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    Elements of Writing

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    Nguyên
    The document discusses various elements of cohesion, comparisons, definitions, and examples in academic writing. It defines reference words and their purpose in establishing connections between ideas. It also explains the basics of comparative and superlative comparisons and how definitions can be simple or complex. Finally, it discusses the functions of examples and different introduction phrases for examples as well as the purpose and forms of restatement.

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    Elements of Writing

    Uploaded by

    Nguyên
    13 views2 pages
    The document discusses various elements of cohesion, comparisons, definitions, and examples in academic writing. It defines reference words and their purpose in establishing connections between ideas. It also explains the basics of comparative and superlative comparisons and how definitions can be simple or complex. Finally, it discusses the functions of examples and different introduction phrases for examples as well as the purpose and forms of restatement.

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    The document discusses various elements of cohesion, comparisons, definitions, and examples in academic writing. It defines reference words and their purpose in establishing connections between ideas. It also explains the basics of comparative and superlative comparisons and how definitions can be simple or complex. Finally, it discusses the functions of examples and different introduction phrases for examples as well as the purpose and forms of restatement.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    13 views2 pages

    Elements of Writing

    Uploaded by

    Nguyên
    The document discusses various elements of cohesion, comparisons, definitions, and examples in academic writing. It defines reference words and their purpose in establishing connections between ideas. It also explains the basics of comparative and superlative comparisons and how definitions can be simple or complex. Finally, it discusses the functions of examples and different introduction phrases for examples as well as the purpose and forms of restatement.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    2.3.

    Cohesion:
    1. Reference words:
    - Definition:
    + Cohesion: cohesion refers to the process of connecting various parts of a text using
    reference words and conjunctions. This ensures that the entire text is coherent, easily
    understandable, and flows smoothly.
    + Reference words (main focus): In academic writing, "reference words" are linguistic
    devices used to establish a connection or refer back to previously mentioned or
    implied elements within a text. These words serve the purpose of avoiding repetition
    and maintaining clarity and coherence in the discourse.
    - Variations:

    Pronouns he/ she/ it/ they

    Possessive pronouns his/ her/ hers/ its/ their/ theirs

    Objective pronouns her/ him/ them

    Demonstrative pronouns this/ that/ these/ those

    Other phrases the former/ the latter/ the first/ the


    second/ such a

    - Note: To ensure reader comprehension, it is crucial to apply reference words


    exclusively in instances where the reference is unambiguous. This practice helps to
    prevent confusion among readers.
    + Ex: Pablo Picasso moved to Paris in 1904 and worked with George Braque from 1908
    to 1909. He became interested in the analysis of form, which led to cubism.
    => In this case it is not clear which person (Picasso or Braque) ‘he’ refers to.
    So to avoid this write:
    + Pablo Picasso moved to Paris in 1904 and worked with George Braque from 1908 to
    1909. Picasso became interested in the analysis of form, which led to cubism.

    2.4. Comparisons:
    1. Functions / Purpose: In academic writing, comparison entails analyzing similarities
    and differences between entities, concepts, theories, or perspectives. It enhances the
    understanding, highlights distinctions, identifies patterns, supports arguments, and
    enables meaningful conclusions. This adds depth, clarity, and critical analysis to
    academic discourse, fostering a comprehensive understanding for readers.
    2. The basics:
    ● Comparative: Comparative comparisons indicate a relationship of more or less
    between two things.
    ● Superlative: Superlative comparisons indicate a relationship of most or least within a
    group of things.
    3. Comparative study: A comparative study is a kind of method that analyzes
    phenomena and then puts them together to find the points of differentiation and
    similarity (Mokhtarian Pour, 2016).
    - the correlation between the comparison element in academic writing and the
    formation of comparative study: The comparative approach allows for a deeper
    analysis and understanding of the subject matter, as well as the development of
    insights and conclusions.

    2.5. Definition:
    1. Purpose/ Function: In academic writing, definitions provide clear and precise
    explanations of concepts, terms, or phenomena. They establish a common
    understanding, outline scope, and support effective communication. Definitions
    enhance precision, reduce ambiguity, and enable critical analysis, allowing readers to
    engage meaningfully with the content.
    2. Simple Def:
    - Formation: In academic contexts, basic definitions are constructed by specifying a
    category and illustrating its application.
    3. Complex Def
    - Formation: Complex definitions differ from basic definitions in terms of their
    formation by incorporating additional elements and providing a more comprehensive
    understanding of a concept or term.
    2.6 Examples:
    1. Functions/ Purpose: In academic writing, examples serve the purpose of providing
    support and illustration. Appropriate examples have the potential to strengthen
    arguments and enhance reader comprehension.
    2. Introduction phrases:
    a. for instance, for example
    b. such as
    c. particularly, especially
    d. a case in point
    3. Restatement
    - Definition: involves the rephrasing or reiteration of a concept, idea, or argument in a
    different form or wording
    - Purpose: It is used to reinforce and clarify the main point or argument being made
    - Forms: Restatement can take various forms, such as paraphrasing, summarizing, or
    providing alternative formulations of the same idea

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