Welcome to

Prerequisites
Class – XI (2nd out of 4 sessions)
 Square root of a Surd

𝑎+𝑐 𝑎−𝑐
If 𝑎 + 𝑏 = + then 𝑐 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏
2 2

Find the square root of 11+4 7

 Square root of a Surd

𝑎+𝑐 𝑎−𝑐
If 𝑎 − 𝑏 = − then 𝑐 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏
2 2

Find the square root of 11 − 4 7

 Lecture Outline

1. Definition of logarithm

2. Formulas in logarithms.

3. Graphs of logarithmic functions

4. Miscellaneous problems on logarithms

Recall Exponents
Real Life Application of Logarithms

Earthquake Intensity
Measurement

Acidic Measurement of
Solutions (pH values)

Sound Intensity
Measurement

Express larger values

 Exponential Function
The general form of an exponential function is 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 ,
where 𝒂 > 𝟎, 𝒂 ≠ 𝟏, 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒚 > 𝟎.

y= 𝒂𝒙 y= 𝒂𝒙

(0,1)

When 0 < a< 1 When a> 1

 Introduction To Logarithm

Exponential form Logarithm form

𝑎𝑥 = 𝑏 log 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝑥
Log216=? 2?=16 ?=4
Log1/232=? 1/2?=32 ?=-5
Log101=? 10?=1 ?=0
 Fundamental Properties of Log
1. log 𝑎 1 = 0 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
2. log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
3. log1/𝑎 𝑎 = −1 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1

Remember : log10 2 = 0.3010

log10 3 = 0.4771
ln 2 = 0.693
ln 3 = 2.303
 Definition of Logarithm
1. Definition: Let 𝑁, 𝑎 ≠ 1 be any two positive real numbers and 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑁. The number 𝑥
is called logarithm of 𝑁 to the base 𝑎. It can be represented as log 𝑎 𝑁 = 𝑥

2. 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑁 ⇔ log 𝑎 𝑁 = 𝑥, here 𝑎 ≠ 1 and 𝑁 is a positive real number.

 Definition of Logarithm
i. We know that 34 = 81, so that log 3 81 = 4.

ii. logarithm is defined only for positive values.

iii. log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1, where 𝑎 ≠ 1 is a positive real number

iv. log 𝑎 1 = 0, where 𝑎 ≠ 1 is a positive real number

 2. Logarithms
3. What is the logarithmic form of 25 = 32.

1
4. If log 𝑥 4 = − then find the value of 𝑥.
3

5. If log11 (2𝑥 + 1) = 1 then find the value of 𝑎

 2. Logarithms
6. Let 𝑥, 𝑦 are any two positive real numbers then

i. log 𝑎 (𝑥𝑦) = log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦

𝑥
ii. log 𝑎 = log 𝑎 𝑥 − log 𝑎 𝑦
𝑦
 2. Logarithms
6. Let 𝑥, 𝑦 are any two positive real numbers then

• log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛 log 𝑎 𝑥

𝑛 𝑛
• log 𝑎𝑚 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥
𝑚

log 𝑥
• log 𝑦 𝑥 = , here 𝑦 ≠ 1
log 𝑦
 2. Logarithms
108
7. Show that log = 2log 2 + 3log 3 − log 5 − 2log 11
605
 2. Logarithms
7. Change base:
i. log 𝑏 𝑎 ⋅ log 𝑎 𝑏 = 1

1
ii. log 𝑏 𝑎 =
log𝑎 𝑏

𝑚
iii. 𝑎log 𝑎 = 𝑚

iv. 𝑎log𝑐 𝑏 = 𝑏 log𝑐 𝑎

log𝑏 𝑥
v. log 𝑎 𝑥 =
log𝑏 𝑎

vi. 𝑎 log𝑎 𝑏 =𝑏 log𝑏 𝑎

 2. Logarithms
9. If log10 5 = 𝑎 and log10 3 = 𝑏 then find the expression log 40 15 in terms of 𝑎, 𝑏
 2. Logarithms
1
What is the simplest form of log 2 15log 1 2log 3
6 6
 2. Logarithms
If 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 are in geometric progression then log 𝑎 𝑥, log 𝑎 𝑦, log 𝑎 𝑧 are in arithmetic
progression.
 2. Logarithms
13. log 𝑎 𝑥 is increasing function if 𝑎 > 1, it means 𝑥 < 𝑦 ⇒ log 𝑎 𝑥 < log 𝑎 𝑦

