Attitude Theories

Attitude Theories
Attitude Theories Professor Stakic Latisha Ewell Psychology 110 November 7, 2011
Attitude Theories
Psychoanalytic theory describes development as primarily unconscious that is, beyond awareness, and as heavily coloured by emotion. Psychoanalytic theorists believe that behavior is merely a surface characteristic and that, to truly understand development, we have to analyze the symbolic meanings of behavior and the deep inner workings of the mind. Psychoanalytic theorists also stress that early experience with parents extensively shapes our development. These characteristics are highlighted in the main psychoanalytic theory, that of Sigmund Freud.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), a medical doctor by training, believed that personality has three structures: the id, the ego, and the superego. The id consists of instincts, which are an individuals reservoir of psychic energy. In Freuds view, the id is totally unconscious; it has no contact with reality. As children experience the demands and constraints of reality, a new structure of personality emerges the ego, which deals with the demands of reality. The ego uses reasoning to make decisions. The id and the ego have no morality. They do not take into account whether something is right or wrong. The superego is the Freudian structure of personality that is the moral branch of personality. The superego takes into account whether something is right or wrong. Think of the superego as what we often refer to as our conscience. You probably are beginning to sense that both the id and the superego make life rough for the ego. Your ego might say, I will have sex only occasionally and be sure to take the proper precautions because I dont want the intrusion of a child in the development of my career. However, your id is saying, I want to be satisfied; sex is pleasurable. Your superego is at work, too: I feel guilty about having sex. As Freud listened to, probed, and analyzed his patients, he became convinced that their problems were the result of experiences early in life. Freud believed that we go through five stages of psychosexual development, and that at each stage of development we experience
Attitude Theories
pleasure in one part of the body more than in others. Erogenous zones, according to Freud, are parts of the body that have especially strong pleasure-giving qualities at particular stages of development. Freud thought that our adult personality is determined by the way we resolve conflicts between these early sources of pleasure the mouth, the anus, and then the genitals, and the demands of reality. When these conflicts are not resolved, the individual may become fixated at a particular stage of development. Fixation occurs when the individual remains locked in an earlier developmental stage because needs are under- or over gratified. For example, a parent might wean a child too early, be too strict in toilet training the child, punish the child for masturbation, or smother the child with too much attention. Figure 2.1 illustrates the five Freudian stages. The oral stage is the first Freudian stage of development, occurring during the first 18 months of life, in which the infants pleasure centers on the mouth. Chewing, sucking, and biting are the chief sources of pleasure. These actions reduce tension in the infant. The anal stage occurs between 11/2 and 3 years of age, during which the childs greatest pleasure involves the anus or the eliminative functions associated with it. In Freuds view, the exercise of anal muscles reduces tension. The phallic stage, the third Freudian stage of development, occurs between the ages of three and six; its name comes from the Latin word phallus, which means penis. During the phallic stage, pleasure focuses on the genitals as both boys and girls discover that self-manipulation is enjoyable. In Freuds view, the phallic stage has a special importance in personality development because it is during this period that the Oedipus complex appears. This name comes from Greek mythology, in which Oedipus, the son of the King of Thebes, unwittingly kills his father and marries his mother. The Oedipus complex, according to Freudian theory, involves the young
Attitude Theories
childs intense desire to replace the same-sex parent and enjoy the affections of the opposite-sex parent. How is the Oedipus complex resolved? At about five to six years of age, children recognize that their same-sex parent might punish them for their incestuous wishes. To reduce this conflict, the child identifies with the same-sex parent, striving to be like him or her. If the conflict is not resolved, though, the individual may become fixated at the phallic stage. The latency stage is the fourth Freudian stage of development, which occurs between approximately six years of age and puberty; the child represses all interest in sexuality and develops social and intellectual skills. These activities channel much of the childs energy into emotionally safe areas and help the child forget the highly stressful conflicts of the phallic stage. The genital stage is the fifth and final Freudian stage of development, occurring from puberty on. The genital stage is a time of sexual reawakening; the source of sexual pleasure now becomes someone outside of the family. Freud believed that unresolved conflicts with parents re-emerge during adolescence. When resolved, the individual is capable of developing a mature love relationship and functioning independently as an adult. Many contemporary psychoanalytic theorists place less emphasis on sexual instincts and more emphasis on cultural experiences as determinant of an individuals development. Unconscious thought remains a central theme, but most contemporary psychoanalysts believe that conscious thought makes up more of the mind than Freud envisioned.
References:
Attitude Theories
. Franzoi, S. L. (2009). PSY 110: Social psychology: 2009 custom edition (5th ed.). New York:McGraw-Hill Custom Publishing. Baumeister, R. F., & Bushman, B. J. (2008). Social Psychology and human nature. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth.
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