School of Electronics Engineering (SENSE)

PROJECT REPORT
COURSE CODE / TITLE BECE204L– Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

PROGRAM / YEAR/ SEM B.Tech (BEC)/II Year/ WINTER 2023-2024

DATE OF SUBMISSION 26/04/2024

REGISTER NO. NAME

22BEC1392 Trivickram

22BEC1483 Manikanta

22BEC1395 Rahul krishna

TEAM MEMBERS
DETAILS 22BEC1226 Satwik

22BEC1434 Mallikarjuna

22BEC1372 Seshank

22BEC1477 Vamsi krishna

PROJECT TITLE RFID BASED PASSPORT VERIFICATION

SYSTEM USING 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

Dr. S. REVATHI
COURSE HANDLING Associate
FACULTY Professor,
REMARKS
 SENSE

FACULTY SIGNATURE

OBJECTIVE:
Design and implement an RFID-based passport verification system that securely authenticates passport
holders. The system reads passport details from an RFID tag, compares them with stored data in the
8051micro controller, and displays either a confirmation or denial message on an LCD screen.

INTRODUCTION:

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) uses radio frequency to read information stored in a RFID card
or tag. In this project we are going to Interface EM-18 RFID reader with 8051 microcontroller and
display RFID card number on 16*2 LCD display.

The RFID-based passport verification system aims to enhance passport security and streamline the
verification process. Existing manual methods are often time-consuming and prone to human error. Our
motivation is to create an automated solution that ensures accurate and efficient passport verification
during travel and border crossings.

Existing Scenario:

 Currently, passport verification relies on manual checks by immigration officers.

 Paper-based passport booklets are susceptible to forgery and tampering.

 The process lacks real-time access control and can lead to delays.

Our Approach:

 We propose an RFID-based system that integrates with e-passports (electronic passports).

 Each passport holder receives an RFID tag containing passport details (name, number,
nationality, etc.).

 When swiped over an RFID reader, the system retrieves the information.

 An 8051 microcontroller compares the data with stored records.

 If the details match, a confirmation message is displayed; otherwise, a denial message appears on
an LCD screen.

Key Differentiators:
 1. Automation: Our system automates the verification process, reducing reliance on
manual checks.

2. Security: RFID technology enhances security, preventing unauthorized access and

minimizing forgery risks.

3. Efficiency: Real-time access control ensures swift verification, improving overall travel
experience.

By combining RFID technology with the 8051 microcontroller, our project aims to
revolutionize passport verification, making it more secure, efficient, and reliable

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

COMPONENTS/ SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

8051 Microcontroller:
8051microcontroller is a 8 bit microcontroller which has 128 bytes of on chip RAM, 4K bytes of on
chip ROM, two timers, one serial port and four 8bit ports. 8052 microcontroller is an extension
of microcontroller. The table below shows the comparison of 8051 family members.

EM-18 RFID:
EM-18 RFID reader operates at 125 KHz and it comes with an on-chip antenna and it can be powered
with 5V power supply. It provides serial output along with weigand output.

16*2 LCD DISPLAY:

16*2 lcd is connected to 8051 micro controller. RS pin of 16*2 lcd is connected to P3.7, RW pin of
16*2 lcd is connected to P3.6 and E pin of 16*2 lcd is connected to P3.5. Data pins are connected to port
1 of 8051 microcontroller.

RFID TAGS:

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags work by using radio frequency signals to transmit data
between a tag (also called a transponder) and an RFID reader.
  Potentiometer And Jumper wires.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

1. Initialization:

o The system powers up, initializing the microcontroller and peripherals.

o The RFID reader is ready to detect RFID tags.

2. Passport Presentation:

o A passport holder places their passport (with an embedded RFID tag) near the RFID
reader.

o The RFID reader detects the tag and establishes communication.

3. Data Retrieval:

o The RFID reader reads the data stored in the passport’s RFID tag.

o The data includes passport details such as name, passport number, nationality, and other
relevant information.

4. Microcontroller Processing:

o The 8051 microcontroller receives the data from the RFID reader.

o It extracts the relevant information (e.g., passport number) for verification.

5. Data Comparison:

o The microcontroller compares the received passport details with stored records.

o The stored records can be in an internal memory or an external database.

o If the data matches, the passport is considered valid.

