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www.ijird.
com June, 2013 Vol 2 Issue 6
ISSN: 2278 – 0211 (Online)

Design, Modeling And Hardware
Implementation Of Mppt Controlled Grid
Connected Hybrid System With Smart Tracker
And Improved Power Quality
S. Sivakumar
PG Scholar, Anna University, Regional Centre-Madurai, India
P. Sathish Babu
Assistant Professor, Department of EEE, University College of Engineering, India
Abstract:
This paper proposes a unique standalone hybrid power generation system, applying advanced
power control techniques, fed by four power sources: wind power, solar power, storage battery,
and diesel engine generator, and which is not connected to a commercial power system.
Considerable effort was put into the development of active-reactive power and dump power controls.
The result of laboratory experiments revealed that amplitudes and phases of ac output voltage were
well regulated in the proposed hybrid system. Different power sources can be interconnected
anywhere on the same power line, leading to flexible system expansion. It is anticipated that this
hybrid power generation system, into which natural energy is incorporated, will contribute to global
environmental protection on isolated islands and in rural locations without any dependence on
commercial power systems. This paper presents an intelligent method for maximizing power output
from a solar system is desirable to increase efficiency by use of on MPPT algorithm, buck-boost
operation and multifunctional smart solar tracking system. The proposed MPPT-algorithm is used to
track MPPs because it performs precise control under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions.
A photovoltaic (PV) based dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is proposed to handle deep voltage sags,
swells and outages on a low voltage residential distribution system. The PV based DVR can recover
sags up to 10%, swells up to 190% of its nominal value. Otherwise, it will operate as an
Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) when the utility grid fails to supply. It is also designed to
reduce the usage of utility grid, which is generated from nuclear and thermal power stations. PV
based DVR system is comprised of PV system with low and high power DC–DC boost converter,
PWM voltage source inverter, series injection transformer and semiconductor switches. Simulation
results proved the capability of the proposed DVR in mitigating the voltage sag, swell and outage in
a low voltage distribution system.
Key words: Automatic Tracking, Buck-Boost Chopper, Grid connected Photovoltaic system,
incremental conductance (Inccond), Maximum power point tracking (MPPT), Photovoltaic (PV)
System, Renewable energy, solar tracker, Dump load, dump power control, low cost, standalone
hybrid power generation system, storage battery, Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), Voltage sag,
Voltage swell, Outage, DC–DC boost converter.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 665

www.ijird.com June, 2013 Vol 2 Issue 6
1. Introduction
Energy is the most basic and essential of all resources. All the energy we
use on Earth comes from fission or fusion of atomic nuclei or from energy store in the
Earth. The problem with both fission and fusion is that, they have dangerous
radioactivity a nd side effect. Natural energy-based power generation systems are
commonly equipped with storage batteries, to regulate output fluctuations resulting from
natural energy variation. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent battery overcharging. As
for the utility connected hybrid generation system consisting of a wind power, a solar
power, and battery, the dump power is able to control to prevent overcharging the battery
without dump load because of dump power transferred into the utility [1]. As for the
individual power generation system, it is considered that a PV system featuring low-cost
and simple control, which incorporates maximum power point tracking control that
makes use of diode characteristics [2], or a PV system that features output stability with a
multiple-input dc–dc converter capable of controlling the output of different power
sources in combination [3], or a cascaded dc–dc converter PV system that features good
efficiency along with low cost [4], or a wind turbine system that features output stability
with a combination of an electric double-layer capacitor and storage battery [5], is
suitable for use with hybrid power generation systems to stabilize power supply.
Figure 1. System operation flow

1.1 System Operation

Major operation flows of the proposed hybrid system, as shown in Fig. 1, as follows.
1) When the remaining battery capacity is sufficient: EG operation stops, and all
inverters operate in parallel. Power surplus and deficit according to the balance between
the output and load can be optimally adjusted through battery charging or discharging [6]
– [10].
2) When the remaining battery capacity is insufficient: EG and all inverters operate in
parallel. When power generated by wind and solar power generation systems is
insufficient to meet load demand, EG compensates for the deficiency. Concurrently, EG
charges the battery via the bidirectional inverter.
3) Fuel Cells and Energy is an electrochemical device that converts energy produced
from a chemical reaction into electrical energy –This chemical reaction is not a
combustion process. When the remaining fuel cell capacity is insufficient: EG and all
inverters operate in parallel. When power generated by wind and solar power generation
systems is insufficient to meet load demand, EG compensates for the deficiency.
Concurrently, EG charges the fuel cell via the bidirectional inverter.
1.2.System Power Control Techniques

