2.1a. Ma - an fe coefficien in a ga ab o be .

A ga ab be i ed e e be e e (C6H6) a f ai b c bbi g he ga i e
iha a i e i a 300 K a d 1 a . A a ce ai i i he ab be , he be e e e
f ac i i he b f he ga ha e i 0.02, hi e he c e di g i e facia be e e ga -
ha e c ce a i i 0.0158. The be e e f a ha i i ea ed a 0.62 g/ 2- .
a) Ca c a e he a - a fe c efficie i he ga ha e a ha i i he e i e ,
e e i g he d i i g f ce i e f e f ac i .

S i

b) Ca c a e he a - a fe c efficie i he ga ha e a ha i i he e i e ,
e e i g he d i i g f ce i e f a c ce a i , / 3.

S i

c) A he a e ace i he e i e , he be e e e f ac i i he b f he i id ha e
i 0.125, hi e he c e di g i e facia be e e i id- ha e c ce a i i 0.158.
Ca c a e he a - a fe c efficie i he i id ha e, e e i g he d i i g f ce i e f
e f ac i .
S i

2.2a. Ma - an fe coefficien f om naph halene blima ion da a.

I a ab a e e i e , ai a 347 K a d 1 a i b a high eed a d a i ge
a h ha e e (C10H8) he e, hich b i a e a ia . Whe he e e i e begi , he dia e e
 f he he e i 2.0 c . A he e d f he e e i e , 14.32 i a e , he dia e e f he he e i
1.85 c .
a) E i a e he a - a fe c efficie , ba ed he a e age face a ea f he a ic e,
e e i g he d i i g f ce i e f a ia e e . The de i f id a h ha e e i 1.145
g/c 3, i a e e a 347 K i 670 Pa (Pe a d Chi , 1973).

S i

b) Ca c a e he a - a fe c efficie , f he d i i g f ce i e f a c ce ai .

S i

2.3a. Mass-transfer coefficients from acetone e aporation data.

I a ab a e e i e , ai a 300 K a d 1 a i b a high eed a a e he face f a
ec a g a ha a ha c ai i id ace e (C3H6O), hich e a a e a ia . The a i
1 g a d 50 c ide. I i c ec ed a e e i c ai i g i id ace e hich
a a ica e ace he ace e e a a ed, ai ai i g a c a i id e e i he a .D i g
a e ei e a , i a b e ed ha 2.0 L f ace e e a a ed i 5 i . E i a e he a -
a fe c efficie . The de i f i id ace e a 300 K i 0.79 g/c 3; i a e e i 27
Pa (Pe a d Chi , 1973).

S i
2.4b. Mass-transfer coefficients from etted- all e perimental data.
A e ed- a e e i e a e - c i fa ga i e, 50 i dia e e a d 1.0 g.
Wa e a 308 K f d he i e a . D ai e e he b f he i e a he a e f 1.04
3/ i , ea ed a 308 K a d 1 a . I ea e he e ed ec i a 308 K a d i h a e a i e
h idi f 34%. Wi h he he f e a i (2-52), e i a e he a e age a - a fe c efficie ,
i h he d i i g f ce i e f a f ac i .

S i
2.7c. Ma an fe in an ann la pace.
a) I d i g a e f diff i f a h ha e e i ai , a i e iga e aced a 30.5-c ec i f
he i e i e fa a i h a a h ha e e d. The a a c ed f a 51- -OD
ba i e i e ded b a 76- -ID b a i e. Whi e e a i g a a a e ci i hi he
a 2
f 12.2 g f ai / - a 273 K a d 1 a , he i e iga de e i ed ha he a ia
e e f a h ha e e i he e i i g ga ea a 0.041 Pa. U de he c di i f he
i e iga i , he Sch id be f he ga a 2.57, he i c i a 175 P, a d he a
e e f a h ha e e a 1.03 Pa. E i a e he a - a fe c efficie f he i e a f
hi e f c di i .A e ha e a i (2-52) a ie .

S i

b) M ad a d Pe (T an . AIChE, 38, 593, 1942) e e ed he f i gc ea i f

hea - a fe c efficie i a a a ace:

he e d a d di a e he ide a d i ide dia e e f he a , de i he e i ae

dia e e defi ed a

Wied he a a g e e i f a a fe a d e i e i a e he a - a fe
c efficie f he c di i f a a). C aeb h e .

