UNIT - IV

DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS

DATA COMMUNICATION

Data communication is the active process of transporting data from one point to
another. Networks are communication system designed to convey information from a
point of origin to a point of destination. Note that they are communication system, not
computer system. The operative word is communication, the transfer of information
from one device to another.
Networks come in two flavors – local as in local area network, which cover a
small area and have a finite, relatively small, number of users and global or long-haul,
which cover long distance and have an unlimited number of users. Telephone networks
are long network. It refers to the transmission of the digital signals over a
communication channel between the transmitter and receiver computers. Communication
is possible only with wired and wireless connectivity of the computers with each other.
The effectiveness of a data communication system depends on three fundamental
characteristics:
 Delivery: The system must deliver data to the correct destination. Data
must be received by the intended device or user and only by that device or
user.
 Accuracy: The system must deliver data accurately. Data that have been
altered in transmission and left uncorrected are unusable.
 Timeliness: The system must deliver data in a timely manner. Data
delivered late are useless. In the case of video, audio and voice data, timely
delivery means delivering data as they are produced, in the same order that
they are produced, and without significant delay. This kind of delivery is
called real-time transmission.

Data Communication Component s & concepts

The following are the basic components for working of a communication system.
1. Transmitter
2. Receiver
3. Medium
4. Message
5. Protocol
The transmitter sends the message and the receiver receives the message.
The medium is the channel over which the message is sent and the protocol is the
set of rules that guides how the data is transmitted from encoding to decoding.
The message of course is central to all the components.
The message is the data that is being communicated.
Fig: Data Communication Components

Transmitter: The transmitter is the device that sends the message. It can be a computer,
workstation, telephone handset, video camera, and so on.
Receiver: The receiver is the device that receives the message. It can be a computer,
workstation, telephone handset, television, and so on.
Medium: The transmission medium is the physical path by which a message travels
from sender to receiver. It can consist of twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic
cable, laser or radio waves (terrestrial or satellite microwave).
Message: The message is the transmission (data) to be communicated. It can consist of
text, number, pictures, sound, or video or any combination of these.
Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules that governs data communication. It represents an
agreement between the communicating devices. Without a protocol, two devices may be
connected but not communicating, just as a person speaking German cannot be
understood by a person who speaks only Japanese.
 NETWORKING

A Network is a collection of multiple computers or other hardware devices that are

connected together, either physically or logically, using special hardware and software
for the exchange of information and resources.
Connect the computers (2 or more) with the help of media and share the resources
is called has NETWORKING.
Connect computers without share the resources is called NETWORK.

Advantages of Networking:
 Connectivity and Communication
 Data sharing: Data sharing helps is running Applications which requires many
people to access the data at the same time.
 Time saving.
Disadvantages of Networking:
 Setup Cost: The Network setup requires an investment in hardware and software
for Planning. Designing and implementing the network.
 Virus Attacking: The major sharing problem is this regards is with Viruses,
Which are easily spread over networks and the Internet.
 Data Security: In Network data sharing at a time whole network. Access any
client for this data.
Types of Data Communication Networks

A Network is a series of points or nodes interconnected by communication paths.

Networks are typically classified by the amount of geographical coverage and there are
four (4) primary types.
LAN (Local Area Network):
LAN is a group of systems associated in a relatively small area and is connected
by a common medium and using HUB’s & SWITCHES. (OR)
Any single city (or) village implementing network is called LAN
Ex: SITY CABLE NETWORK
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network):
Man is the network which interconnects large computer network in which 2 or
more computers are connected across a computer or city. MAN typically covers an area
of between 5 to 50 KM diameters. OR
2 or more Cities are implementing network is called MAN.
Ex: E-Seva, ATM, Railway reservation etc.
WAN (Wide Area Network):
WAN provide Networks connectivity over large geographical areas like Cities,
States or even countries.
Ex: INTERNET

NETWORK TOPOLOGY’S:
Networking structure is called Topology. A Network Topology refers to the
physical arrangements of the Network. OR The network layout in which all the devices
are interconnected to communicate on the network.
The network Topology is classified into Two (2) main categories
1. PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY: The physical topology of the network refers to the physical
structure of the network connected through the actual cables which transmits the data.
2. LOGICAL TOPOLOGY: Logical topologies are bound to the network protocol which
directs the data transfer across a network.