In the proposed hybrid system, we focused on how to control active-reactive power aiming
at load sharing in parallel inverter operations, as well as how to control phase
synchronization. Through our research activity, we devised an advanced dump power
control technique without dump load [11] – [13].
1.2.1.Active-Reactive Power Control

Fig.2 shows the basic power control block diagram for the inverter section. The auto-
master-slave control technique is applied in all inverters. When EG is in operation,
contactor A of each inverter is closed, and these contactors are in ac-synchronized
operation with all inverters that act as slaves and with EG as master. When EG
operation stops, contactor B of the storage battery bidirectional inverter is closed.
This inverter functions as a master and is under the constant voltage constant frequency
(CVCF) condition. Contactor A of each remaining inverter acting as a slave is closed.
Then, ac-synchronized operation will be underway. In studying the developmental
concept of our proposed hybrid system, we focused on the mechanism of the PLL in the
active-reactive power control.

Figure 2: Basic power control block diagram of inverter section
1.2.2 Phase Locked Loop (PLL)

The PLL, which acts as a phase synchronization control, is composed of: a phase
comparator, low-pass filter, phase shifter, multiplier, and voltage- controlled oscillator
(VCO). The phase comparator acts to multiply the ac output voltage wave by the cosine
wave reference obtained from the sine wave reference passing through the phase shifter
[14]. The multiplied wave is converted to dc voltage for VCO frequency control via the
low-pass filter. During synchronization with phase coincidence of the two waves (i.e.,
sine wave reference and ac output voltage wave), dc voltage becomes zero.
Figure 3: Synchronization with phase shift
However, during synchronization with their phase shift, dc voltage does not become zero.

Fig. 3 illustrates the individual waves and dc voltage for VCO frequency control when
phase is coincident and shifted, respectively. The low- pass filter acts as an error
amplifier. By giving an active power reference (i.e., ac output voltage phase reference) to
the amplifier, the phase shift between sine wave reference [15] and ac output voltage
wave is adjusted while synchronization is maintained in a locked state. That is, active
power control is possible by altering the dc voltage.
Figure 4: Detail of PLL control block diagram
Fig. 4 shows the detail of the PLL control block diagram. Two elements, that is, the
phase comparator output and the phase reference signal, are imported into the low-pass
filter. The output of the phase comparator is imported as synchronization data [16] (i.e.,
difference compared to reference frequency). The phase reference signal is imported as
the amount of phase shifting in inverter output voltage while maintaining synchronization
against voltage in the commercial power system. Thus, the active power varies along with
the change in the phase reference signal.
For the reactive power, the sine wave reference regulated by VCO is multiplied with
the signal in which the difference between reactive power reference and actual reactive
power is amplified. The multiplied signal is defined as the control signal for inverter
output voltage. By altering the reactive power reference, reactive power control is made
possible.

1.2.3.Operation Of Parallel Inverters

We constructed a prototype standalone hybrid wind-solar power generation system, and
conducted laboratory experiments. Fig. 5 shows an operating model of inverters in
parallel. X1, X2, and X3 are interconnected reactors installed in WT inverter [17], PV
inverter, and Bidirectional inverter, respectively. We conducted research into
determination of optimal active reactive power parameters for each inverter to regulate
the output under the conditions that each inverter capacity was 3 kVA (with a power
factor of 0.8), and the output voltage was single phase 100 V 60 Hz. Where, active
power is Psm and reactive power is Qsm at the sending-end; active power is Prm and
reactive power is Qrm at the receiving-end; and the reactance of the interconnected
reactor is Xm. Assuming that Vsm is defined as the sending-end voltage and Vr as the
receiving-end voltage, and the angle of phase difference is δ, each of Psm, Qsm, Prm,
and Qrm is represented as follows [18], [19]:
Figyre 5: Operating model of parallel inverters

