Margeti Vasiliki Lab5

Lab activity 5
Molar and Mass: Relationships in Chemical Reactions

Synthesis of Calcium Carbonate
Introduction:
Chemical equations describe a material's elemental composition or molecular structure. Cu,
for example, represents metallic copper, O2 represents diatomic oxygen, and H2O represents
water. Ionic compounds, such as sodium chloride (NaCl), have a ratio of oppositely charged
ions in their crystal structure. The formula weight, given in atomic mass units (amu), is the
total mass of all atoms in a substance's formula. A mole of any material is equal to its formula
weight in grams, also known as molar mass, and is made up of Avogadro's number
(6.022x1023) of formula units. Chemical reactions are represented by balanced chemical
equations, which incorporate both formula unit and molar viewpoints. Stoichiometry is a
branch of chemistry that studies the quantitative relationships between reactants and products.
When one examines the breakdown of water: 2H2O 2H2 + O2, one may derive many mass
relationships, such as the conversion of 2 moles of H2O into 2 moles of H2 and 1 mole of
O2. These links are critical in resolving difficulties with mole or mass relationships in
chemical processes. The limiting reactant in a reaction is the one that produces the least
quantity of product. A stoichiometric mixture is generated when reactants are joined in the
precise mass ratio stated by the balancing equation. The actual yield represents the quantity
of product obtained, whereas the theoretical yield is the estimated amount assuming all
limiting reactant is entirely transformed. Divide the actual yield by the theoretical yield and
multiply the result by 100% to get the percent yield. Finally, A twofold replacement reaction
is used in this laboratory experiment to synthesize calcium carbonate, an ionic substance

found in limestone, marble, and chalk. The precipitated calcium carbonate is separated, dried,
and weighed to calculate the reaction yield.
Purpose:
We performed a thorough examination of the dynamic interplay between reactants and
products in a chemical equation, highlighting mole and mass correlations with rigorous
calculations. Overcoming obstacles, we precisely defined the amount of reactant B required
for a complete reaction with a particular mass of reactant A, assuring a stoichiometric
combination. Moreover, we executed a basic chemical reaction while adhering strictly to
safety standards, putting theoretical knowledge into practice. Following the reaction, careful
separation of the precipitate via filtration, along with thorough drying, allowed for exact mass
measurements. Finally, the next step in our experiment was to carefully compute the product
yield, which provided vital insights into the efficiency of the reaction by comparing actual
and theoretically expected yields. This extensive laboratory project effortlessly combined
theoretical principles with practical application, greatly expanding our understanding of mole
and mass correlations in chemical processes.
Material and Equipment
distilled water
CaCl2 (solid powder)
Na2CO3 (solid powder)

250 mL beakers
100 mL cylinders
filter funnels and filter paper
glass rods
porcelain crucibles
heating plates
balance (triple beam or electronic) calculator
periodic table or table with atomic masses
Pre-lab preparation
CaCl2 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 + NaCl
Stoichiometry of the reaction:
1. CaCl2 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 + 2NaCl
2. Reactants: Calcium Chloride and Sodium Carbonate
Products: Calcium Carbonate and Sodium Chloride
3. CaCl2 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 + 2 NaCl
1 mol 1 mol 1 mol 2 mol

Mass:
CaCl2= Ar(Ca) + 2*Ar(Cl) =110,98 , CaCO3= Ar(Ca)+ Ar(C) + 3*Ar(O)= 100,9
Na2CO3= 2*Ar(Na) + Ar(C) + 3*(O) =105,99, NaCl= Ar(Na)+ Ar(Cl) = 58,44

