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Introduction

What is Data?
Data can be any information, thought, or media that is being transferred from one person to another. Everything we
say or communicate is the form of data. In computers, it can be used in many forms like raw text, numbers,
characters, bytes, images, etc.
What is Database?
Database is the collection of organized data that is structured and stored electronically on a computer system.
Databases can store data in the form of tables depending upon the type of database. The database's primary goal is
to store a huge amount of data.
What is a DBMS?
Database Management System (DBMS) is a software system that is designed to manage and organize data in a
structured manner. It allows users to create, modify, and query a database, as well as manage the security and
access controls for that database.
Some key features of a DBMS include:
Data modeling: A DBMS provides tools for creating and modifying data models, which define the structure and
relationships of the data in a database.
Data storage and retrieval: A DBMS is responsible for storing and retrieving data from the database, and can
provide various methods for searching and querying the data.
Concurrency control: A DBMS provides mechanisms for controlling concurrent access to the database, to ensure
that multiple users can access the data without conflicting with each other.
Data integrity and security: A DBMS provides tools for enforcing data integrity and security constraints, such as
constraints on the values of data and access controls that restrict who can access the data.
Backup and recovery: A DBMS provides mechanisms for backing up and recovering the data in the event of a
system failure.

Types of Databases

Centralised Database

It is a collection of information at a single location accessible from numerous points. The basic function of a
centralized database management system is to provide facilities and give access to all the connected computers
which fulfill all requirements requested by any single node.

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Introduction

Cloud Database
It is a database that is built, deployed, and accessed in a cloud environment, private, public, or hybrid cloud. It has
two deployment models:

 Traditional Database: - Very similar to an onsite, in-house managed database—except for infrastructure
provisioning. In this case, an organization purchases virtual machine space from a cloud services provider
and the database is deployed to the cloud. It is useful for early age organizations, small size companies.

 Database as a service (DBaaS): - It's a database in which an organization contracts with a cloud services
provider through a fee-based subscription service. The service provider offers a variety of real-time
operational, maintenance, administrative, and database management tasks to the end-user.

Distributed Database

A distributed database is one in which data is stored across different physical locations. It may be stored in multiple
computers located in the same physical location or maybe dispersed over a network of interconnected computers.

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Introduction

Global Schema

End User Database

An end-user database enables storing data created by an end-user. Any database which allows the end-user to create
and manage data comes under this category. This means that the user is able to directly interact with and control the
database and the data that is stored in it.

Hierarchical Database

It is a database model in which the data is arranged in a hierarchical tree manner. As it is arranged based on the
hierarchy, every record of the data tree should have at least one parent, except for the child records in the last level,
and each parent should have one or more child records. The Data can be accessed by following through the
classified structure, always initiated from the Root or the first parent.

Network Database

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A network database is based on a network data model, which allows each record to be related to multiple primary
records and multiple secondary records. Network databases allow you to create a flexible model of relationships
between entities.

Object Oriented Database

The database combines object-oriented programming concepts with relational database principles. Think of a class
as a model, and objects as various constructs/instances of it. These instances share the properties they derive from
the class. For example, a class of 'bear', the objects of which could be brown bears, Polar Bears, Black Bears, etc.
Objects are the basic building block and an instance of a class, where the type is either built-in or user-defined.

Relational Database

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An RDBMS stores and organizes data points that are related to one another. Based on the model, a relational
database presents data sets as a collection of tables and provides relational operators to manipulate the data in
tabular form. Tables consist of columns containing one or more data categories, and rows, containing a set of data
defined by the category.

DBMS architecture
 The design of a DBMS depends on its architecture.
 The architecture can either be single tier or multi-tier.

1-tier architecture
Here, the DBMS is the only entity, where the user interacts. It sends requests and fetches data through a single unit.
Any changes done here will need to be done on the DBMS itself. These kinds of architectures are devoid of any
tools for the end users.

2-tier architecture
In 2-tier architecture, the DBMS can only be accessed through an application. Programmers usually use and prefer
a 2 tier-architecture where they access the DBMS by means of an application.

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3-tier architecture
It is the most widely used architecture where the tiers are separated from each other based on their complexity of
the users and how they use the data present in the database.

Relational and non-relational databases

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A relational database is the database management system in which data is stored in distinct tables from where
they can be accessed or reassembled in different ways under user-defined relational tables, whereas a non-
relational database is the database architecture that is not built around tables. This type of database contains data
in the form of forms or a large amount of data which is either unstructured or semi-structured data.
NOTE: - The Relational Database (SQL) was first introduced in 1974 by two colleagues of IBM, whereas a
Non-relational database is already known from the 1960s.

Examples of Relational Databases: MySQL, Oracle.

Examples of Non-Relational Databases: MongoDB, Apache Cassandra.

Data Abstraction and Data Independence

Data Abstraction is a process of hiding unwanted or irrelevant details from the end user. It provides a different view
and helps in achieving data independence which is used to enhance the security of data

Mainly there are three levels of abstraction for DBMS, which are as follows −

 Physical or Internal Level

 Logical or Conceptual Level
 View or External Level

Physical or Internal Level: This is the lowest level of data abstraction. It tells us how the data is actually stored in
memory. The access methods like sequential or random access and file organization methods like B+ trees and
hashing are used for the same. Usability, size of memory, and the number of times the records are factors that we
need to know while designing the database. Suppose we need to store the details of an employee. Blocks of storage
and the amount of memory used for these purposes are kept hidden from the user.It will consist of blocks of
storages (bytes,MB,GB,TB,etc)

Logical or Conceptual Level: This level comprises the information that is actually stored in the database in the
form of tables. It also stores the relationship among the data entities in relatively simple structures. At this level, the
information available to the user at the view level is unknown. We can store the various attributes of an employee
and relationships, e.g. with the manager can also be stored.It will contain the fields and the attributes of data.

View or External Level: This is the highest level of abstraction. Only a part of the actual database is viewed by the
users. This level exists to ease the accessibility of the database by an individual user. Users view data in the form of
rows and columns. Tables and relations are used to store data. Multiple views of the same database may exist.
Users can just view the data and interact with the database, storage and implementation details are hidden from
them.
It works with CLI or GUI access of database

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The main purpose of data abstraction is to achieve data independence in order to save the time and cost required
when the database is modified or altered.

Data Independence is mainly defined as a property of DBMS that helps you to change the database schema at one
level of a system without requiring to change the schema at the next level. It helps to keep the data separated from
all programs that makes use of it.

We have namely two levels of data independence arising from these levels of abstraction:

Physical level data independence: It refers to the characteristic of being able to modify the physical schema
without any alterations to the conceptual or logical schema, done for optimization purposes, e.g., the Conceptual
structure of the database would not be affected by any change in storage size of the database system server.

Logical level data independence: It refers to the characteristics of being able to modify the logical schema without
affecting the external schema or application program. The user view of the data would not be affected by any
changes to the conceptual view of the data.These changes may include insertion or deletion of attributes, altering
table structures entities or relationships to the logical schema, etc.

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