6. Decision Making:

o If the passport details match, the system displays a confirmation message on the
connected LCD display.
 o If the data does not match (e.g., forged passport or incorrect details), the system displays
a denial message.

o The decision is based on the comparison results.

7. Visual Feedback:

o LED lights may indicate the verification status (e.g., green for valid, red for invalid).

o The LCD display shows relevant messages (e.g., “Passport Verified” or “Invalid
Passport”).

8. Repeat Process:

o The system waits for the next passport presentation.

o The entire process repeats for each verification request.

SIMULATION

1. Creating a New Project:

o Open Proteus.
o Create a new project by clicking on File > New Project.
o Save the project with an appropriate name.
2. Adding Components to the Schematic:
o Click on the Component Mode button (looks like a resistor) from the left toolbar.
o Select components from the libraries:
 8051 Microcontroller (e.g., AT89C51)
 RFID Reader/Writer Module
 LCD Display (16x2 or 20x4)
 Resistors, Capacitors, Diodes
 Voltage Regulator (e.g., LM7805)

o Place the components on the workspace by left-clicking.

3. Wiring Up the Circuit:
o Connect the components using wires.
o Click on the Wire Mode button (looks like a zigzag line) from the toolbar.
o Left-click to start a wire and connect the pins of components.
4. Setting Component Properties:
o Double-click on each component to open its properties.
o Set parameters such as resistance values, capacitor values, etc.
5. Microcontroller Programming:
o Write the 8051 microcontroller program in embedded C (using Keil).
 o Configure the microcontroller pins for interfacing with the RFID reader, LCD, LED
lights, and other peripherals.
o Implement the logic for comparing RFID data and displaying messages on the LCD.
6. Simulation Setup:
o Click on the Play Button (looks like a triangle) on the bottom left to start the simulation.
o Configure simulation settings (e.g., time duration, step size).
7. Running the Simulation:
o The simulation will run, and you can observe the behavior of the circuit.

CONCEPT LEARNED:

1. RFID Technology:

o Understanding how RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) works.

o Interfacing RFID readers with microcontrollers.

o Reading data from RFID tags (e.g., embedded in passports).

2. Microcontroller Interfacing:

o Connecting external devices (e.g., RFID reader, LCD) to the 8051 microcontroller.

o Configuring microcontroller pins for input/output.

3. LCD Interfacing:

RS (Register Select) pin to a digital pin on the microcontroller

R/W (Read/Write) pin to ground (for write-only operation)

E (Enable) pin to a digital pin on the microcontroller

Data pins (D0-D7) to digital pins on the microcontroller

V0 (Contrast) pin to the potentiometer

VCC and GND pins to the power supply

4. Data Processing and Comparison:

o Extracting relevant information from RFID data.

o Comparing received data with stored records.

o Decision-making based on data matching.

5. Simulation and Prototyping:

 o Simulating the system behavior using tools like Proteus.

o Translating the schematic into a physical Proto type.

6.Simulation and results:

IMPLEMENTATION:

1. Asking for swipe the rfid tag.

2. displaying information the rfid tag.

3. Display the user not found.

Youtube link:
https://youtu.be/hMiJ4grABlE?si=hGYyuiTm8o5KktKP

CHALLENGES FACED:

1. RFID Tag Compatibility:

o Dealing with different RFID tag standards (e.g., ISO 14443, ISO 15693).

o Ensuring that the chosen RFID tags are compatible with the reader and microcontroller.

2. Microcontroller Programming:

o Writing efficient and error-free code for the 8051 microcontroller.

o Handling interrupts, timers, and I/O ports correctly.

3. Data Parsing and Verification:

o Extracting relevant information from the RFID data (e.g., passport number, nationality).
 o Implementing logic to compare the received data with stored records.

4. LCD Display Integration:

o Properly interfacing the LCD display with the microcontroller.

o Formatting and displaying messages clearly on the limited screen space.

5. Power Supply Stability:

o Ensuring stable power supply to all components (5v).

o Dealing with voltage fluctuations or noise that could affect system behavior.

6. Testing and Debugging:

o Rigorous testing to verify correct functionality.

o Debugging issues related to communication, data mismatch, or unexpected behavior.

APPLICATIONS:

The RFID-based passport verification system using an 8051 microcontroller has broader
applications beyond passport control.

