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Recent Trends in Smart Grid Technology-A Review Paper

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 International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8 Issue-8 June, 2019

Recent Trends in Smart Grid Technology-A

Review Paper
T.M. Thamizh Thentral, Purusharth Semwal, Preeti Kumari Pandey, Aishwarya Raju, Utsahan
Mukherjee, Urmi Ganguly

 Grid. Smart Meter is one of the most integral parts of Smart

Abstract: Smart Grid is now the buzzword in the power industry Grid. Its importance in the 21st century is being discussed.
all over the world. It presents our planet with a revolutionary way Moreover, Smart Meter characteristics are being told. Other
of power transmission and distribution. It has even paved the way
important parts Smart Sensor and Smart protection are also
for many advanced forms of data prediction and handling. The
existing grid has to be changed so that it can convey security to the being discussed below. Since Smart Grid is a new and recent
grid. While on one hand, it provides, clean energy and technology, it has some disadvantages which are also being
planet-saving benefits and on the other hand, it also poses the stated. The future scope for Smart Grid is bright.
complications of providing hi-tech elements of the operation. A lot
of characteristics have made it conceivable to separate Smart Grid
from the existing old grid. Features like Smart metering, Smart
sensors, and Smart protection have been discussed in detail for an
overall view of this technology. There are numerous difficulties
and issues regarding the usage of Smart Grid which is also
debated in the paper. The future investment opportunities and the
expected growth has also been given an overview.

Index Terms: Smart Grid, Smart Meters, Smart Sensors,

Smart Protection.

I. INTRODUCTION
There was one time when the world generated power at the
individual level, small amount, and scattered energy
Fig. 1: The representation of the smart grid
production.But with time, this scattered generation of
electricity got unified with the evolvement of power grids,
where generation, transmission, and distribution were II. FACTORS AFFECTING THE
connected together under the national grid. It was done
PERFORMANCE OF THE EXISTING
specifically for proficient distribution and use of energy.Now
with the new end need of present era, for proper distribution
GRID
of this electrical energy, without stealing, corruption, Let us first see what exactly are the problems faced in the
over-exploitation of existing resources; Smart Grid like a conventional grid so that we can better understand what smart
savior has come into the frame. In a few words, Smart grid, is grid is and how it solves most of the problems.
the integration of generators, consumers or both together  The requirement for reducing the various losses
under one unit with the proper objects to guarantee a  Electricity demands have increased [2]
monetarily proficient power framework with low losses and  The generation systems which are renewable can be put into
high efficiency.[1] In the paper, we have discussed the a function by this.
importance of Smart Grid and why it is necessary in today's  An effective measure of global warming
world. The comparison between the old grid and Smart Grid  Electric vehicles can be effectively used
is debated here. There are many features which make Smart  Improved customer services
 Solving the issues with the meter reading
Revised Manuscript Received on June 05, 2019  Lower grade efficiencies of old power generation systems
T.M. Thamizh Thentral, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, SRM  Power network designed life in need of replacement
Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
Purusharth Semwal, Student, Dept. of EEE, SRM Institute of Science  Need for a reliable supply of electricity for more critical
and Technology, Kattankulathur, India loads
Preeti Kumari Pandey, Student, Dept. of EEE, SRM Institute of  Transmission and Distribution lines at its limits
Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
Aishwarya Raju, Student, Dept. of EEE, SRM Institute of Science and  Reduction in the life of the equipment and increasing
Technology, Kattankulathur, India incidence of faults
Utsahan Mukherjee, Student, Dept. of EEE, SRM Institute of Science
and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
Urmi Ganguly, Student, Dept. of EEE, SRM Institute of Science and
Technology, Kattankulathur, India

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858 & Sciences Publication
 Recent Trends in Smart Grid Technology-A Review Paper