S i
2.8c. The Chilton-Colburn analog : flow across tube banks.
W C (I d. E g. Che ., 40, 1087, 1948) 310 K 1
.T ,
.T 10
38- -OD ( = 38 ) 57- , 76 .T -
.T
:

G' , / 2- , G / 2-
-P .
)R (2-68) C D- .T
310 K 1 0.074 2/ .

P 310 K 1 :

D :
b) E i a e he a - a fe c efficie be e ec ed f e a a i f - ac h i
ca b di ide f he a e ge e ica a a ge e he he ca b di ide f a a a i
e ci f 10 / a 300 K a d 1 a . The a e e f - a c h a 300 K i 2.7 Pa.

S i

P e ie f di e i e f ac h i ca b di ide a 300 K a d 1 a :

c) Za a a (Ad . Heat Transfer, , 93, 1972) ed he f i gc e a i f he hea -

a fe c efficie i a agge ed be ba a a ge e i ia ha died b Wi di g a d
Che e :

U e he a - a fe e e i a a g e ai (2-69) e i a e he a - a fe
c efficie f a b). C a e he e .

S i
2.9b. Ma an fe f om a fla pla e.
A 1-m square thin plate of solid naphthalene is oriented parallel to a stream of air flowing at 20
m/s. The air is at 310 K and 101.3 kPa. The naphthalene remains at 290 K; at this temperature
the vapor pressure of naphthalene is 26 Pa. Estimate the moles of naphthalene lost from the plate
per hour, if the end effects can be ignored.

Solution

2.10b. Ma an fe f om a fla pla e.

A thin plate of solid salt, NaCl, measuring 15 by 15 cm, is to be dragged through seawater at a
velocity of 0.6 m/s. The 291 K seawater has a salt concentration of 0.0309 g/cm3. Estimate the
rate at which the salt goes into solution if the edge effects can be ignored. Assume that the
kinematic viscosity at the average liquid film conditions is 1.02 10 6 m2/s, and the diffusivity is
1.25 10 9 m2/s. The solubility of NaCl in water at 291 K is 0.35 g/cm3, and the density of the
saturated solution is 1.22 g/cm3 (Perry and Chilton, 1973) .

Solution
 Laminar flo

At the bulk of the solution, point 2:

At the interface, point 1:

2.11b. Ma an fe f om a fla li id face.
D i g he e e i e de c ibed i P b e 2.3, he ai e ci a ea ed a 6 / , a a e
he ge ide f he a . E i a e he a - a fe c efficie edic ed b e a i (2-28)
(2-29) a d c aei he a e ea ed e e i e a . N ice ha , d e he high a i i f
ace e, he a e age ace e c ce a i i he ga fi i e a i e high. The ef e, e ie
ch a de i a d i c i h d be e i a ed ca ef . The f i g da a f ace e igh
3
be eeded: Tc = 508.1 K, Pc = 47.0 ba , M = 58, Vc = 209 c / , Zc = 0.232 (Reid, e a ., 1987).

S i

A e age fi e ie :

E i a e he i c i f he i ef L ca Me h d

E i a e he diff ii f he Wi e-Lee e ai
2.12b. E aporation of a drop of ater falling in air.
Repeat E ample 2.9 for a drop of ater hich is originall 2 mm in diameter.

Solution
2.13b. Dissolution of a solid sphere into a flo ing liquid stream.
Estimate the mass-transfer coefficient for the dissolution of sodium chloride from a cast sphere, 1.5
cm in diameter, if placed in a flowing water stream. The velocity of the 291 K water stream is 1.0
m/s.
Assume that the kinematic viscosity at the average liquid film conditions is 1.02 10 6 m2/s, and
the mass diffusivity is 1.25 10 9 m2/s. The solubility of NaCl in water at 291 K is 0.35 g/cm3, and
the density of the saturated solution is 1.22 g/cm3 (Perry and Chilton, 1973) .

Solution

From Prob. 2.10:

2.14b. Sublimation of a solid sphere into a gas stream.

During the experiment described in Problem 2.2, the air velocity was measured at 10 m/s. Estimate
the mass-transfer coefficient predicted by equation (2-36) and compare it to the value measured
experimentally. The following data for naphthalene might be needed: Tb = 491.1 K, Vc = 413
cm3/mol.

