Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering, Pune

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELE-COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

MINI PROJECT REPORT AY. 23-24 Sem II

Project Title: Frequency Divider

Name: Nupur Kulkarni

Roll No.: FY23F149
Division: F
Subject: Digital Systems
Teacher: Ms. Samruddhi Shaha Ma’am

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Sr. Page
Title
No. No.

1 Introduction 3

2 Objective 4

3 Components Used 6

4 Circuit Diagram/ 7
Methodology
5 Simulation 9

6 Results 10

7 Conclusion 10

8 Future Scope 11

9 References 12

1.Introduction
Frequency divider is also known as clock divider which divides the input clock
frequency and produce output clock.

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A frequency divider is a fundamental digital circuit used to reduce the
frequency of an input signal to a lower frequency output signal. This process
is achieved using various techniques in digital electronics, including using flip-
flops, counters, or other programmable devices. In the context of using flip-
flops like JK flip-flops, the frequency divider operates by toggling the state of
the flip-flops based on the input clock signal and feedback connections. This
toggling action divides the frequency of the input signal by a specific factor to
generate the desired output frequency.

2.Objective

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The primary objective of a frequency divider is to take an input signal with a
certain frequency and produce an output signal with a reduced frequency.
This reduction in frequency is achieved by dividing the number of input signal
cycles per unit of time to generate fewer output signal cycles per the same
unit of time.
1.Frequency Reduction: The main purpose is to reduce the frequency of an
input signal to a desired lower frequency for various applications. For
example, if you have an input clock signal at a certain frequency and you
need a slower clock signal for another part of a circuit, a frequency divider
can be used to achieve this.
2.Signal Synchronization: In digital systems, frequency dividers are used to
synchronize different parts of a circuit operating at different speeds. By using
a frequency divider, you can generate clock signals at slower rates that
match the operational requirements of specific components.
3.Clock Signal Generation: Frequency dividers are commonly used to
generate clock signals with specific frequencies for sequential circuits,
microcontrollers, processors, and other digital systems. They provide timing
signals necessary for proper operation.
4.Counter and Timing Applications: Frequency dividers are essential
components in counter circuits and other timing-related applications. They
are used to count a certain number of input signal cycles to produce an
output pulse or timing signal.

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1. Power Reduction: By reducing the clock frequency of certain
components in a system when they are not in active use, frequency
dividers can contribute to overall power reduction and energy
efficiency.
2. Control of System Timing: Frequency dividers play a crucial role in
controlling the timing and sequence of operations in digital systems.
They ensure that different parts of a system operate in a coordinated
and synchronized manner.

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3.Components Used
JK Flip-Flops:You will need two JK flip-flops (such as 74LS112 or similar). JK
flip-flops are used to toggle their outputs based on clock pulses and
feedback.

Clock Signal Source:An external clock signal source (e.g., a function

generator or crystal oscillator) that provides the input clock frequency in fin to
the divider circuit.

Connecting Wires:Use connecting wires to establish the necessary electrical

connections between the components

Function Generator :It is component used to generate various periodic

waveforms including sine,square and pulse waves for circuit simulation .

Oscilloscope : component is a powerful tool used for visualizing and

analyzing electrical waveforms within a simulated circuit. It simulates the
functionality of a physical oscilloscope and allows you to observe voltage
signals at different points in your circuit during simulation.
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4.Circuit Diagram Methodology
1. Setup JK Flip-Flops:Place two JK flip-flops
2. Connect Clock Signal:Connect the clock signal in f in to the clock (CLK)
inputs of both JK flip-flops
3. Configure JK Flip-Flops:Set the set (S) and reset (R) inputs of both JK flip-
flops to 0 (grounded) for toggle mode:Connect the set (S) inputs to ground
(0V).Connect the reset (R) inputs to ground (0V).
4.Feedback Connection:Connect the output (Q) of FF1 to the clock (CLK)
input of FF2 to establish a feedback loop.
5. Power Supply and Ground:Connect the positive terminal (+5V) of the
power supply to the Vcc pins of the JK flip-flops.Connect the ground (0V)
terminal of the power supply to the ground (GND) pins of the JK flip-flops.
6. Output Connection:Use the Q outputs of the JK flip-flops to obtain the
divided output frequency fout The output (Q) will be the divided .The output
(Q) can be used for further division or as the final output depending on the
desired division ratio.

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7.Final circuit

fig.circuit diagram

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5.Simulation
Frequency divider circuit is the basic circuit in digital logic circuit. The circuit
function is to divide or drop the frequency of the high frequency signal to get
the lower frequency signal for a given frequency signal by division. On the
Multisim software platform, using different design methods, as the foundation
of middle scale integration chip design even frequency divider, odd frequency
divider circuit and (N- 0.5) frequency divider circuit respectively. Each circuit
design principle and method is illustrated and simulated. The results showed
that the design is correct and conform to the proposed requirement.
Experimental teaching applications based on Multisim software can improve
design efficiency and reduce development time of design systems.

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6.Results
The simulation results demonstrtated that the frequencydivide cirui effetely
divided the input frequency by the desired factor.The output frequency was
stable and accurately divided as per the design specifications . This results to
an output frequency being lower than the input frequency. By setting the
monostable period to a little less than n times the period of the input, division
by n results. of the input To achieve the correct outcome, the output pulse
should terminate at the nth high state.

7.Conclusion
The frequency divider project successfully achieved its objectives by
desigining and simulating a reliable circuit for frequency division.The circuit
demonstrated stable performance and accurate divison of input
frequencies ,validating its effectiveness in digital electronics applications.
frequency divider effectively reduces the frequency of an input signal by a
fixed or programmable division factt helps synchronize different parts of a
digital system operating at different frequencies by generating lower-
frequency clock signal Frequency dividers are commonly used in digital
systems to generate clock signals at specific frequencies required by various
components. In conclusion, frequency dividers play a critical role in digital
systems by enabling efficient use of different frequency components and
ensuring reliable operation across various subsystems. The choice of
frequency divider design depends on the application's requirements and
overall system architecture.

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8.Future Scope:
Future electronics has a full selection of programmable fractional dividers
from several manufacture that can be used for circuits such as an rf
frequency divider,digitak frequency divider circuit ,analog frequency
divider ,frequency divider chip.Simply choose from the divider technical
attributes below and your search results will quickly be narrowed in order to
match your specific divider application needs.Optimization of the circuit for
power efficiency and size reduction .Integration into larger digital sysytems for
more complex functionalities.Explore of advanced frequency division
techniques for specialized applications.

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9.References
The concept for this project is actually the syllabus of higher standards and I
have taken from the digital sysytems books .Also this idea came upto me
when we were learning the JK flip flop and our teacher mention the
application i.e frequency divider also I have taken reference from Wikipedia
and net which I came across many new things about this concept .

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