1. Access Control Systems:

o The same system can be adapted for secure access control in buildings, offices, or
restricted areas.

o Replace passport data with employee IDs or access cards.

o Enhance security by verifying authorized personnel.

2. Library Management:

o Replace passports with library cards or student IDs.

o Automate book borrowing and return processes.

o Ensure accurate tracking of borrowed items.

3. Inventory Management:

o Use RFID tags for tracking inventory items (e.g., retail products, warehouse stock).

o Streamline inventory checks and reduce manual effort.

4. Vehicle Identification and Toll Collection:

o Integrate RFID tags into vehicle registration.

 o Enable automatic toll collection at highways or parking lots.

o Enhance traffic flow and reduce congestion.

5. Hospital Patient Management:

o Replace passports with patient IDs.

o Automate patient check-in, appointment scheduling, and record keeping.

o Improve hospital workflow and patient experience.

6. Event Management and Ticketing:

o Issue RFID wristbands or cards for event access.

o Validate tickets, control entry, and manage crowd flow.

o Enhance event security and prevent counterfeiting.

7. Smart Agriculture:

o Attach RFID tags to livestock or farm equipment.

o Monitor animal health, track equipment usage, and manage inventory.

o Optimize farming processes.

CONCLUSION:

The RFID-based passport verification system developed using an 8051 microcontroller and assembly
language programming provides a secure and efficient solution for authenticating passports. The Proteus
simulation demonstrates the effective integration of RFID technology, microcontroller-based processing,
and assembly language programming to create a reliable and optimized passport verification system.
This project showcases the potential of low-level control and customized programming to enhance
security and efficiency in border control and immigration management applications.

APPENDIX:

Complete program with comments

ORG 0000H ; Set the origin to address 0000H

SJMP 0030H ; Short jump to address 0030H

ORG 0030H ; Set the origin to address 0030H

 MOV TMOD,# 20H ; Load 20H into TMOD register (Timer
1 in Mode 2 - 8-bit auto-reload)

MOV TH1,#0FDH ; Load 0FDH into TH1 (Timer 1 high

byte)

MOV SCON,#50H ; Load 50H into SCON (Serial mode 1,

receive enabled)

SETB TR1 ; Start Timer 1

MOV A, #38H ; Load 38H into accumulator

ACALL Command ; Call subroutine Command

ACALL Delay ; Call subroutine Delay

MOV A, #0EH ; Load 0EH into accumulator

ACALL Command ; Call subroutine Command

ACALL Delay ; Call subroutine Delay

MOV A, #01H ; Load 01H into accumulator

ACALL Command ; Call subroutine Command

ACALL Delay ; Call subroutine Delay

MOV A, #080H ; Load 080H into accumulator

ACALL Command ; Call subroutine Command

ACALL Delay ; Call subroutine Delay

MOV DPTR,#SIN ; Load address of SIN into data

pointer

ACALL String ; Call subroutine String

Again: ; Label for loop start

MOV R5, #12D ; Load 12D into register R5

MOV R0, #20H ; Load 20H into register R0

rfi: ; Label for inner loop start

Monitor: JNB RI, Monitor ; Jump to Monitor if RI (Receive

 Interrupt Flag) is not set

ACALL Serial ; Call subroutine Serial

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

DEC R5 ; Decrement register R5

CJNE R5, #00H, rfi ; Compare R5 with 00H, if not equal,

jump to label rfi

MOV R0, #20H ; Load 20H into register R0

CJNE @R0,#"0",n0 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "0", if not

equal, jump to label n0

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"0",n0 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "0", if not

equal, jump to label n0

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"0",n0 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "0", if not

equal, jump to label n0

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"0",n0 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "0", if not

equal, jump to label n0

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"0",n0 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "0", if not

equal, jump to label n0

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"0",n0 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "0", if not

equal, jump to label n0

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"0",n0 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "0", if not

equal, jump to label n0

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"0",n0 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "0", if not

 equal, jump to label n0

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"0",n0 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "0", if not

equal, jump to label n0

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"0",n0 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "0", if not

equal, jump to label n0

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"0",n0 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "0", if not

equal, jump to label n0

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

MOV A, #080H ; Load 080H into accumulator

ACALL Command ; Call subroutine Command

ACALL Delay ; Call subroutine Delay

MOV DPTR,#St1 ; Load address of St1 into data pointer

ACALL String ; Call subroutine String

MOV A, #0C0H ; Load 0C0H into accumulator

ACALL Command ; Call subroutine Command

ACALL Delay ; Call subroutine Delay

MOV DPTR,#St2 ; Load address of St2 into data pointer

ACALL String ; Call subroutine String

JMP Again ; Jump to label Again

n0: ; Label for loop start

MOV R0, #20H ; Load 20H into register R0

CJNE @R0,#"1",n1 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "1", if not

equal, jump to label n1

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

 CJNE @R0,#"1",n1 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "1", if not
equal, jump to label n1