Solution

For air at 347 K and 1 atm:

Estimate DAB from the Wilke-Lee

equation
Lennard-Jones parameters for naphthalene
2.15b. Dissolution of a solid sphere into a flo ing liquid stream.
The cr stal of Problem 1.26 is a sphere 2-cm in diameter. It is falling at terminal velocit under the
influence of gravit into a big tank of water at 288 K. The densit of the cr stal is 1,464 kg/m3 (Perr
and Chilton, 1973).
a) Estimate the cr stal's terminal velocit .

Solution
b) Estimate the rate at which the cr stal dissolves and compare it to the answer obtained in Problem
1.26.

Solution

From Prob.1.26

From Prob.1.26:
 2.16c. Mass transfer inside a circular pipe.
Water flows through a thin tube, the walls of which are lightly coated with benzoic acid (C7H6O2).
The water flows slowly, at 298 K and 0.1 cm/s. The pipe is 1-cm in diameter. Under these
conditions, equation (2-63) applies.
a) Show that a material balance on a length of pipe L leads to

where v is the average fluid velocity, and c A * is the equilibrium solubility concentration.
b) What is the average concentration of benzoic acid in the water after 2 m of pipe. The solubility of
benzoic acid in water at 298 K is 0.003 g/cm3, and the mass diffusivity is 1.0 10 5 cm2/s
(Cussler, 1997).

Solution

2.17b. Mass transfer in a etted- all to er.

Water flows down the inside wall of a 25-mm ID wetted-wall tower of the design of Figure 2.2, while
air flows upward through the core. Dry air enters at the rate of 7 kg/m2-s. Assume the air is
everywhere at its average conditions of 309 K and 1 atm, the water at 294 K, and the mass-transfer
coefficient constant. Compute the average partial pressure of water in the air leaving if the tower is 1
 g.

S i

F a e a 294 K

2.18c. Ma an fe in an ann la pace.

I d i g he b i a i f a h ha e e i a ai ea , a i e iga c c ed a 3- - g
a a d c . The i e i e a ade f a 25- -OD, id a h ha e e d; hi a
ded b a 50- -ID a h ha e e i e.
Ai a 289 K a d 1 a f ed h gh he a a ace a a a e age e ci f 15 / . E i a e
he a ia e e f a h ha e e i he ai ea e i i g f he be. A 289 K, a h ha e e
ha a a e e f 5.2 Pa, a d a diff i i i ai f 0.06 c 2/ . U e he e f P b e 2.7
e i a e he a - a fe c efficie f he i e face; a d e a i (2-47), i g he
e i a e dia e e defi ed i P b e 2.7, e i a e he c efficie f he e face.
Sol ion

In hi i a ion, he e ill be a mola fl f om he inne all, NA1, i h pecific in e facial a ea, a1,
and a fl f om he o e all, NA2, i h a ea a2. A ma e ial balance on a diffe en ial ol me
elemen ield :

Define:

Then:

Fo he in e io all:
For the outer all:
2.19c. Ben ene evaporation on the outside surface of a single c linder.
Be e e i e a a i g a he a e f 20 g/h e he face f a 10-c -dia e e c i de .
D ai a 325 K a d 1 a f a igh a g e he a i f he c i de a a e ci f 2 / . The
i id i a a e e a e f 315 K he e i e e a a e e f 26.7 Pa. E i a e he e g h
f he c i de . F be e e, Tc = 562.2 K, Pc = 48.9 ba , M = 78, Vc = 259 c 3/ , Zc = 0.271
(Reid, e a ., 1987).

S i

Ca c a e he a e age e ie f he fi

F he Wi e-Lee e ai

F he L ca Me h d

F E . 2-45:
2.20b. Ma an fe in a packed bed.
Wilke and Hougan (T an . AIChE, 41, 445, 1945) reported the mass transfer in beds of granular
solids. Air was blown through a bed of porous celite pellets wetted with water, and by evaporating
this water under adiabatic conditions, they reported gas-film coefficients for packed beds. In one run,
the following data were reported:
effective particle diameter 5.71 mm
gas stream mass velocity 0.816 kg/m2-s
temperature at the surface 311 K
pressure 97.7 kPa
k G 4.415 10 3 kmol/m2-s-atm
With the assumption that the properties of the gas mixture are the same as those of air, calculate
the gas-film mass-transfer coefficient using equation (2-55) and compare the result with the value
reported by Wilke and Hougan.