Discussion:
The reaction proceeded in line with the balanced equation, resulting in the formation of
calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and sodium chloride (NaCl). The measured molar ratios and
mass connections were consistent with theoretical predictions. Finally, the reaction generated
the expected products, proving the correctness of the balanced chemical equation. The molar
and mass correlations are related to the equation's stoichiometry. The significance of these
discoveries stems from their contribution to understanding the practical uses of chemical
equations. The efficient manufacture of calcium carbonate under-regulated reaction
circumstances emphasizes the importance of stoichiometry in anticipating and achieving
desired chemical outcomes. This experiment is useful because it provides hands-on
experience with chemical reactions and stoichiometric calculations. It allows for the actual
application of theoretical knowledge to real-world settings, emphasizing the importance of
accuracy in estimating reactant proportions for best product output. Furthermore, the
experiment illustrates the practical utility of stoichiometry in anticipating reaction results and
strengthens key chemical ideas.
Conclusion:
If the yield is lower than predicted, possible causes include insufficient mixing of the
reactants, product loss during filtering or separation, or the presence of contaminants that
interfere with the reaction. A larger yield might be related to contamination, excess reactants,
or inadequate product separation.
CaCO3 + H2SO4 → CaSO4 + H2O + CO2
Marble, which is mostly formed of calcium carbonate, interacts with sulfuric acid-containing
acid rain. This reaction leads to the degradation of marble monuments over time by
converting the calcium carbonate in marble to water-soluble calcium sulfate, resulting in
material and structural integrity loss. Protective measures or acid rain mitigation tactics may
be explored to avoid such degradation.

References:
[PDF] Basic Concepts of Chemistry by Leo J. Malone, Theodore O. Dolter | Perlego. (2012,
April 13). https://www.perlego.com/book/3865650/basic-concepts-of-chemistry

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Lab activity 5

Molar and Mass: Relationships in Chemical Reactions

Chemical equations describe a material's elemental composition or molecular structure. Cu,

(6.022x1023) of formula units. Chemical reactions are represented by balanced chemical

is used in this laboratory experiment to synthesize calcium carbonate, an ionic substance

and weighed to calculate the reaction yield.

We performed a thorough examination of the dynamic interplay between reactants and

calculations. Overcoming obstacles, we precisely defined the amount of reactant B required

for a complete reaction with a particular mass of reactant A, assuring a stoichiometric

combination. Moreover, we executed a basic chemical reaction while adhering strictly to

and mass correlations in chemical processes.

Material and Equipment

CaCl2 (solid powder)

Na2CO3 (solid powder)

filter funnels and filter paper

balance (triple beam or electronic) calculator

periodic table or table with atomic masses

CaCl2 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 + NaCl

Stoichiometry of the reaction:

1. CaCl2 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 + 2NaCl

2. Reactants: Calcium Chloride and Sodium Carbonate

Products: Calcium Carbonate and Sodium Chloride

3. CaCl2 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 + 2 NaCl

1 mol 1 mol 1 mol 2 mol

CaCl2= Ar(Ca) + 2*Ar(Cl) =110,98 , CaCO3= Ar(Ca)+ Ar(C) + 3*Ar(O)= 100,9

Na2CO3= 2*Ar(Na) + Ar(C) + 3*(O) =105,99, NaCl= Ar(Na)+ Ar(Cl) = 58,44

equations. The efficient manufacture of calcium carbonate under-regulated reaction

circumstances emphasizes the importance of stoichiometry in anticipating and achieving

desired chemical outcomes. This experiment is useful because it provides hands-on

application of theoretical knowledge to real-world settings, emphasizing the importance of

strengthens key chemical ideas.

or inadequate product separation.

CaCO3 + H2SO4 → CaSO4 + H2O + CO2

be explored to avoid such degradation.

April 13). https://www.perlego.com/book/3865650/basic-concepts-of-chemistry

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CaCl2= Ar(Ca) + 2Ar(Cl) =110,98 , CaCO3= Ar(Ca)+ Ar(C) + 3Ar(O)= 100,9

Na2CO3= 2Ar(Na) + Ar(C) + 3(O) =105,99, NaCl= Ar(Na)+ Ar(Cl) = 58,44