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"1",n1 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "1", if not

equal, jump to label n1

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"1",n1 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "1", if not

equal, jump to label n1

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"1",n1 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "1", if not

equal, jump to label n1

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"1",n1 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "1", if not

equal, jump to label n1

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"1",n1 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "1", if not

equal, jump to label n1

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"1",n1 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "1", if not

equal, jump to label n1

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"1",n1 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "1", if not

equal, jump to label n1

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"1",n1 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "1", if not

equal, jump to label n1

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"1",n1 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "1", if not

equal, jump to label n1

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

 CJNE @R0,#"1",n1 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "1", if not
equal, jump to label n1

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

MOV A, #080H ; Load 080H into accumulator

ACALL Command ; Call subroutine Command

ACALL Delay ; Call subroutine Delay

MOV DPTR,#St3 ; Load address of St3 into data pointer

ACALL String ; Call subroutine String

MOV A, #0C0H ; Load 0C0H into accumulator

ACALL Command ; Call subroutine Command

ACALL Delay ; Call subroutine Delay

MOV DPTR,#St4 ; Load address of St4 into data pointer

ACALL String ; Call subroutine String

JMP Again ; Jump to label Again

n1: ; Label for loop start

MOV R0, #20H ; Load 20H into register R0

CJNE @R0,#"2",n2 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "2", if not

equal, jump to label n2

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"2",n2 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "2", if not

equal, jump to label n2

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"2",n2 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "2", if not

equal, jump to label n2

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"2",n2 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "2", if not

 equal, jump to label n2

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"2",n2 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "2", if not

equal, jump to label n2

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"2",n2 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "2", if not

equal, jump to label n2

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"2",n2 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "2", if not

equal, jump to label n2

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"2",n2 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "2", if not

equal, jump to label n2

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"2",n2 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "2", if not

equal, jump to label n2

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"2",n2 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "2", if not

equal, jump to label n2

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"2",n2 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "2", if not

equal, jump to label n2

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

MOV A, #080H ; Load 080H into accumulator

ACALL Command ; Call subroutine Command

ACALL Delay ; Call subroutine Delay

MOV DPTR,#St5 ; Load address of St5 into data pointer

ACALL String ; Call subroutine String

 MOV A, #0C0H ; Load 0C0H into accumulator

ACALL Command ; Call subroutine Command

ACALL Delay ; Call subroutine Delay

MOV DPTR,#St6 ; Load address of St6 into data pointer

ACALL String ; Call subroutine String

JMP Again ; Jump to label Again

n2: ; Label for loop start

MOV R0, #20H ; Load 20H into register R0

CJNE @R0,#"3",n3 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "3", if not

equal, jump to label n3

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"3",n3 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "3", if not

equal, jump to label n3

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"3",n3 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "3", if not

equal, jump to label n3

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"3",n3 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "3", if not

equal, jump to label n3

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"3",n3 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "3", if not

equal, jump to label n3

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"3",n3 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "3", if not

equal, jump to label n3

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"3",n3 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "3", if not

equal, jump to label n3
 INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"3",n3 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "3", if not

equal, jump to label n3

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"3",n3 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "3", if not

equal, jump to label n3

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"3",n3 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "3", if not

equal, jump to label n3

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"3",n3 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "3", if not