BUS TOPOLOGY:
 It is single cable network and cost is very cheap
 Multiple computers connected in a single cable
 Data send one NODE to another NODE (NODE=Systems)
 If incase failure of one cable connection the entere network is disable.
 Data transferring speed is 10 MBPS
RING TOPOLOGY:
 Data transferring in Multi ways (2 ways)
 Doesn’t support more computers
 Can’t implement large network
 All systems to be connected a circle in a close loop
 Data transferring speed 10 MBPS
 So each system connecting directly to other system incase breakdown one system
disturb the ring because information is not regeneration.
 If any NODE page is rest of the network took also failure.

STAR TOPOLOGY:
 The network structure should center point by using HUB
 The hub to control all the communication between the systems in a Network
 There is breakdown one system on network can be easily detected and can be
removed without effecting the LAN
 But failure HUB/SWITCH, Disable the whole Network.
 Easy to implement and extend even large Networks.
 Maintains cost maybe higher in the long run.
MESH TOPOLOGY:
 These networks is used to connect the machines without HUB/SWITCH
 Use more NIC cards in this Network.
 Can’t implement large network.
 The network can still operate even if one of the connections is break up, that
machine is facing the problem.
 This network access high speed between each NODE the data exchange of
Information is possible between source and destination port.

TREE TOPOLOGY:
 There is multiple topologies is combine in to large network
 This Network is common large wide network.
 One company can combined the benefit of several deference types of topologies.
 It is Successful structure
 Data transferring speed is 100 mbps
 Communications Media
CABLES (Media)
 Cables are used for data transferring purpose
 It is transfer the data from one machine to another machine
 Transferring is depends on communication port

Communications are TWO (2) types

1. One way communication------(Half Duplex technology)
(Using CO-AXIAL cable & BNC connecter)
2. Two way communication------(Full Duplex technology)
(Using STP, UTP cables & RJ-45 connecter)

DUPLEX models are 3 types

1. SIMPLE DUPLEX: It is using only for the sending (or) receiving, Single work
purpose.
(Siti cable dish send the data and we receive the data) one way communication
Ex: KEYBOARD-------COMPUTER (Data transferring one way direction)
2. HALF DUPLEX: Data sending and receiving it is not possible at a time, only one
is access at a Time.
Ex: Walky-talky------------------------- Walky-talky
3. FULL DUPLEX: Data sending and receiving both are access at a time. It is two(2)
way communication
Ex: System------------------- System------------------ System------------------------
System (LAN)

Communication, Data Speed, Distance these are depends on CABLES

Cables are mainly divided in to four (3) types (1) CO-AXIAL : This cable is used in a
single way communication, Data transferring speed 10 mbps

Ex: (Siti cable services DISH)

2. STP: shielded Twisted pair cable

Shielded twisted pair is a special kind of copper telephone wiring used in some
business installations. An outer covering or shield is added to the ordinary twisted
pair telephone wires; the shield functions as a ground.
Twisted pair is the ordinary copper wire that connects home and many business
computers to the telephone company. To reduce crosstalk or electromagnetic
induction between pairs of wires, two insulated copper wires are twisted around each
other. Each signal on twisted pair requires both wires. Since some telephone sets or
desktop locations require multiple connections, twisted pair is sometimes installed in
two or more pairs, all within a single cable. Shielded twisted pair is often used in
business installations.
 This cable is working with Full duplex technology
 This cable is used in Telephone & Network technologies.

3. UTP: Unshielded Twisted pair cable UTP & STP both are same models.

Twisted pair is now frequently installed with two pairs to the home, with the extra
pair making it possible for you to add another line (perhaps for modem use) when
you need it.

Twisted pair comes with each pair uniquely color-coded when it is packaged in
multiple pairs. Different uses such as analog, digital, and Ethernet require different
pair multiples.

Although twisted pair is often associated with home use, a higher grade of twisted
pair is often used for horizontal wiring in LAN installations because it is less
expensive than coaxial cable.
 CONCEPTS OF COMPUTER NETWORK DEVICES

It is used to help the Network implementing purpose.

HUB:
 It is working with IP Address
 It is used Traffic controlling purpose.
 HUB s are available are 4,8,12,16,20,24,28 poart HUB
HUB s are divided in to two (2) types
1. PASSIVE HUB:Passive hubs act as a connection point and do not amplify or
regenerating the signals, the signal passes through the hub. Passive hubs do not require
electrical power to run.
2. ACTIVE HUB: Active hubs usually have eight to twelve poart to connect to the
network computers. They provide the functionality of a repeater, regenerating and
transmitting signals to all of their devices. It require electrical power to run and are
usually expensive than passive hubs.
3. INTELLIGENT HUBS: It is also called as smart hubs which are of particular
importance to large organizations .It provide the feature which helps to determine the
exact cause and location of the problem and identify the solution for the problem. It
helps in controlling and minimizing data traffic in the networks, which results in
improved performance of the network

SWITCH:
A switch is a device that looks much like a hub and is considerable more
expensive than hub. Switches provide more advantage than hubs which has a common
connectivity and also helps in exchanging the network resources easily.
TYPES OF SWITCHES
 ATM SWITCHES : (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
It is high performance cell oriented technology that utilizes fixed length
information unit known as cell for high speed transmission, and support voice
video, and data applications
 LAN SWITCHES: It provide a separate connection for each node in a company,
internal network are known as LAN Switches. These are designed to switch data
frames at high speed .It s interconnect 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps Ethernet segments.
 WAN SWITCHES::It is a multiport internetworking device used in carrier
networks. Typically these devices switch traffic such has frame relay.
ROUTERS:
A Router is a device that connects two network interfaces together; forming an
internetwork which operates at the network layer. Routers send the data packets through the network to
their final destination. It will pass the information only if the network address is known.

MODEMS:
Modem is a device that converts the signals generated by a computer in to analog signals
that travels over conventional telephone lines.
Analog signals -----------------------------------Digital signals (MOdulation)
Digital signals ----------------------------------Analog signals (DEModulation)
 INTERNET
“A global computer network providing a variety of information and
communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized
communication protocols”

The internet is the biggest world-wide communication network of computers. It

has millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks, which
together carry many different kinds of information. The term is sometimes abbreviated
as "the net". The World Wide Web is one of its biggest services. It is used by a few
billion people all over the world.

The internet was developed in the United States by the "United States Department
of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency" (DARPA). It was first connected in
October, 1969, and was called ARPANET. The World Wide Web was created
at CERN in Switzerland in 1990 by a British (UK) man named Tim Berners-Lee.

The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use
the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide. It is a network of
networks that consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks
of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical
networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and
services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World
Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and file sharing.

INTRANET
An intranet is a private network accessible only to an organization's staff.
Generally a wide range of information and services from the organization's internal IT
systems are available that would not be available to the public from the Internet. A
company-wide intranet can constitute an important focal point of internal communication
and collaboration, and provide a single starting point to access internal and external
resources. In its simplest form, an intranet is established with the technologies for local
area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). Intranets began to appear in a
range of larger organizations from 1994.
EXTRANET
An extranet is a controlled private network that allows access to partners, vendors
and suppliers or an authorized set of customers – normally to a subset of the information
accessible from an organization's intranet. An extranet provides access to needed
services for authorized parties, without granting access to an organization's entire
network. An extranet is a private network organization.

An extranet is a private network that uses Internet technology and the public
telecommunication system to securely share part of a business's information or
operations with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or other businesses. An extranet
can be viewed as part of a company's intranet that is extended to users outside the
company. It has also been described as a "state of mind" in which the Internet is
perceived as a way to do business with other companies as well as to sell products to
customers.

Services provided by Internet

Internet Services allows us to access huge amount of information
such as text, graphics, sound and software over the internet. Following
diagram shows the four different categories of Internet Services.

Communication Services
There are various Communication Services available that offer
exchange of information with individuals or groups. The following table
gives a brief introduction to these services:
S.N. Service Description
1 Electronic Mail
Used to send electronic message over the internet.

2 Telnet
Used to log on to a remote computer that is attached to internet.
3 Newsgroup
Offers a forum for people to discuss topics of common interests.

4 Internet Relay Chat IRC

Allows the people from all over the world to communicate in real time.
5 Mailing Lists
Used to organize group of internet users to share common information through e-mail.

6 Internet Telephony VoIP

Allows the internet users to talk across internet to any PC equipped to receive the call.
7 Instant Messaging
Offers real time chat between individuals and group of people. Eg. Yahoo
messenger, MSN messenger.

Information Retrieval Services

There exist several Information retrieval services offering easy access to information
present on the internet. The following table gives a brief introduction to these services:
S.N. Service Description
1 File Transfer Protocol FTP
Enable the users to transfer files.

Archie
2 It’s updated database of public FTP sites and their content. It helps to search a file by its
name.
3 Gopher
Used to search, retrieve, and display documents on remote sites.

4 Very Easy Rodent Oriented Netwide Index to Computer Achieved VERONICA

VERONICA is gopher based resource. It allows access to the information resource
stored on gopher’s servers.

Web Services
Web services allow exchange of information between applications on the web. Using web
services, applications can easily interact with each other.

The web services are offered using concept of Utility Computing.