Solution

From the Wilke-Lee equation

2.21b. Ma an fe and p e e d op in a packed bed.
Air at 373 K and 2 atm is passed through a bed 10-cm in diameter composed of iodine spheres
0.7-cm in diameter. The air flows at a rate of 2 m/s, based on the empt cross section of the bed.
The porosit of the bed is 40%.
a) How much iodine will evaporate from a bed 0.1 m long? The vapor pressure of iodine at 373 K is
6 kPa.

Solution

From the Wilke-Lee equation:

b) E ima e he p e e d op h o gh he bed.

Sol ion
2.22b. Volumetric mass-transfer coefficients in industrial to ers.
The interfacial surface area per unit volume, a, in many types of packing materials used in
industrial towers is virtually impossible to measure. Both a and the mass-transfer coefficient
depend on the physical geometry of the equipment and on the flow rates of the two contacting,
inmiscible streams. Accordingly, they are normally correlated together as the volumetric mass-
transfer coefficient, k c a.
Empirical equations for the volumetric coefficients must be obtained experimentally for each type of
mass-transfer operation. Sherwood and Holloway (Trans. AIChE, 36, 21, 39, 1940) obtained the
following correlation for the liquid-film mass-transfer coefficient in packed absorption towers

The values of a and n to be used in equation (2-71) for various industrial packings are listed in the
following table, when SI units are used exclusively.

a) Consider the absorption of SO2 with water at 294 K in a tower packed with 25-mm Raschig
rings. If the liquid mass velocity is L' = 2.04 kg/m2-s, estimate the liquid-film mass-transfer
coefficient. The diffusivity of SO2 in water at 294 K is 1.7 10 9 m2/s.

Solution

For dimensional consistency, add the constants:

b) Whitney and Vivian (Chem. Eng. Progr., 45, 323, 1949) measured rates of absorption of SO2 in
water and found the following expression for 25-mm Raschig rings at 294 K

where k a is in kmole/m2-s. For the conditions described in part a), estimate the liquid-film
mass-transfer coefficient using equation (2-72). Compare the results.

Solution
2.23b. Mass transfer in fluidi ed beds.
Cavatorta, et al. (AIC E J., 45, 938, 1999) studied the electrochemical reduction of ferrycianide
ions, {Fe(CN)6} 3, to ferrocyanide, {Fe(CN)6} 4, in aqueous alkaline solutions. They studied
different arrangements of packed columns, including fluidized beds. The fluidized bed experiments
were performed in a 5-cm-ID circular column, 75-cm high. The bed was packed with 0.534-mm
spherical glass beads, with a particle density of 2.612 g/cm3. The properties of the aqueous
solutions were: density = 1,083 kg/m3, viscosity = 1.30 cP, diffusivity = 5.90 10 10 m2/s. They
found that the porosity of the fluidized bed, e, could be correlated with the superficial liquid velocity
based on the empty tube, vs , through

where vs is in cm/s.
a) Using equation (2-56), estimate the mass-transfer coefficient, k L, if the porosity of the bed is
60%.

Solution
b) Ca a o a e al. p opo ed he follo ing co ela ion o e ima e he ma - an fe coefficien fo
hei fl idi ed bed e pe imen al n :

he e Re i ba ed on he emp be eloci . U ing hi co ela ion, e ima e he ma - an fe

coefficien , L, if he po o i of he bed i 60%. Compa e o e l o ha of pa a).

Sol ion

2.24b. Mass transfer in a hollo -fiber boiler feed ater deaerator.

Con ide he hollo -fibe BFW deae a o de c ibed in E ample 2-13. If he a e flo a e
inc ea e o 60,000 kg/h hile e e hing el e emain con an , calc la e he f ac ion of he
en e ing di ol ed o gen ha can be emo ed.

Sol ion
2.25b. Mass transfer in a hollo -fiber boiler feed ater deaerator.
a) Con ide he hollo -fibe BFW deae a o de c ibed in E ample 2-13. A ming ha onl o gen
diff e ac o he memb ane, calc la e he ga ol me flo a e and compo i ion a he l men
o le . The a e en e he hell ide a 298 K a a ed i h a mo phe ic o gen, hich mean a
di ol ed o gen concen a ion of 8.38 mg/L.

Sol ion