equal, jump to label n3

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

CJNE @R0,#"3",n3 ; Compare indirect @R0 with "3", if not

equal, jump to label n3

INC R0 ; Increment register R0

MOV A, #080H ; Load 080H into accumulator

ACALL Command ; Call subroutine Command

ACALL Delay ; Call subroutine Delay

MOV DPTR,#St7 ; Load address of St7 into data pointer

ACALL String ; Call subroutine String

MOV A, #0C0H ; Load 0C0H into accumulator

ACALL Command ; Call subroutine Command

ACALL Delay ; Call subroutine Delay

MOV DPTR,#St8 ; Load address of St8 into data pointer

ACALL String ; Call subroutine String

JMP Again ; Jump to label Again

n3: ; Label for loop end

MOV A, #080H ; Load 080H into accumulator

ACALL Command ; Call subroutine Command

ACALL Delay ; Call subroutine Delay

MOV DPTR,#StD ; Load address of StD into data

pointer

ACALL String ; Call subroutine String

MOV A, #0C0H ; Load 0C0H into accumulator

ACALL Command ; Call subroutine Command

ACALL Delay ; Call subroutine Delay

MOV DPTR,#StE ; Load address of StE into data pointer

ACALL String ; Call subroutine String

JMP Again ; Jump to label Again

Command: ; Subroutine Command

CLR P2.7 ; Clear bit 7 of port 2

CLR P2.6 ; Clear bit 6 of port 2

SETB P2.5 ; Set bit 5 of port 2

MOV P0, A ; Move accumulator content to port 0

ACALL Delay ; Call subroutine Delay

CLR P2.5 ; Clear bit 5 of port 2

RET ; Return from subroutine

Datas: ; Subroutine Datas

SETB P2.7 ; Set bit 7 of port 2

CLR P2.6 ; Clear bit 6 of port 2

SETB P2.5 ; Set bit 5 of port 2

MOV P0, A ; Move accumulator content to port 0

 ACALL Delay ; Call subroutine Delay

CLR P2.5 ; Clear bit 5 of port 2

RET ; Return from subroutine

Delay: ; Subroutine Delay

MOV R6, #0FFH ; Load 0FFH into register R6

Her1: ; Label for outer loop start

MOV R7, #0AH ; Load 0AH into register R7

Here: ; Label for inner loop start

DJNZ R7, Here ; Decrement R7 and jump to Here if

R7 is not zero

DJNZ R6, Her1 ; Decrement R6 and jump to Her1 if

R6 is not zero

RET ; Return from subroutine

String: ; Subroutine String

L1: ; Label for loop start

CLR A ; Clear accumulator

MOVC A,@A+DPTR ; Move code byte relative to DPTR

and accumulator into accumulator

JZ Finish ; Jump to Finish if accumulator is zero

ACALL Datas ; Call subroutine Datas

ACALL Delay ; Call subroutine Delay

INC DPTR ; Increment data pointer

SJMP L1 ; Short jump to L1

Finish: ; Label for loop end

RET ; Return from subroutine

Serial: ; Subroutine Serial

CLR RI ; Clear receive interrupt flag

 MOV A, SBUF ; Move serial buffer into accumulator

MOV @R0, A ; Move accumulator into indirect @R0

RET ; Return from subroutine

SIN:DB ' Pls Swipe Card ',0 ; Define byte array SIN with string '
Pls Swipe Card ' and null terminator

St1:DB 'Manikanta ',0 ; Define byte array St1 with string

'Manikanta ' and null terminator

St2:DB 'India ',0 ; Define byte array St2 with string

'India ' and null terminator

St3:DB 'Vamsi ',0 ; Define byte array St3 with string

'Vamsi ' and null terminator

St4:DB 'Germany ',0 ; Define byte array St4 with string

'Germany ' and null terminator

St5:DB 'Rahul ',0 ; Define byte array St5 with string

'Rahul ' and null terminator

St6:DB 'Canada ',0 ; Define byte array St6 with string

'Canada ' and null terminator

St7:DB 'Satwik ',0 ; Define byte array St7 with string

'Satwik ' and null terminator

St8:DB 'Japan ',0 ; Define byte array St8 with string

'Japan ' and null terminator

St9:DB 'Trivickram ',0 ; Define byte array St9 with string

'Trivickram ' and null terminator

StA:DB 'USA ',0 ; Define byte array StA with string

'USA ' and null terminator

StB:DB 'Seshank ',0 ; Define byte array StB with string

'Seshank ' and null terminator

StC:DB 'France ',0 ; Define byte array StC with string

'France ' and null terminator

StD:DB ' Unidentified ',0 ; Define byte array StD with string '
 Unidentified ' and null terminator

StE:DB 'User Not Found..',0 ; Define byte array StE with string
'User Not Found..' and null terminator

END ; End of the assembly program

Photo of hardware: