Reduction Formulae
Reduction Formulae
Discipline Courses-I
Semester-I
Paper: Calculus-I
Lesson: Reduction Formulae
Lesson Developer: Sada Nand Prasad
College/Department: Department of Mathematics, Acharya Narendra Dev
College (D.U.)
Table of Contents:
1. Learning Outcomes
After reading this chapter, you should be able to understand how to derive
reduction formulae for the following functions
sin x dx ,
n
cos x dx ,
n
tan x dx ,
n
sec x dx ,
n
sin x cos x dx ,
n m
log x dx ,
n
2
sin
n
x cos m x dx etc.
0
2: Introduction:
3: Reduction Formulae:
n n
Thus if we apply this formula repeatedly, the exponent can be reduced to 0
or 1, accordingly n is even or odd.
We can also use this technique to evaluate the integrals of the type
sin x cos x dx
m n
on n, which is exponent of x.
Let
I n sin n x dx sin n 1 x sin x dx (n > 1)
n n -1
(we can rewrite sin x as sin x sin x)
d sin n 1 x
x sin x dx
sin x dx dx
n 1
I n sin
dx
sin n 1 x cos x n 1 sin n 2 x cos x cos x dx
sin n 1 x cos x n 1 sin n 2 x 1 sin 2 x dx
sin n 1 x cos x n 1 sin n 2 x dx n 1 sin n x dx
sin n 1 x cos x n 1 I n 2 n 1 I n
Let
I n cosec n x dx cosec n 2 x cosec2 x dx
By using method of integration by parts, we get
x cosec x dx
d cosecn 2 x
dx
n2
I n cosec 2
cosec 2
x dx
dx
cosec n 2 x cot x n 2 cosec n 3 x cosec x cot x cot x dx
I n n 2 I n cosec n 2 x cot x n 2 I n 2
cosec n 2 x cot x n 2
In In2 ... (2)
n 1 n 1
Let
I n cos n x dx cos n 1 x cos x dx
using method of integration by parts, we get
x cos x dx
d cos n 1 x
dx
n 1
I n cos cos x dx
dx
cos n 1 x sin x n 1 cos n 2 x sin x sin x dx
cos n 1 x sin x n 1 cos n 2 x 1 cos 2 x dx
cos n 1 x sin x n 1 cos n 2 x dx n 1 cos n x dx
cos n 1 x sin x n 1 I n 2 n 1 I n
cos 3 x sin x 3
cos x dx 4 4 cos x dx
4 2
Let
I n sec n x dx sec n 2 x sec 2 x dx
d sec n 2 x
x sec x dx
sec x dx dx
n2
I n sec 2 2
dx
sec n 2 x tan x n 2 sec n 3 x sec x tan x tan x dx
sec n 2 x tan x n 2 sec n 2 x sec 2 x 1 dx
sec n 2 x tan x n 2 sec n x dx n 2 sec n 2 x dx
sec n 2 x tan x n 2 I n n 2 I n 2
I n n 2 I n sec n 2 x tan x n 2 I n 2
sec n 2 x tan x n 2
In In2 ... (4)
n 1 n 1
Let
tan n 2 x sec2 x 1 dx tan n 2 x sec2 x dx tan n 2 x dx ...(5)
tan n 1 x
Similarly, tan n 2 x sec2 x dx k
n 1
tan n 1 x
I n tan n x dx In2 ...(6) ,
n 1
Let
7 7 5
7 5 3
tan x tan x tan x
tan 2 x dx
7 5 3
tan x tan x tan 3 x
7 5
7
5
3
sec 2 x 1 dx
tan x tan x tan 3 x
7 5
tan x x
7 5 3
4 4 2
cot 4 x cot 2 x
log sin x
4 2
Let
I n log x dx
n
d log x n
I n log x dx log x dx dx
n n
dx dx
1
x log x n log x x dx x log x n I n 1
n n 1 n
x
I n log x dx x log x n I n 1 ,
n n
...(9)
Which is the required reduction formula for log x dx .
n
x m 1 n n 1 1
x log x dx log x x m 1 log x
m n n
dx
m 1 m 1 x
x m 1 n
x m log x dx log x x m log x
n 1
n n
dx
m 1 m 1
is the required reduction formula for x log x dx .
m n
Let
I n, m sin n x cos m x dx
If m = 1, then
sin n 1 x
k , where n 1
I n ,1 sin n x cos x dx n 1
1n sin x k , where n 1
So, we take m > 1, and we get,
I n, m sin n x cos m x dx cos m 1 x sin n x cos x dx
By using method of integration by parts, we get,
cos m 1 x sin n 1 x m 1
I n , m 2 I n , m ,
n 1 n 1
m 1 nm cos m 1 x sin n 1 x m 1
I n, m I n, m I n, m I n, m 2
n 1 n 1 n 1 nm
cos m 1 x sin n 1 x m 1
or , I n , m I n, m 2 ...(10)
nm nm
Example 7: Evaluate
sin
4
x cos 2 x dx
cos3 x sin 3 x 3
sin x cos x dx sin 2 x cos 2 x dx
4 2
6 6
cos3 x sin 3 x 1 cos3 x sin x 1
cos 2 x dx
6 2 4 4
cos3 x sin 3 x cos3 x sin x 1 1
1 cos 2 x dx
6 8 8 2
cos3 x sin 3 x cos3 x sin x 1 1
x sin 2 x
6 8 16 32
1 1 6 6
x cos x cos 2 x sin 3 x cos 2 x sin x sin x
16 6 8 16
1
16
1
6
6
x cos x 1 sin 2 x sin 3 x 1 sin 2 x sin x sin x
6 8 16
1 1 3 3 3
x cos x sin 5 x sin 3 x 1 sin x
16 6 4 4 8
1 1 1 3
x cos x sin 5 x sin 3 x sin x
16 6 4 8
sin n x m m 1 cos n x m 1 m 2
xm
n
x
n n
n x cos n x dx
sin n x m x m 1 cos n x m m 1 m 2
x x cos n x dx
m
n n2 n2
n x m sin n x m x m 1 cos n x m m 1 m 2
x cos n x dx
m
x cos n x dx
n2 n2
is the required reduction formula for x m cos n x dx .
