K. K.

Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik

Department of Computer Technology

Chapter 1: Android and its tools

Marks: 04
Contents:
1.1 Introduction to Android ,Open Handset Alliance, Android
Ecosystem
1.2 Need of Android, Features of Android
1.3 Tools and Software required for developing an Android Application
1.4 Android Architecture

Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617) 1

 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

Introduction to Android
What is Android?
• Android is an open source and Linux-based operating system for mobile
devices such as smartphones and tablet computers.
• Android was developed in 2003 by American technology Company Android
Inc.
• The Developers are Andy Rubin, Chris White, Nick Sears
• Initially it was developed as OS for Digital Camera
• In 2004 the project changed to become an operating system for
smartphones.
• Android was purchased by Google in $50 Million dollars in 2004.

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 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

What is OHA?
The Open Handset Alliance (OHA) is a consortium of 84 firms to
develop open standards for mobile devices. Member firms
include HTC, Sony, Dell, Intel, Motorola, Qualcomm, Texas
Instruments, Google, Samsung Electronics, LG Electronics, T-Mobile, Sprint
Corporation and Wind River Systems.

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 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

History
• Initially Android was developed for Digital Camera but now days 2 Billion phones
are using Android and 3 Billion devices are Android Active.
• The first beta version of the Android Software Development Kit (SDK) was
released by Google in 2007
• The first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released in September 2008.
• On June 27, 2012, at the Google I/O conference, Google announced the next
Android version, 4.1 Jelly Bean.
• Jelly Bean is an incremental update, with the primary aim of improving the user
interface, both in terms of functionality and performance.

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 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

Android Versions

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 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

Android Versions List • Android version 1.5: Cupcake

• Android version 1.6: Donut
• Android versions 2.0 to 2.1: Eclair
• Android version 2.2: Froyo
• Android version 2.3: Gingerbread
• Android 3.0 to 3.2: Honeycomb
• Android version 4.0: Ice Cream Sandwich
• Android versions 4.1 to 4.3: Jelly Bean
• Android version 4.4: KitKat
• Android versions 5.0 and 5.1: Lollipop
• Android version 6.0: Marshmallow
• Android versions 7.0 and 7.1: Nougat
• Android version 8.0 and 8.1: Oreo
• Android version 9: Pie
• Android version 10
• Android version 11
• Android version 12
• Android version 13

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 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

Android Eco System

-Ecosystem in Market terminology refers to the inter-dependence between demand and
supply.
-In the Android ecosystem this translates to inter-dependence between users,
developers, and equipment makers. One cannot exist without the other:

Users- buy devices and applications

Equipment makers -sell devices bundled with applications

Developers:-make and sell applications

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 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

Why Android ?
There are so many reasons you should choose Android platform for mobile application development.
• Zero/negligible development cost
The development tools like Android SDK, JDK, and Eclipse IDE, Android Studio etc. are free to download for the android mobile
application development. Also Google charge a small fee $25, to distribute your mobile app on the Android Market.
• Open Source
The Android OS is an open-source platform based on the Linux kernel and multiple open-source libraries. In this way developers
are free to contribute or extend the platform as necessary for building mobile apps which run on Android devices.
• Multi-Platform Support
In market, there are a wide range of hardware devices powered by the Android OS, including many different phones and tablet.
Even development of android mobile apps can occur on Windows, Mac OS or Linux.
• Multi-Carrier Support
World wide a large number of telecom carriers like Airtel, Vodafone, Idea Cellular, AT&T Mobility, BSNL etc. are supporting
Android-powered phones.
• Open Distribution Model
Android Market place (Google Play store) has very few restrictions on the content or functionality of an android app. So the
developer can distribute theirs app through the Google Play store and as well other distribution channels like Amazon’s app store.

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 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

Features of Android

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 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

Near Field Communication(NFC)- Most Android

01 devices support NFC, which allows electronic devices to

interact across short distances easily.
Automation-

02 The Tasker app allows control of app

permissions and also automates them.

Infrared Transmission-The Android operating system

03 supports a built-in infrared transmitter that allows
you to use your phone or tablet as a remote control.
Wireless App Downloads-

04 You can download apps on your PC by using the Android Market

or third-party options like AppBrain.

Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617)

 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

Storage and Battery- Android phones also have unique hardware

capabilities. Google's OS makes it possible to upgrade, replace, and

05 remove your battery that no longer holds a charge. In addition, Android

phones come with SD card slots for expandable storage.
Custom Home Screen- it's possible to hack certain phones to customize

06 the home screen, Android comes with this capability from the get-go.
Download a third-party launcher like Apex, Nova, and you can add
gestures, new shortcuts, or even performance enhancements.
Widgets- Android widgets let you display just about any feature you

07 choose on the home screen, including weather apps, music widgets, or

productivity tools that helpfully remind you of upcoming meetings or
approaching deadlines..
Custom ROMs- Because the Android operating system is open-source,
developers can twist the current OS and build their versions, which
08 users can download and install in place of the stock OS. Some are
filled with features, while others change the look and feel of a device

Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617)

 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

The challenges of Android app development

While the Android platform provides rich functionality for app
development, there are still a number of challenges you need to
address, such as:
• Building for the multiscreen world of devices
• Getting performance top of the priority
• Keeping our codebase and the user's data the most secure
• Make sure your app will be compatible with older platform versions and
backward compatible at the same time
• Understanding the consumer market and the intent of the users

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 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

Android Architecture

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 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

1. Applications
• An application is the top layer of the android architecture.
• The pre-installed applications like camera, gallery, home, contacts,
etc., and third-party applications downloaded from the play store
like games, chat applications, etc., will be installed on this layer.
• It runs within the Android run time with the help of the classes and
services provided by the application framework.