(1)
(2)
(3)
Here, m indicates the number of power sources that are operated in parallel [20]. It is
desirable to regulate the voltage amplitude difference and the angle of phase difference
to be within the ranges from 5 V to 15 V, and from 5 ° t o 1 0 ° respectively.
2. Configuration And Operation Of Mppt Modules

Fig. 6 shows circuit configuration of the proposed MPPT module, of which its converter
topology is a boost converter combined with a buck converter and with a shared inductor
to cover a wide input voltage range upto 850 V. Input voltages VPV is the output voltage
of PV panels, and output voltage VO is the dc-bus voltage. Switch M1 and diode D1 act
as buck-converter switches when VPV is higher than VO. On the other hand, switch M2 and
diode D2 are acting as boost-converter switches when VPV is lower than VO. Shared
inductor LM is the main inductor and the converter is operated either in buck mode or in
boost mode.
Figure 6: Proposed MPPT module Figure 7: P-V curve of a solar module

Figure 8: MPPT operated in boost mode Figure 9: MPPT operated in buck mode
The most critical control issue happens during the transition of buck and boost modes.
When the output voltage of PV-panel string is close to the dc-bus voltage, it is hard to
determine a correct operation mode and to track the maximum power points. When the
pro-posed MPPT is operated in boost mode in Fig.8, since VPV raises up nearly close to
VO, switch M2 is turned off and the duty ratio of switch M1 begins to decrease from
100%. With this control algorithm, current of PV panel iPV will charge input capacitor
C1, and VPV can be raised up to a higher level to prevent mode transition problems. On
the contrary, switch M1 is continuously turned on and the duty ratio of switch M2 begins
to increase from 0%, when VPV drops towards VO during buck mode in Fig.9.
Flow chart of the proposed method with direct control
The basic equations of this method as in Fig.7 are as follows,

= − , at MPP (4)
> − , left of MPP (5)
< − , right of MPP (6)
3. Power Quality Improvement By Using Dvr
Figure 10: block diagram of the proposed PV based DVR
The block diagram of the proposed PV based DVR is shown in Fig. 10. The proposed
system mainly consists of a photovoltaic array, low and high power DC/DC boost
converters, battery, PWM inverter, series injection transformer, and semiconductor
switches S1, S2, S3, R1 and R2.
An injecting transformer is connected in series with the load for restoring sag and swell,
and is reconfigured into parallel connection using switches S1, S2 and S3 when handling
outage. A DVR can compensate voltage drop across a load [22] by injecting a voltage
through a series injection transformer. The injected voltage is in phase with supply
voltage. In normal condition, the supply voltage is equal to the load voltage with zero
angle. During sag, the supply voltage decreases to a value less than its nominal value.

The DVR reacts to the sag event and injects a compensating voltage Vinj in phase with
the supply voltage to restore the voltage at nominal value. This method is very simple to
implement, very fast especially in calculating the DVR compensating voltage. The
injected voltage of a DVR (VDVR) can be expressed as,
|Vinj| = |Vpresag| - |Vsag| (7)
(8)
VDVR = Vinj (9)
∠Vinj = θinj = θs
The inverter is a core component of the DVR. Its control will directly affect the dynamic
performance of the DVR. A sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) scheme is used. The carrier
waveform is a triangular wave with higher frequency (1080 Hz). The modulation index
varies according to the input error signal from the PI controller. The basic idea of SPWM
is to compare a sinusoidal control signal of normal frequency 50 Hz with a triangular
carrier signal. When the control signal is greater than the carrier signal, the switches
turned on and their counter switches are turned off. The output voltage of the inverter
mitigates the sag, swell and outage. The DC voltage might be used from PV array if
available. Otherwise, the line voltage is rectified and the DC energy is stored in batteries.

