REVIEWER for Summative Test

1. SPEED
 Defined how fast or slow is an object.
 Ratio of distance and time.
Formulas involving speed:
 Speed = distance/ time
 Distance = speed x time
 Time = distance/ speed
Example 1: A man has covered a distance of 80 miles in 4 hours. Calculate the speed of the bike?
Given: Distance Covered d = 80 miles
Time taken, t = 4 hours
Speed is calculated using the formula: s = d/t
s = 80 miles /4hr
s = 20 miles/hr
Example 2: Lilly is driving a scooter with a speed of 6 km/hr for 2hr. Calculate the distance travelled by her?
Given: Speed of the scooter (s) = 6km/hr
Time taken (t) = 2 hr
Distance travelled d = ?
Distance travelled d = s × t
d = 6 km/hr × 2 hr
d = 12 km.
2. VELOCITY
 Refers to a quantity that designates how fast and in what direction a point is moving.
 a ratio of displacement and time.
Formula: v = displacement/ time
In calculating the displacement in single axis = Final position minus initial position
Displacement = xf – xi
In calculating the displacement in double axis, use the Pythagorean theorem
Pythagorean theorem: c2 = a2 + b2

3. ACCELERATION
 is the rate of change of the velocity of an object with respect to time.
Formula: a = Vi – Vf / t
Where:
 a – acceleration
 Vi – initial velocity
 Vf – final velocity
 t – time
 4. MOTION
 is the phenomenon in which an object changes its position with respect to time.
 is mathematically described in terms of displacement, distance, velocity, speed and acceleration with
respect to the reference point.
Relationship between two variables involving motion:
Distance and time = Directly proportional
Speed and distance = Directly proportional
Speed and time = Inversely proportional
Velocity and time = Inversely proportional
Acceleration and time = Inversely proportional
Acceleration and ∆v = Directly proportional

5. MOTION GRAPH
 Motion graphs, also known as kinematic curves, are a common way to diagram motion in physics.

The three motion graphs

 Position vs. time (x vs. t)
 Velocity vs. time (v vs. t)
 Acceleration vs. time (a vs. t)

6. NATURE OF WAVES

A wave is a form of disturbance that travels through a medium from one place to another.
Disturbance is the disturbed state of a medium through which any wave form of energy is being propagated.
Propagation is a way the wave moves or travels.
Wavelength is the length or the distance from the "crest" (top) of one wave to the crest of the next wave or from the
trough to trough (with the unit of meter)
Frequency is the number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given amount of time (with the unit of Hertz)

Two types of Waves according to the movement of wave particles

1. Transverse wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move perpendicular to the direction of the movement
of the wave.
2. Longitudinal wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move the same or parallel to the direction of the
movement of the wave.
Types of waves according to the ability to transmit energy through a vacuum
1. Mechanical waves – waves that requires a material medium for its to propagate.
2. Electromagnetic waves – waves that do not requires a material medium for its to propagate

7. WAVES CHARACTERISTICS
 Characteristics of Waves
1. Wavelength – is the distance between crest to crest or trough to trough.
2. Amplitude – is the distance between the middle of the wave to the crest or trough.
3. Frequency – is the ratio of cycles and time.
Formula: f = # of cycles/ time
4. Period – is the inverse of the frequency.
Formula: T = time/ # of cycles
5. Speed of the wave – is the distance per unit of time.
Formula: v = wavelength/ time
Example Problem:
1. Calculate the frequency of a material if it propagates 10 times in 5 seconds.
Formula: f = # cycles/ time
f = 10/ 5s
f = 2/s or 2 Hz
2. What is the period of the wave if it propagates 5 times in 50 seconds.
Formula: T = time/ # cycles
T = 50s / 5
T = 10s
3. What is the velocity of a wave that has a wavelength of 200 meters and a time of 20 seconds?
Formula: v = wavelength/ time
V = 200m/ 20s
V = 10 m/s
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Relationship between two variables:
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Wavelength and frequency – inversely proportional 8.
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Wavelength and velocity – directly proportional 8.
Frequency and velocity – directly proportional 8.
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1. SOUND WAVES 8.
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Characteristics of sounds 8.
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1. Pitch is the quality of sound that allows us to judge how high or low a sound is.
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- Pitch is related to the frequency of the sound waves that produce the sound. High frequency sound waves
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produce high-pitched sounds, and low frequency sound waves produce low-pitched sounds
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 Audible frequency – 20 Hz to 20000 Hz 8.
 Ultrasonic frequency – above 20000 Hz 8.
 Infrasonic frequency – Below 20 Hz 8.
2. Loudness is the quality of sound that allows us to judge how soft or intense the sound is. It is also a 8.
psychological sensation that differs from different people. 8.
- Amplitude of the sound waves affects the loudness of the sound. The higher the amplitude, the greater the 8.
intensity of the sound. 8.
- Decibel (dB) – is the unit of sound intensity level 8.
3. Timbre - tone quality that allows us to identify two different instruments. 8.
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NATURE OF LIGHT
 Theories on the nature of light
1. Corpuscular Theory of Light (Isaac Newton, 1675)
– states that light is made up of tiny particles called ‘corpuscles’ that always travel in a straight line.
- Velocity of light in a denser medium is greater than to the velocity of light in a rare medium.
- Due to the different sizes of corpuscles, they produce different colors.