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 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

2. Application framework
• Application Framework provides several important classes used to create an
Android application.
• It includes different types of services, such as activity manager, notification
manager, view system, package manager etc., which are helpful for the
development of our application according to the prerequisite.
• The Application Framework layer provides many higher-level services to
applications in the form of Java classes. Application developers are allowed
to make use of these services in their applications.

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 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

2. Application framework cntd……

Application Framework includes the following key services

• Activity Manager: Controls all aspects of the application lifecycle and activity stack.
• Content Providers: Allows applications to publish and share data with other
applications.
• Resource Manager: Provides access to non-code embedded resources such as strings,
colour settings and user interface layouts.
• Notifications Manager: Allows applications to display alerts and notifications to the
user.
• View System: An extensible set of views used to create application user interfaces.

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 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

3. Application Runtime
• Android Runtime environment contains components like core libraries and the
Dalvik virtual machine (DVM). It provides the base for the application framework
and powers our application with the help of the core libraries.
• Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) is a register-based virtual machine designed and
optimized for Android to ensure that a device can run multiple instances efficiently.
• It depends on the layer Linux kernel for threading and low-level memory
management. The core libraries enable us to implement android applications using
the standard JAVA or Kotlin programming languages.

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 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

4. Platform Libraries
• The Platform Libraries include various C/C++ core libraries and Java-
based libraries such as Media, Graphics, Surface Manager, OpenGL, etc.,
to support Android development.
• app: Provides access to the application model and is the cornerstone of all Android
applications.
• content: Facilitates content access, publishing and messaging between
applications and application components.
• database: Used to access data published by content providers and includes
SQLite database, management classes.
• OpenGL: A Java interface to the OpenGL ES 3D graphics rendering API.
• os: Provides applications with access to standard operating system services,
including messages, system services and inter-process communication.

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 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

4. Platform Libraries cntd..

• text: Used to render and manipulate text on a device display.
• view: The fundamental building blocks of application user interfaces.
• widget: A rich collection of pre-built user interface components such as buttons,
labels, list views, layout managers, radio buttons etc.
• WebKit: A set of classes intended to allow web-browsing capabilities to be built into
applications.
• media: Media library provides support to play and record an audio and video format.
• surface manager: It is responsible for managing access to the display subsystem.
• SQLite: It provides database support, and FreeType provides font support.
• SSL: Secure Sockets Layer is a security technology to establish an encrypted link
between a web server and a web browser.

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 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

5. Linux Kernel.
• Linux Kernel is the heart of the android architecture. It manages all the available
drivers such as display, camera, Bluetooth, audio, memory, etc., required during the
runtime.
• The Linux Kernel will provide an abstraction layer between the device hardware and
the other android architecture components. It is responsible for the management of
memory, power, devices etc. The features of the Linux kernel are:
• Security: The Linux kernel handles the security between the application and the system.
• Memory Management: It efficiently handles memory management, thereby providing the
freedom to develop our apps.
• Process Management: It manages the process well, allocates resources to processes
whenever they need them.
• Network Stack: It effectively handles network communication.
• Driver Model: It ensures that the application works properly on the device and hardware
manufacturers responsible for building their drivers into the Linux build.

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 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

6. Android Applications

• Android applications are usually developed

in the Java language using the Android
Software Development Kit. Once developed,
Android applications can be packaged easily
and sold out either through a store such
as Google Play, SlideME, Opera Mobile
Store, Mobango, F-droid or the Amazon
Appstore.

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 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

Tools and Software's required to developing android Application

1. Android Studio is a Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
for Android app development. Android Studio provides the fastest tools for
building apps on every Android device.

2. Java Development Kit (JDK) is a cross-platformed software development

environment that offers a collection of tools and libraries necessary for developing
Java-based software applications.

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 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

Latest Trends in Android by 2023

1. Instant Apps
2. Multiplatform Development(Flutter Technology)
3. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
4. Chatbots
5. Android Jetpack
6. On-demand Apps
7. Internet of Things(IOT)

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 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology
Android Windows
Difference between 1. It was developed and is owned 1. It was developed and is owned
Android and by Google LLC. by Microsoft Incorporation.
Windows 2. It was launched in 2008. 2. It was launched in 1985.
3. It is designed for PC of all companies 3. It is specifically designed for mobile
devices.
4. Current stable version is Android 13. 4. Current stable version is Windows 11.
5. Kernel type is Linux-based. 5. Kernel type is Hybrid with modules
here.
6. It is free of cost as it is inbuilt is 6. It charges for the original version.
smartphones.
7. It is the most used operating system 7. It is the most used operating system in
overall. personal computers.
8. Its target system type is smartphones 8. It is for workstation, personal
and tablet computers. computers, media center, tablets and
embedded systems.
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 K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Technology

Mobile Application Development(MAD-22617) Prepared By: Mrs. M. A. Shaikh- Lecturer, CM Dept. 25