i. For 0 < 𝑥 < 1, log 𝑎 𝑥 < 0

ii. For 𝑥 = 1, log 𝑎 𝑥 = 0

iii. For 𝑥 > 1, log 𝑎 𝑥 > 0

iv. For 𝑥 < 𝑎, log 𝑎 𝑥 < 1

v. For 𝑥 = 𝑎, log 𝑎 𝑥 = 1

vi. For 𝑥 > 𝑎, log 𝑎 𝑥 > 1

 2. Logarithms
12. log 𝑎 𝑥 is decreasing function if 0 < 𝑎 < 1, it means 𝑥 < 𝑦 ⇒ log 𝑎 𝑥 > log 𝑎 𝑦

i. For 0 < 𝑥 < 1, log 𝑎 𝑥 > 0

ii. For 𝑥 = 1, log 𝑎 𝑥 = 0

iii. For 𝑥 > 1, log 𝑎 𝑥 < 0

iv. For 𝑥 < 𝑎, log 𝑎 𝑥 > 1

v. For 𝑥 = 𝑎, log 𝑎 𝑥 = 1

vi. For 𝑥 > 𝑎, log 𝑎 𝑥 < 1

 2. Logarithms
14. log 𝑏 𝑎 is positive if either 0 < 𝑎, 𝑏 < 1 or 𝑎, 𝑏 > 1

15. Types of logarithms

i. Natural logarithm: The logarithms which are calculated to the base 𝑒 are called
natural logarithms. log 𝑒 𝑥 can be represented by ln 𝑥. In calculus, we will use
only natural logarithms.

ii. Common logarithm: The logarithms which are calculated to the base 10 are
called common logarithms. log10 𝑥 can be represented by log 𝑥.
 2. Logarithms
16. Logarithm value of a number
i. Let the number 𝑁 is more than 1 and it has 𝑛 digits before the decimal point.
The logarithm of number 𝑁 is log 𝑁. It contains two parts, first one is
characteristic (integral part) and the other part is mantissa ( decimal part).
a. Characteristic is (𝑛 − 1)
b. Mantissa can be found from the logarithmic table for the first four digits
of the given number. It is always non negative and less than 1.
ii. Let the number 𝑁 is less than 1 and it has 𝑛 zeros after the decimal point.

a. Characteristic is (𝑛 + 1)

b. Characteristic of number can be found for the first four significant digits
after the decimal point from the logarithmic table.
 2. Logarithms
17. Anti logarithm of a number

i. If the number is more than zero, and the number before the decimal digit is 𝑛,
then the required antilogarithm of the given number has 𝑛 + 1 digits.

ii. If the number is less than zero, and the number before the decimal digit is 𝑛,
then the required antilogarithm of the given number has 𝑛 − 1 zeros after the
decimal point.

iii. Find the digits of the required number using the antilogarithmic table of first four
significant digits of the given number.
 2. Logarithms
18. Find the Characteristic values of the following!

i. 32.56

ii. 498.5

iii. 5000

iv. 0.0006
 2. Logarithms
1 1
• If (3.7)𝑥 = (0.037)𝑦 = 1000 then find the value of −
𝑥 𝑦

• If log 2 = 𝑎, log 3 = 𝑏, log 7 = 𝑐 and 6𝑥 = 7𝑥+4 then find the expression for 𝑥 in
terms of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐
 2. Logarithms
• Prove that log 5 1000 is greater than log 7 2058

4(3−𝑎)
• If log12 27 = 𝑎 then show that log 6 16 = .
3+𝑎
 2. Logarithms
• What is the number of solutions for the inequality log csc 𝑥 sin 𝑥 > 0

• The number of solutions for the equation log cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + log cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 2 in (0,2𝜋)
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