we have
/2
2
sin n 1 x cos x n 1 2 n 2 n 1 2 n 2
0
n 0
n 0
sin x dx, n 2.
n
sin x dx sin x dx
n 0
n 1 n 3 n 5 3 1 2
dx, when n is even and n 2.
2
n n 2 n 4 4 2 0
0 sin x dx
n
n 1 n 3 n 5 4 2 2
sin x dx, when n is odd and n 3.
n n2 n4 5 3 0
n 1 n 3 n 5 3 1
n n 2 n 4 4 2 2 , when n is even and n 2.
2
or , sin x dx
n
0 2
2 2
0 n x sin x
n 1 x sin x dx n n n 1 x n 2 sin x dx
n 1 2 n 2
0 2
0
0
n 1
I n n n n 1 I n 2
2
n 1
I n n n 1 I n 2 n
2
2
5.2: Reduction formula for cos
n
x dx,
0
n 1 n 3 n 5 3 1
n n 2 n 4 4 2 2 , when n is even and n 2.
2
cos n x dx
0 n 1 n 3 n 5 4 2 , when n is odd and n 3.
n n2 n4 5 3
2 2 2 2
Example 10: Evaluate (i) sin x dx, (ii) sin x dx, (iii) cos x dx, (iv) cos 6 x dx
9 10 5
0 0 0 0
0
9 7 5 3 315
(ii) we have
2
9 7 5 3 1 63
sin x dx
10
0
10 8 6 4 2 2 512
(iii) we have
2
4 2 8
cos x dx
5
0
5 3 15
(iv) we have
2
5 3 1 5
cos x dx
6
0
6 4 2 2 32
2
5.3: Reduction formula for sin
n
x cos m x dx, where n and m are positive integers
0
cos m 1 x sin n 1 x n 1
sin x cos x dx
nm
sin n 2 x cos m x dx
n m
nm
Taking the limits 0 to on both sides, we get,
2
/2 /2 /2
cos m 1 x sin n 1 x n 1
sin
n2
In, m sin x cos x dx
n m
x cos m x dx ...(12)
0
nm 0
nm 0
n 1
In, m I n 2, m ...(13)
nm
interchanging n to n-2, n-4, n-6 and so on, we obtain
n 3 n 5 n7
I n 2, m I n 2, m , I n 4, m I n 6, m , I n 6, m I n 8, m ...
mn2 mn4 nm6
2 1
I3, m I1, m , when n is odd , I 2, m I0, m , when n is even,
3 m 2m
/2 /2 /2
1
0
Also, I1, m sin x cos m x dx
, and I0, m sin 0 x cos m x dx cos
m
x dx
m 1 0 0
Substituting for I 0, m , I 2, m , and I1, m , I 3, m , we get ,
/2
n 1 n3 n5 1
I n, m cos
m
x dx, when n is even
nm nm 2 nm4 2m 0
n 1 n3 n5 2 1
and I n , m , when n is odd
n m n m 2 n m 4 3 m m 1
n 1 n3 n5 1 m 1 m 3 1
I n, m , when n is even, m is even
nm nm 2 nm4 2m m m2 2 2
n 1 n3 n5 1 m 1 m 3 2
and I n , m , when n is even, m is odd
nm nm 2 nm4 2m m m2 3
2 2
Example 11: Write down the value of (i) sin x cos x dx, (ii) sin 6 x cos 8 x dx 4 5
0 0
2
3 1 4 2 8
Solution: (i) sin x cos 5 x dx
4
,
0
9 7 5 3 315
2
5 3 1 7 5 3 1 5
(ii) sin x cos 8 x dx
6
,
0
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 2 4096
Summary:
csc n 2 x cot x n 2
csc x dx csc n 2 x dx
n
n 1 n 1
sec n 2 x tan x n 2
sec n x dx sec n 2 x dx ,
n 1 n 1
cot n 1 x
cot x dx cot n 2 x dx
n
n 1
cos m 1 x sin n 1 x m 1
sin x cos x dx sin n x cos m 2 x dx , m 1
n m
nm nm
cos m 1 x sin n 1 x n 1
nm
nm sin n 2 x cos m x dx , n 1
Exercises:
(1) Evaluate :
128 8 6 24 16
(3) Show that
1 1
tan x sec 4 x dx tan 5 x tan 3 x
2
5 3
(4) Evaluate :
/2 /2
sin 15 x dx cos
10
(a) (b) x dx
0 0
/2 /2
(5) Evaluate
/4
tan cos
5 2
(a) x dx (b) 5 x dx
0
/2 /4
csc 4 x dx sec
6
(c) (d) x dx
/4 0
n n2 n2
(8) Obtain a reduction formula for cos
m
x sin n x dx
(9) Obtain a reduction formula for cos
m
x sin n x dx
2
n 1 1
(10) If I n x sin x dx and n 1, then provethat I n In2 2
n
0
n n