The document discusses the action potential in neurons. It describes how an action potential is initiated by sodium ions rushing into the cell through voltage-gated sodium channels. This is followed by potassium ions rushing out through voltage-gated potassium channels, repolarizing the membrane. It also discusses how action potentials propagate down axons and the role of myelin sheaths and nodes of Ranvier.
The document discusses the action potential in neurons. It describes how an action potential is initiated by sodium ions rushing into the cell through voltage-gated sodium channels. This is followed by potassium ions rushing out through voltage-gated potassium channels, repolarizing the membrane. It also discusses how action potentials propagate down axons and the role of myelin sheaths and nodes of Ranvier.
The document discusses the action potential in neurons. It describes how an action potential is initiated by sodium ions rushing into the cell through voltage-gated sodium channels. This is followed by potassium ions rushing out through voltage-gated potassium channels, repolarizing the membrane. It also discusses how action potentials propagate down axons and the role of myelin sheaths and nodes of Ranvier.
The document discusses the action potential in neurons. It describes how an action potential is initiated by sodium ions rushing into the cell through voltage-gated sodium channels. This is followed by potassium ions rushing out through voltage-gated potassium channels, repolarizing the membrane. It also discusses how action potentials propagate down axons and the role of myelin sheaths and nodes of Ranvier.
permeability of the cell membrane to Na+(allow ions to rush into the cell), immediately followed by the transient increase in the permeability of the membrane to K+ (allow them to rush out of the cell) 1. Depolarization 2. Repolarization phase phase
Threshold potential
Resting potential 3. Hyperpolarization phase https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=ifD1YG07fB8 Two important types of ion channels: 1.) Na+ voltage gated channels 2.) K+ voltage gated channels
How voltage-gated channels work
At the resting potential, voltage- Conformational changes open
gated Na+ channels are closed. voltage-gated channels when the membrane is depolarized. Resting Potential - Both voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed. Initial Depolarization - Some Na+ channels open. If enough Na+ channels (voltage dependent ion channels) open, then the threshold is surpassed and an action potential is initiated. The influx of positively charged sodium ions -------- rapid change in membrane potential from -70mv to +40mv Na+ channels open quickly. K+ channels are still closed ( as they are less sensitive than voltage dependent sodium channels) . Require greater level of depolarization to open. Will open later than sodium channels. PNa+ > PK+ AP reaches at its peak in about 1 msec. Na+ channels self-inactivate (become refractory) become blocked, No more Na+ entered into the cell. Then K+ channels are open ( move freely through the membrane). Inside is positively charge at this time. K+ driven out of the cell by FOD and FOEP. Outflow of cations------- MP to normal value. K+ channels become to close again PK+ >> PNa+ MP become normal. K+ channels closed. No more K+ leaves the cell. Na+ channels reset so that another depolarization cause them to open again Emembrane ≈ E K+ PK+ > PK+ at resting state Membrane overshoot (hyperpolarized) its resting value (- 70mv) gradually returns to normal. Accumulation of K+ ions outside the membrane are responsible for this temporary Hyper pol. Extra K+ ions diffused away MP returns to -70mv SP transporters remove the Na+ ions that leaked in and retrieve the K+ ions that leaked out. Resting Potential - Both Na+ and K+ channels are closed. Axonal Conduction: All or none law This law states that an action potential either occurs of does not occur and once triggered it will be transmitted down to the end of the axon AP remains same in size All or none law is supplementary by rate law (a high rate of firing/ production of AP cause a strong muscle contraction, and a strong stimulus (bright light) causes a high rate of firing in axons. PROPAGATION OF ACTION POTENTIAL
3. Voltage-gated channel opens in response to depolarization. 3 4
2 6 1 5
Review of Process: Why does the membrane potential increase during stage 3 of the action potential?
A. Both the voltage-gated Na+ channels and voltage gated K+ channels are open.
B. All of the K+ channels (both leak and voltage gated) are open.
C. The voltage gated Na+ channels are open, but the voltage gated K+ channels have not opened yet.
D. The voltage gated Na+ channels are open, but the K+ channels (both voltage gated Action potentials jump down axon. Action potential jumps from node to node
Nodes of Ranvier Axon
Schwann cells (glia) wrap around axon, forming myelin sheath Schwann cell membrane wrapped around axon Babies need lots of fat – not only for energy storage but also to myelinate their neurons. Disease results in damage to myelin and impairs electrical signaling.
Muscles weaken and coordination
decreases. Communication Between Neurons These chemicals are Neurotransmitters Hormones released by terminal buttons (short distance) Neuromodulators released by terminal buttons (long distance, travel further, dispersed more widely than neurotransmitters, modulate the activity of many neurons in particular brain areas) composed of protein like (peptides) Synapse Binding site: chemical exert their effect by attaching to a particular region of a receptor called BS Ligand: A chemical that attaches to a binding site is called ligand Neurotransmitters ,neuro- modulators and hormones are natural ligands Presynaptic membrane:
Location of synapses On dendrites (axodendritic) On soma (axosomatic) Post synaptic On other axon (axoaxonic) membrane: located on the neuron that received message Synaptic cleft: The two membranes(pre and post) face each other across synaptic cleft A gap that varies from synapse to synapse (about 20 nm wide) SC contain extracellular fluid in which the NT diffused Presynaptic
Postsynaptic neurotransmitter
Synaptic vesicle Neurotransmitter transporter Axon Terminal Voltage- (pre-synapse) gated Ca++ channel Neurotransmitter Receptor Don’t worry Synapse about this Dendrite (post-synapse) ACTION POTENTIAL TRIGGERS RELEASE OF NEUROTRANSMITTER
Na+ and K+ 1. Action potential arrives;
channels Action triggers entry of Ca2+. potentials Presynaptic 2. In response to Ca2+, synaptic vesicles fuse with presynaptic membrane membrane, then release (axon) neurotransmitter.
3. Ion channels open when
Postsynaptic neurotransmitter binds; ion flows cause change in membrane postsynaptic cell potential. (dendrite or cell body) 4. Ion channels will close as neurotransmitter is broken down or taken back up by presynaptic cell (not shown). Excitatory synapses cause the post- synaptic cell to become less negative triggering an excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) Increases the likelihood of firing an action potential
Inhibitory synapses cause the post-
synaptic cell potential to become negative triggering an inhibitory post-synaptic potential Decreases the likelihood of firing an action potential Four types of NT dependent ion channels found in the PSM Sodium (Na+)----- depolarization--- EPSP Potassium (K+)---- hyperpolarization----IPSP Chloride (Cl-)---- neutralize EPSP Calcium (Ca2+)-----depolarize---- EPSP