 Voltage and frequency limits

 Uncertainty of RES

III. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE

TRADITIONAL GRID AND SMART GRID

The traditional or old grid not only is electromechanical in

nature but also lacks flexibility.[3]. The consumers are not
able to get the required real-time data of the use of electricity
at a specific time.[4] There was no privacy given to them.
There was a one-way distribution of energy from the main
plant. The problem with the centralized power grids is that
they can be severely damaged at any time of failure, leaving
consumers vulnerable to outages or blackouts. Stealing of
electricity became easy which resulted in the loss of money
for the utility companies. The consumers were not given a
choice in the manner in which they get the power. Also, the Fig.2: The representation of the evolution of smart
demand for electricity was not met. Additionally, the meters.[7]
improvement of sustainable renewable energy source isn't Two-way communications refer to the communication or
upheld by the traditional network. A lot more issues are interaction between electric suppliers and consumers with the
present in the traditional grid which can be solved by the help of either wire or wireless communications. It is one of the
smart grid through improved communications technology. important features that differentiate smart meters from
The Smart grid is an upgraded form of a conventional grid. It traditional meters. Smart meter usually measures Root Mean
was able to problems that were arising in the old grid. It is a Square Current, Root Mean Square Voltage, Instantaneous
two-way communication of data between the suppliers and Active Power, Instantaneous Reactive Power, Power Factor,
customers. It is capable of providing real-time information etc. Apart from real-time information, historical and
about the events, so the consumers are informed of their real accumulative data, such as consumption, electricity cost, and
consumption. Moreover, one can adjust the energy usage in CO2 emissions can be recorded. Smart meters can also record
the home, thus reducing consumption. Smart grid updates the information to help consumers to remember their energy
old grid infrastructure, thus making sure that the power is usage. It can also detect the fault and diagnose it.[19]
delivered continuously. Detection of power theft becomes Moreover, the consumers have a decision of choice of
very easy. It decreases blackouts and failures as applications selection of tariffs such as at different times of day and night.
of smart grid smoothen the flow of power. There is two-way A smart meter can help in the detection of electricity theft and
distribution as now the power can also go back to the grid with it enhances security. One of the most important features is that
the help of consumers having access to renewable sources like the smart meter enables demand-side management.
a solar panel. The smart grid has automatic control and Demand-side management refers to the management of
recovery and it facilitates the real-time troubleshooting. It consumers' behavioral change in energy consumption [8]. In
reduces the carbon impact of the grid. Here, the consumers get simple ways, encouraging consumers to reduce energy
priority. Accordingly, we can reason that Smart Grid has consumption during peak hours. B. Smart sensors: Sensors
progressively maintainable future. are the devices that take a predefined action on sensing a
particular kind of input. Sensor networks are used for
IV. FEATURES OF SMART GRID monitoring purposes and as measuring units for the grids.
The following are the features: These are required to provide quality of service, high security
A. Smart metering: and also help in harsh environmental conditions. Smart
The smart meter is a device which gives electricity sensors are the devices that can be integrated with smart grids
consumption and sends this information back to the utility for so that the lack of energy and (or) failures in the system can be
other purposes. The consumers have greater control over their efficiently managed. Smart sensors are getting to be principle
energy use. The smart meter has put a conclusion to the parts of the systems performing functions that previously
assessed bills as it will assist the suppliers with calculating the could not be performed.[9] Sending systems consist of
ideal bills. In the beginning, Automatic Meter Reading transducers, sensors, and actuators. These should have
(AMR) systems were acquainted which lets the utilities to features that help them acquire data and process it in real time.
take the readings remotely [5]. From that point forward, That helps in making early decisions as well as safe delivery
electric providers put resources in Automatic Meter of electricity during extra demands. The early decisions help
Infrastructure (AMI). It differs from AMR is that two-way in raising alerts and giving warnings to make the system an
communication is enabled with the meter [6]. improved one.

Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
Retrieval Number G5319058719/19©BEIESP 859 & Sciences Publication
 International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8 Issue-8 June, 2019

the changes in the required environment. One of the

interesting features is that most of the time they remain
proactive.
4. Protection zones:
There are various zones that are to be protected from various
hazards. For protecting a Smart Grid a protective system
along with a protective zone is required. The zone division is
made taking into considerations all the possibilities of
self-healing functions. For each protection zone, there may be
one or more circuit breakers enabling the disconnection of a
zone in any in zone fault system. If increasing the number of
circuits breakers, the complexity also increases.
Fig.-3: Smart sensor building block The defined basic protection zone types are:
Along with data processing, smart sensors should also have ● Radial
facilities of storage and wireless communication. When ● Ring
integrated with a smart grid, these sensors should be mass ● Mesh
deployed and thus be low in cost and maintenance along with Functional Requirements:
being self-powered. Sensors provide real-time knowledge of ● The DGs can be integrated easily.
quantities like Voltage, Current, Power Quality, Frequency, ● It ought to have the capacity to adjust to change in the
Sags in Transmission Lines, etc. These information's system conditions.
empower the grid with its required learning working ● System reliability is made higher by applying self-healing.
conditions and aides in assuming responsibility for its ● Utilization of the full potential of advanced ICT
generation, transmission, and distribution to help the overall technology.
operational efficiency.[10] Sensors with advanced data ● Enabling the use of essential framework advances that offer
processing circuits have become a common feature and newer a cost-productive approach to enhance framework
sensing technologies are being reported. For example- unwavering quality.
Locating Corona Discharge using TMR sensors (TMR= Smart protection system:
Tunneling Magnetoresistive). For safer operations, the 1. System reliability:
locations of Corona Discharge are pretty essential. C. ● The ability of parts to perform the required tasks for
Smart protection: Smart grid requires very different types specified conditions and time intervals
of protection systems, elements, and schemes. Here, we talk ● Local power generation reduces the chances of failure of
about how the different elements, zones, and requirements of cascading.
smart protection. ● An Ideal mix of the Smart Grid resources like renewable
Elements of smart protection system are: and demand responses increases the system reliability.
1. Telecommunication: 2. Failure Protection Mechanism:
The telecommunication system has a very important role in ● Major blackouts can be prevented by proper predictions.
the Smart Grid. Using telecommunications helps us to use ● Identifying and locating the failure to avoid the various
more secure and selective protection functions. They have events related to events of cascading.
been mainly used in line differential schemes which is one of ● The phasor diagram and information can be used for the
the main important applications of Smart Grid. line detection of output and identification of errors and other
2. Adaptively: parameters.
It ought to likewise be versatile with the goal that the setup of ● Self-healing can be effective if the power grid is divided
the system and dynamic components are continually evolving. into small sections.
The arrangement of the radial feeders might be changed to ● During post-fault conditions, distribution of
accomplish minimum losses to avoid congestion situations. decision-making authority, procedure, and knowledge to
The protection systems must be aware of the open points and substations and other devices.
generation status of each generator. The latter provides 3. Microgrid Protection:
information about the faults in the various current and voltage Protection of Microgrid especially when it is islanded is quite
sources that are active in the network. [18-20] challenging. The first and foremost challenge is to detect the
3. Relay software and algorithms: islanding of the microgrid.[11] The second biggest challenge
The necessities that are made reference to above states that is how to provide fault protection to the microgrid segments
the IEDs must utilize the required programming stage to while operating it from the utility.
empower simple correspondence and versatile utilization of 4. Security and Policy issues:
several protection schemes. From the point of view to Cybersecurity is one of the greatest difficulties in Smart Grid.
accomplish the required intelligent system is to properly Vulnerabilities may enable an aggressor to get into the
apply the required corresponding the agent technology. framework, take the client protection, access control
Generally, the multi-systems of various agents work and programming and so forth.
communicates together to achieve a goal the desired goal. The Smart meters are obvious
agents are basically autonomous software entities that operate prey for hackers, as
without human assistance, as a result, they are able to react to