World Wide Web WWW

WWW is also known as W3. It offers a way to access documents spread over the several
servers over the internet. These documents may contain texts, graphics, audio, video,
hyperlinks. The hyperlinks allow the users to navigate between the documents.
Video Conferencing
Video conferencing or Video teleconferencing is a method of communicating by two-
way video and audio transmission with help of telecommunication technologies.

Modes of Video Conferencing

Point-to-Point

This mode of conferencing connects two locations only.

Multi-point

This mode of conferencing connects more than two locations through Multi-point
Control Unit
MCU.
 COMMON SERVICES PROVIDED BY INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS
ISP Services Explanation

Internet Access An ISP offers you a way to connect your home or classroom
computer to the Internet through its Internet server.
Communications ISPs provide a customized communications program that works
Program with your modem and connects to the ISP’s network. This program
provides a list of local phone numbers that you can call to connect to
the ISP.
Browser ISP software packages may include a browser (usually Netscape or
Internet Explorer) to use on the Internet. Some ISPs (such as America
Online) offer customized browsers adapted for their service.
Email Most ISPs provide email services to users. However, the size of a
user’s mailbox may differ from ISP to ISP. Small electronic
mailboxes may fill quickly, especially when receiving attachments,
and cause your email to bounce.
Technical Support All ISPs provide technical support when you have problems on their
network; however, long telephone wait times may be experienced.
User satisfaction surveys may give you an idea of the level of
support from an ISP.
Chat Rooms Some ISPs provide chat programs as a part of their service package.
Chats may be public or private and may include only those within
the ISP network, so investigating chat options by an ISP is
important if this is a critical tool.
Instant Messages Instant messaging services allow you to create a one-to-one chat
with Internet users outside the ISP network. Non-network users
may need to download and install the free ISP chat software to
communicate with you.
Conferences Some ISPs provide conferencing software that allows you to create
and moderate an ongoing discussion group via the ISP services.
Newsreaders Most ISPs provide a newsreader; software that lets you read and sends
data to Usenet discussion groups.
Personal Web Some ISPs offer web space, web tutorials, and web authoring tools
Space as a part of their service. Like electronic mailboxes, web space size
varies with ISP; so if you plan to create a robust web site, you might
want to determine if the ISP offers sufficient space.
Other Services ISPs offer a variety of unique services from online malls to custom
search engines to personalized, responsive home pages. It is a good
idea to investigate these services to determine if they will be useful
for you.
World Wide Web (WWW)
The World Wide Web (WWW) is combination of all resources and users on the
Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

A broader definition comes from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C):

"The World Wide Web is the universe of network-accessible information, an

embodiment of human knowledge."

The Web, as it's commonly known, is often confused with the internet. Although the
two are intricately connected, they are different things. The internet is, as its name implies, a
network -- a vast, global network that incorporates a multitude of lesser networks. As such,
the internet consists of supporting infrastructure and other technologies. In contrast, the
Web is a communications model that, through HTTP, enables the exchange of information
over the internet.

Tim Berners-Lee is the inventor of the Web and the director of the W3C, the organization
that oversees its development. Berners-Lee developed hypertext, the method of instant
cross-referencing that supports communications on the Web, making it easy to link content
on one web page to content located elsewhere. The introduction of hypertext revolutionized
the way people used the internet.

In 1989, Berners-Lee began work on the first World Wide Web server at CERN. He called
the server "http” and dubbed the first client "WWW.” Originally, WWW was just
a WYSIWYG hypertext browser/editor that ran in the NeXTStep environment.

The World Wide Web has been widely available since 1991.

• World Wide Web succeeded because it was simple!

– Didn’t attempt to maintain links, just a common way to name things
– Uniform Resource Locators (URL)

Example: http://www.cs.virginia.edu/cs200/index.html

Service Hostname File path

Advantages

An advantage of World Wide Web is through communication.

With the introduction of the Internet, we now have the ability to send and receive
messages through electronic mail- virtually instantaneously and without the need of a
postage stamp.

Then the convenience of online shopping. Rather than having to drive to a mall and
wait in long lines to make a purchase, you can now do all of your shopping with a few
clicks of the mouse.

Even online banking is practically the norm nowadays. And most importantly, it
connects billions of computers and devices to each other. Not only does the Internet
create convenience in sharing and receiving information between users, another
advantage of the modern Internet is its ability for automation.

Disadvantages

Unfortunately, the ability to send and receive emails also created a means for
cybercriminals to distribute spam and malware.

While the Internet brought upon convenience for individuals to make online purchases,
this also created yet another way for cybercriminals to steal personal information and
to distribute malware and this also gave cybercriminals a means to potentially steal
your hard-earned cash.