = 2 rad
Nd
• Width of the main lobe at -3dB:
• If Nd >> λ ⇒ BW 0 88λ
0.88
−3 dB = 2 rad
Nd
ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009 33

Resume: Equispace linear array uniformly feed

p
in amplitude and the p
phase is p
progresive
g

• FA(ψ) is always a periodic function with period ψ =2π: the valid margin of
the radiation pattern is the margin with possible values of θ: between 0 y π

Graphic
ψ ≡ kd cos θ + α
representation

FA (θ , φ ) = ∑ Ai e jjiψ

Broadside
– Phase: α = 0 ψ = kd cos θ Endfire
Exploration
θ = 0, ψ (θ = 0 ) = kd + α = 0
Uniform phase
– Visible ψ = kd cos θ + α
− kd < ψ < kd α = − kd = − 2πd λ
margin: g
Progressive phase
p
– Maximum:ψ = 0 ⇒ θ max = π 2 − kd + α < ψ < kd + α − 4 πd λ < ψ < 0

⎛ −α ⎞ θ max = 0 (o′ θ max = π )

ψ = 0 ⇒ θ max = acos⎜ ⎟
⎝ kd ⎠

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009 34

 Linear arrays with symmetry amplitude, decreasing from
g and the p
centre to edge phase is constant or p
progressive
g

• With a phase variation α, we can control the steering direction.

• So with an amplitude variation, we can control the side lobe levels (SLL)
(SLL).
• With symmetry amplitude, decreasing from centre to edge, it achieve to
reduce the side lobe lels (SLL) and wider the main lobe and therefore reduce
th array di
the directivity.
ti it
• The side lobe levels (SLL) reduction achieve with symmetry amplitude,
decreasing from centre to edge is equivalent to the problems of signal theory
when
h we use no rectangular l windows
i d like
lik (Hanning,
( i Hamming, i Triangular,…).
i l )
• As in signal theory, the side lobe levels (SLL) reduction have resolution loss
that is equivalent
q to wider beamwidth.

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009 35

Control of side lobe levels (SLL)

•With symmetry amplitude, decreasing from centre to edge, we achieve to reduce the side lobe
levels and wider the main lobe so the directivity D0 is reduced.
reduced
•Some examples for a broadside array of 5 isotropic elements separated of λ/2.
¾As we can observe the maximum directivity is given by the uniform excitation
¾The minimum side lobe levels (SLL) is given by the binomial feeding, with a strong reduce
directivity
¾If a progressive phase shift α is introduced,
introduced the side lobe levels (SLL) are maintained when
the beam explore.

• We observe the ppotential of the design

g that is in the arrays
y theory:
y we can control the side lobe
levels (SLL), control the steering direction,…

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009 36

 Effect of the feeding elements (I)

g when An = 1 ⋅ e jnα for i=0 to N-1

• Uniform feeding:
¾Control of steering direction
¾The directivity is maximum ⇒ D = N for d = λ/2
¾The side lobe levels (SLL) is -13.4dB for N high
¾BW-3dB = 0.88λ/Nd sinθ N=20
d λ/2
d=
1 1
0 13.4dB
0.9 -5
0.8 -10
0.7 DFT-1 -15
0.6 Ai=1 -20
0.5 -25
04
0.4 30
-30
0.3 -35
0.2 -40
0.1 -45
0 -50 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

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Effect of the feeding elements (II)

• Triangular
g feeding:
g when An=[1-abs(-(n-1)/2+i)/(n/2))]
[ (( ) ) ( ))] ; for n=0 to i-1

¾The side lobe levels (SLL) fall until -26.8dB

¾The directivity fall to ¾ of the maximum ⇒ D = 3N/4 for d = λ/2
¾BW-3dB = 1.75λ/Nd sinθ N=20
d=λ/2
1 0
0.9 -5 26.8dB
0.8 -10
10
0.7 DFT-1 -15
0.6 -20
0.5 -25
04
0.4 -30
0.3 -35
0.2 -40
0.1 -45
45
0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -50 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009 38

 Effect of the feeding elements (III)

• Cosines feedingg on pedestal:

p
for i=0 to n-1
¾Control the reduced side lobe levels (SLL) N=20
¾The directivity is reduced
d=λ/2
¾The beamwidth increase
H=0.5
1 0
0.9 -5 22dB
0.8 -10
0.7 DFT-1-15
0.6 -20
0.5 -25
0.4 -30
03
0.3 -35
0.2 -40
0.1 -45
0 -50
50 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES - Madrid (UPM) – March 2009 39

Effect of the feeding elements

• Binomial feeding:
g when
for i=0 to N-1
¾The side lobe levels (SLL) disappear
¾The directivity is reduced N 20
N=20
¾The main beamwidth increase
d=λ/2
1 0
without
0.9 -5
0.8 -10 lobes
07
0.7 DFT-1-15
15
0.6 -20
0.5 -25
0.4 -30
0.3 -35
0.2 -40
0.1 -45
0 50 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
-50
-5
5 -4
4 -3
3 -2
2 -1
1 0 1 2 3 4 5

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