FIRST-ORDER

DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
Linear Equations
There are 3 characteristics of LDE:
1. Dependent variable and all its derivatives are of the first degree.
2. No product of the dependent variable and/or any of its derivatives are present.
3. No non-linear functions of the dependent variable or its derivatives occur.

Definition: Linear Equation home

= o
f
non home

I
(If g(x) = 0, then LDE is homogeneous, if g(x) ≠ 0 then LDE is nonhomogeneous)
 4
2
+

+ 2
dy

*
*

Example 1: The following are first order LDE:

(a) − 3y = 0 (b) + 2xy = 4sinx (c) xy’ – 5y = x5ex

Method of solving LDE:
Step 1: Put the equation in a standard form: + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
Step 2: Identify P(x) and f(x).
⑳
Step 3: Find the integrating factor (IF) by using formula: 𝜇 𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫
Integrating factor is a solution to a certain partial differential equation.

⑳ 𝜇(𝑥)
Step 4: Multiply both sides with the integrating factor (IF): + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) .
Step 5: Conclude the left-hand side to be the derivative of the integrating factor (IF) and the
dependent variable y.
𝑑
𝜇 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝜇 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Step 6: Integrate both sides: ∫ 𝜇 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝜇 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

∫ ( )
Step 7: Solve for y: 𝑦(𝑥) =
 Example 2: Solve − 4y = 0

S1 :
Standard
form
o -4 o o
0
4 f(x) =

P(M)
= -

S2 :
die ↳I
S-4
-

die
SPCU) e
=
e =

If e
S3 :
""
(0)
e-4 (n 44)
* -
:

side :

34 : multiply both

+" =

55 :

A (e- y)
an
30
Getry)
=

36 :

C
4xy
-
=

C
=

S7 : & -

e-Pu
4I
ce
y
=
 Example 3: Solve xy’ - 6y = x6ex
22"
Ky'-by
=

S1 :

x
6
- =
-

n
f(x) :

0
PCM) -G inx
:
1
.

:
S2 Ginx = x =

- n6
-

e
nax
=

26 = e

If edPChlar =

gui er]
33 : :
-
G ·

x
- 9

(y
-

y] =.

84
x e
:

[y' y]
=
° -

ex
[x 9 =
S5
-
:

bypartsa
s
z
Integration

[ny) Se
-
=
: x

36 :
S
x- y
=

Jen or d

x3 >e
+

y
 Ih

Example 4: Solve 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 5𝑒 ; 𝑦 0 = −3

-
x?
① y + 2ny =
Je 2
-
x

Je
f(x) =

② PCM) = 24 ,

eSzar
e
eSPCal an
:

③ If =

ex" (5e ) -
"

④ e
"(y +
2xy) =

=
5

⑤(ex y
= 5

9e
⑥ St [en"
y ydn
:

+ C
en2 y
= 5x
+ C
5x
= -
y ex

⑰
-

e
c =
-
3
 Example 5: Feb 2023

![x Si
- di
① (n" + 2y)dx - udy = 0
⑨ y] :

dy
2y) di x
x
(x"
=

+ C
2y
+
-

=
x
My 2
x" 2y
=
+
die
u2
x3
it +C
=
-

- E
=
-

x ck'
e flas:- y +

④ Paul
=

= I

crit
2
x= 1 y
: -

I
,

x [xy 4

[ zy)
- 2 =

Cl +
-

④ x
= x
-

2
=

2
x

n2x y) =

⑤ C
--
Exercise:
Find the general solution of the given differential equation

a) x − y = x sinx Ans: 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥

b)

Ans: 𝑖 = + 𝑖 − 𝑒 /