4. Standalone Solar Tracker System Modeling
4.1.Smart tracker PV Model
The smart tracker panel was installed with two LDR sensors. Assuming both sensors are
placed in parallel with the PV panel, the effective irradiance is similar. As the results, the
smart tracker is unable to perform the proposed sun tracking algorithm. To circumvent
this, the top and bottom sensors were positioned at 45° and 135° respectively as seen in
Fig 11. When the sunlight falls onto the PV panel, the LDR sensors generate different
voltages (that is V_LDR_B and V_LDR_T according to the changes in the sun
irradiance) to move the PV panel [21].
PV cells and the diode current is given by,
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
Figure 11: Smart tracker PV panel model
 Saturation current of the diode, I0.

 Net current from the PV panel I.
 Light-generated current inside the cell IL.
 Series resistance Rs.

 Shunt resistance Rsh, in parallel with the diode.

 Diode quality factor, n;
4.2.Sun Model
At each time instant, the actual sun irradiance data obtained from the experiment was
used. In the sun model, the sun is assumed to travel from 0° (sunrise) to 180° (sunset)
from 7am to 5pm. During these 10 h, the PV panel rotates 180°.As shown in Fig. 12. The
initial sun’s angle is at 30° and with the angle changes at 15° per hour or 0.004147
per simulated time in Second; the corresponding sun angle (with respect to the base) is
obtained.
Figure 12: Sun model

5. Simulation And Experimental Results
5.1. Grid Connected Hybrid System Simulation Diagram
Figure 13: Grid Connected Hybrid System simulation Diagram
The proposed standalone hybrid wind-solar power generation system Fig.13 is outline
composed of four power sources: a wind power generation system (with a WT converter
and a WT inverter), solar power generation system (with a PV inverter), storage battery
(with a bidirectional inverter), and engine generator (EG); and a control unit.
5.2.Sub System For Wind - Boost Converter

Wind output in Fig.14 AC voltage is converted into DC by full bridge rectifier circuit
and C1 capacitor is used to filter the DC voltage. L12 & S2 acts as the boost converter,

D3 is freewheeling diode. Now the output voltage is rectified and boosted. In the boost
converter voltage is increased but current is decreased and in the buck converter voltage
is decreased but current is increased.
Figure 14: Wind - Boost Converter
6. Simulation Model Of Pv Based Dvr With Pi Controller
Figure 15: Simulation model of PV based DVR with PI controller
The total simulation period is 1s. Using the facilities available in MATLAB the DVR is
simulated to be in operation only when the supply voltage differs from its nominal value.
Otherwise, the DVR in Fig. 15 will act as online ups when the PV array output is greater

than 6 V. It reduces the energy consumption from the utility grid. When the PV array
generates more power than the load demand, the excess power is stored in the battery.
Therefore, during the no injection period, the generated power in the PV array charges
the batteries. During the night time, the output voltage of the PV array is too low. At that
time, the batteries are charged by the supply. A programmable three phase voltage source
is used to provide the single phase variable voltage at the source end.
7. Stimulation Output Results
7.1.Smart Solar Tracking System
Figure 16 : Simulation results of standalone smart solar tracker
Fig. 16, shows the solar angle and panel angle with respect to time. At each time instant
the actual sun irradiance data obtained from the experiment was used in the sun model,
the sun assumed to travel from 0°(sun rise) to 180°(sun set).

7.2 Grid Connected Hybrid System Output
Figure 17: Source voltage and Source Current wave form
Fig. 17, shows the source voltage and source current wave form. It is combination of
solar and wind. Here source voltage is 400V AC and the source current is 100A. It is a
three phase input wave form.
Figure 18: Load voltage and Load Current wave form

Fig. 18, shows load voltage and load current wave form. Here load is rectifier load. Load
voltage is 400V AC and the load current is 70A. It is a three phase output waveform.
Figure 19: Data acquisition output wave form
Fig. 19, shows the data acquisition output wave form. Vabc, Iabc, wr, Tm, Te and Pitch
all the parameters given to data acquisition.
Figure 20: Inverter switching pulse for M1, M3

In Fig. 20, IGBT M3 and M6 are switched ON by the help of the triggering gate pulses
P5 and P8 in the positive half cycle. In the negative half cycle M3 and M6 are switched
OFF. IGBT M4 and M5 are switched ON by the help of the triggering gate pulses P9
and P10 in the positive half cycle. In the negative half cycle M4 and M5 are switched
OFF.
Figure 21: Fuel cell input wave form
In Fig. 21, A fuel cell is a device that uses hydrogen (or hydrogen-rich fuel) and oxygen
to create electricity by an electrochemical process. If pure hydrogen is used as a fuel, fuel
cells emit only heat and water as a byproduct.