2. Wave Theory of Light (Christian Huygens, 1676)

– states that light travels in a form of wave which require a medium in order to propagate.
- Velocity of light in a denser medium is lesser than to the velocity of light in a rare medium.

3. Electromagnetic Theory of Light (James Clerk Maxwell, 1873)

– states that light are electromagnetic in nature which light waves doesn’t require a medium in order to propagate.

4. Quantum Theory of Light (Max Plank, 1905)

– light is emitted in the form of energy packets or bundles called ‘photons’
- Energy of these photons is directly proportional to the frequency of vibration.
- E = h(f) E = hc / λ
- Planck’s constant (E) = 6.63x10^-34 Js

9. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHT
Characteristics of Light
1. Intensity
- is a quantity that measures the amount of light illuminating.
- is the power per unit area.

Photometric – the science of measuring the intensity or brightness of light.

Intensity vs Brightness
Intensity is the power per unit area; it is a physical quantity.
Brightness involves how the human visual system perceives light, and it is not a physical quantity.

Amplitude affects the intensity of light. The highest the amplitude, the higher the intensity. The lower the
amplitude, the lower the intensity.

2. Color
- associated with electromagnetic radiation of a specific range of wavelengths visible to the human eye.
- Colors have different wavelength and frequency
- Red has the longest wavelength and has the lowest frequency in all visible light.
- Violet has the shortest wavelength and has a highest frequency in all visible light.
 10. HEAT TRANSFER

Thermal energy refers to the energy possessed by an object due to the movement of particles.
Heat is a flow of thermal energy
Heat is energy that is transferred from one body to another as the result of a difference in temperature.
Temperature is a measure of hotness or coldness expressed in terms of any of several scales such as Celsius,
Kelvin and Fahrenheit.
Heat transfer - the movement of heat across the border of the system due to a difference in temperature
between the system and its surroundings
Three modes of heat transfer
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
Conduction is the transfer of heat that takes place between two objects that are in direct contact with each other
and most effective in solid.
Convection is the process by which heat is transferred by movement of a heated fluid such as air or water
 Hot water will rise while the warm water will go downward. This is because of the different density.
Cold water is denser than hot water that’s why it will sink. While hot water is less dense than cold
water, that’s why it will rise.
Radiation is defined as the heat transfer when there are no media involved . It is the transfer of heat by the
means of the electromagnetic radiation.
 Electromagnetic radiation can be defined as a form of energy that is produced by the movement of
electrically charged particles travelling through a matter or vacuum or by oscillating magnetic and
electric disturbances.
 2. CHARGING PROCESS
Electric charge is an electrical property of matter that creates a force between objects
The force between two objects is caused by atoms.
Atom is the smallest particle of an element which consists of subatomic particles called, proton (+), electron (-)
and neutron (neutral charge)
2 forces between the subatomic particles
1. Force of attraction (attract) – a force the pulls objects together.
2. Force of repulsion (repel) – a force the pushes objects apart from each other.
Charging process
1. Friction
2. Conduction
3. Induction
Charging process by friction
 Can occur by rubbing two different materials.
 The electrons from the surface of one of the objects move from the surface of the other object.
 It gives a positive charge to one substance and negative charge to the other.
Charging process by conduction
 A charging process that allows the charging of a neutral body with a charged body by forming a direct
contact with it.
Charging process by induction
 is the process of charging a neutral body by a charged body without making any direct contact.

Prepared by: Francis S. Corpuz

Science ST