Published By:
Retrieval Number G5319058719/19©BEIESP Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
860 & Sciences Publication
 Recent Trends in Smart Grid Technology-A Review Paper

vulnerabilities can without much difficulty, can be gotten to objectives of self-healing smart grids can be condensed as
and exploited. Unchecked distribution of estimation and follows:
monitoring units (e.g. sensors and PMUs) is the main cause ● Fast and accurate detection of grid faults or failures due to
for network vulnerabilities. real-time monitoring.
● Redistribution of grid resources to reduce the adverse
V. CHALLENGES OF SMART GRID effects of overcrowded resources
● Under any condition, the continuity of services is assured.
● Service restoration time can be minimized.
1. Changes in infrastructure:
Effective power framework rebuilding is a necessary
• New communication infrastructure is needed to be
advancement to build up a self-healing SG.[14] The future
constructed in order to have a smart grid.
situation, which has extremely high utilization and reaches of
• For phase measurement advanced sensor system is needed.
inexhaustible assets and fuels and responsive demands,
• To secure grid advanced software is to be developed.
fluctuation and vulnerability will influence grid activity and
• Highly sophisticated components like smart appliances
healing technologies.[18]
smart meters, Flexible AC transmission system, etc. are
Upgrading our current zonal grids into a self-healing grid will
supposed to be developed [18]
mean introducing a few advances and coordinating by
2. High-Security Required:
utilizing strategies improved for what's to come. The most
• Any new infrastructure added to the power grid, like smart
suitable smart grid framework comprises of microgrids. They
metering is going to be costly, so high security is required for
are small (hence 'micro'), for the most part, independent
that.
power frameworks, and a smarter, stronger high-voltage
• Theft of components is going to increase.
smart power grid, which acts as the spine to the national or
• Critical National infrastructure is responsible for tight
even worldwide network. [41,43,44]
security.[16]
2. In Power Flow Optimization
3. Quality Power:
Due o the rising demand, rapid depletion of fossil fuels, the
• For countries like India, which consumes one-fourth of the
climate change and the skyrocketing cost of energy the power
total, the big electrical network is needed.
industry is highly burdened and is trying to cater to huge
• Existing grids are needed to be renovated and
loads.[15] In the near future, the rate of such factors is
expanded.[12]
predicted only to increase. It will be a national and domestic
4. Uncertainty:
goal to exploit renewable resources.[17] Private and
• Sustainable development is present demand and for that
government offices around the globe will cooperate to think
decarbonization is to be limited.
of standards and gauges on power quality and data
• A smart grid is one step in that direction, but the challenge
correspondence system to organize smart grid parts.
is to establish it by 2050 all over the world.
Future Scenario
5. Consumer Support:
The national outcomes give direction to the kinds of pathways
• The main challenge of the Smart Grid is consumer
that every nation may pursue as they create smart grid
unawareness.
networks. China has the chance to employ smart grid
• It is needed to promote the generation of distributed
advances to more readily plan and structure the new
renewable energy generation.[13]
framework that is being constructed, accordingly decreasing
the negative effects on peak demand from the organization of
EVs/PHEVs. The extra examination is likewise expected to
VI. SMART GRID VISION AND FUTURE consider particular framework properties. Practical factors of
RESEARCH developing nations were not considered in this modeling and
Smart grids are advanced, convenient and complex systems should be added to provide insights into developing regions
that have many technologies integrated into one single unit, which are the second and third world countries.
consumer services and information exchange, and decision Smart Grid is the combination of Information Technology
points.[20]That makes planning a smart grid's detailed (IT), communication technology and electrical framework, a
development and deployment scenarios a little complex. national smart grid would update the flow low proficiency
Smart grid technologies are the center point of the Research grids to suit the need of data stream, conservation of energy,
and development departments all across the globe. But better dependability and changing units of generation by
deployment needs to be discussed at the national, and to be sustainable sources, assisting the planet and the nation.
more precise at the regional level, where locally distinct It is a system for power transmission and circulation
important factors such as the age of infrastructure, the rate of frameworks that utilize two-way modernized
growth of demand, make up of generation, and regulatory and communications, hi-tech sensors and pioneering technology
market specifications are varied highly. [10] to enhance the effectiveness, quality, and power distribution
1. SELF-HEALING SMART GRID safety and usage. It is actually a way to advance the power
Self-healing is the ability of a system to differentiate between grid to be used in a way that is highly interactive, adaptable
normal and abnormal working, with the goal that it can apply and effective.
the required settings as indicated by convention with the end
goal to hold its typical instance of the activity. Hence, the

Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
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 International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8 Issue-8 June, 2019

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