7.3 DVR Supply Voltage, Injected Voltage, Load Voltage And Load Current
Figure 22: Supply voltage, injected voltage, load voltage and load current. (a) Supply
voltage, (b) injected voltage, (c) load voltage, and (d) load current
The first simulation contains no DVR, a reduced voltage (184 V) is applied, during the
period 0.1 s to 0.2 s, a raised voltage (276 V) is applied, during the period 0.7 s to 0.8 s
and zero voltage (0 V) is applied, during the period 0.3 s to 0.6 s, as presented in Fig.

22a. The voltage sag and swell at the source point is 30%and 20% with respect to the
reference voltage. The injected voltage, load voltage and load current of the DVR are
shown in Fig. 22b–d.
8. Prototype Hybrid System
Figure 23: Prototype of the Hybrid Grid connected system with Smart Solar Tracker
and DVR

9. Conclusion
This is a unique standalone hybrid wind, solar, battery and EG power generation system,
which is characterized by PLL control and dump power control. In particular, dump
power control allows for formation of a feedback loop in this system, meaning that there
is no requirement for a dedicated high-speed line to transmit storage battery voltage
and current data. In case the power line is used as a media for data transmission, the
line voltage amplitudes can be applied as a means of data transmission; thus, there is no
requirement for installation of any optical fiber transmission line or power line carrier
system through which harmonic signals are applied to power line. In addition,
neither dump load nor dump load control device are necessary. Under our dump power
control, regulation of output is done without battery overcharging, and effective use of
surplus power is made possible. This contributes to battery life extension and realization
of a low-cost system. The system, through ac system interconnection, will also allow
flexible system expansion in the future. Further, power sources including EG can be
flexibly interconnected anywhere through the same power line, and power quality
stability can be maintained by controlling the phase and amplitude of ac output voltage.
It is expected that this hybrid system into which natural energy is incorporated, and
which makes use of various power control techniques, will be applicable in rural
locations, even those with poor communications media. The system will also contribute to
global environmental protection through application on isolated islands without any
dependence on commercial power systems.

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www.ijird.

com June, 2013 Vol 2 Issue 6

ISSN: 2278 – 0211 (Online)

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 665

Figure 1. System operation flow

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 666

1.1 System Operation

1.2.System Power Control Techniques

1.2.1.Active-Reactive Power Control

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Figure 2: Basic power control block diagram of inverter section

1.2.2 Phase Locked Loop (PLL)

Figure 3: Synchronization with phase shift

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Figure 4: Detail of PLL control block diagram

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1.2.3.Operation Of Parallel Inverters

Figyre 5: Operating model of parallel inverters

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2. Configuration And Operation Of Mppt Modules

Figure 6: Proposed MPPT module Figure 7: P-V curve of a solar module

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Flow chart of the proposed method with direct control

The basic equations of this method as in Fig.7 are as follows,

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 672

3. Power Quality Improvement By Using Dvr

Figure 10: block diagram of the proposed PV based DVR

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Figure 11: Smart tracker PV panel model

 Saturation current of the diode, I0.

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 Shunt resistance Rsh, in parallel with the diode.

Figure 12: Sun model

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5.1. Grid Connected Hybrid System Simulation Diagram

Figure 13: Grid Connected Hybrid System simulation Diagram

5.2.Sub System For Wind - Boost Converter

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 677

Figure 14: Wind - Boost Converter

6. Simulation Model Of Pv Based Dvr With Pi Controller

Figure 15: Simulation model of PV based DVR with PI controller

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7. Stimulation Output Results

7.1.Smart Solar Tracking System

Figure 16 : Simulation results of standalone smart solar tracker

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Figure 17: Source voltage and Source Current wave form

Figure 18: Load voltage and Load Current wave form

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Figure 19: Data acquisition output wave form

Figure 20: Inverter switching pulse for M1, M3

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Figure 21: Fuel cell input wave form

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8. Prototype Hybrid System

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