SOCIO-CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY 4.

Social comparisons- a process in which people learn how

sociable, friendly, mean, or nasty they are when they are
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION compared with other people.
-refers to the ranking of individuals and groups in any given society. 5. A fair world- beliefs about justice or the fair distribution of
-to be transmitted from one generation to another. rewards.
-Hierarchical arrangement. 6. Just world hypothesis- people get what they deserve.

SOCIAL STRUCTURE may fluctuate between genders or express multiple genders at the same
-differentiation of statuses and social roles into ranked orders. time.
-institutionalized inequality
SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION VS. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
SOCIAL PROCESS
-splitting up into social categories that develop into social groups Differentiation- refers to how things or people can be distinguished
cooperating, competing, conflicting for the status quo. from one to another.
Stratification- refers to the ranking of things or people.
SOCIAL PROBLEM
- bitter feelings of discontent and of strong demands for equality wor DIMENSIONS OF STRATIFICATION
social justice. a. Wealth and income
- What people own and inherit. (wealth)
BASIC CONCEPT OF INEQUALITY - Consist of the value of everything a person or group
-situation in which the economic goods in a society are distributed owns. (wealth)
unevenly among different groups or categories of people. - Income refers to how much people get; the amount of
1. Attribution- it is assigned to people as results of differences: money one person or group receives.
people are treated differently due to their presumed ethnic b. Inequalities of power
characteristics. - Power as the ability to control one’s life.
2. Stereotype- one assumes that persons who fall into a particular c. Inequalities of prestige- social recognition that a person or
category on the basis of certain characteristics also have many group receives from others.
characteristics that we assume to belong to that category.
3. Self- fulfilling prophecies- once we categorize people through METHODS OF DETERMINING CLASS DIVISION
assigning a stereotype, our perception of their behavior is a. Subjective method- personal ascription of the class.
filtered through that stereotype. b. Reputational method- old timer identifies the social classes that
exist in the community and to place each resident in one or
another category.
 c. Objective method- division according to income, occupation, Arises from societal needs Arises from group conquest,
education and type of residence. competition, and conflict.

THEORIES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION1. An expression of commonly An expression

shared social values.
CONFLICT THEORY (KARL MARX)
-stratification is the result of the struggle among people for scarce OPEN SYSTEM
rewards and it persists in society. -positions are awarded on the basis of merit, and rank is tied to
- 4 ways in which wealth can be distributed; individual achievements.
1. To according what they need -status is said to be achieved depending on what the individual
2. To each according to want accomplishes and what he can do by his own efforts.
3. According to what is earned. -Consists a category of people who share similar opportunities,
4. According to what can be taken by using whatever means. economic, vocational position, lifestyle.
CONFLICT THEORY (MAX WEBER) CLOSED SYSTEM
1. People are motivated by self interest -status is ascribed and determined at birth and people are locked into
2. Group conflict is a basic ingredient of society. their parent’s social position.
3. Those who do not have property can defend their interest less ESTATE SYSTEM
well than those who have property. -a person’s social position is based on ownership of land, birth or
4. Economic institutions are of fundamental importance in military strength.
shaping the rest of society.
FUNCTIONALIST THEORY (KINGLEY AND WILBERT MOORE) CLASSES IN SOME COUNTRIES
-if all the positions that have to be filled in a society were equally ● PEOPLE WHO HAVE MADE IT- a group of wealthy
important and everyone was equally capable of doing their jobs, there members.
would be no need of stratification ● PEOPLE WHO ARE DOING VERY WELL- corporation
officers and professional people.
COMPARISON ● PEOPLE WHO HAVE ACHIEVED THE MIDDLE CLASS
DREAM- “good life”, but they lack many of the luxuries.
● PEOPLE WHO HAVE A COMFORTABLE LIFE- existence in
FUNCTIONALIST CONFLICT
the less fashionable suburbans.
Stratification is universal, Can be universal w/out being ● PEOPLE WHO ARE JUST GETTING BY- both husband and
necessary and inevitable necessary and inevitable. wife are typically employed.
CLASS SYSTEM
Social organization shapes the The Stratification system shapes
social stratification social organization. 1. The upper class- great wealth;recognized by their reputation
and lifestyle.
 2. The upper middle- made up of successful business and -the movement of people from one geographical spot to another.
professional people in their families. TYPES OF GEOGRAPHICAL MIGRATION
3. The lower middle class- not been able to achieve the same 1. Voluntary migration
lifestyle because of economic or educational shortcomings. - free movement
4. The working class- made up of factory workers and other blue 2. Forced migration
collar jobs. -a general term that refers to the movement of refugees and
5. The lower class- little in the way of education or occupational internally displaced people.
skills and are consequently either unemployed or REASON FOR VOLUNTARY MIGRATION
underemployed; for them, surviving is a matter of life. 1. Economic factor
2. Political reason
INDICATORS OF SOCIAL MOBILITY 3. Religious liberty
1. Power- the ability to attain goals, control events, and maintain 4. Educational opportunities
influence over others. 5. Natural calamities
2. Prestige- consist of the approval and respect of an individual or EFFECT OF MIGRATION
group from other members of society. a. Hardwork
a. Esteem- appreciation and respect a person wins in b. Social structure
his/her daily interpersonal relationships. c. Social values and norms
b. Honor- associated with specific status in society. d. Level of education marriage
3. Wealth - refer to sometimes as economic indicators. e. luck
EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL MOBILITY
SOCIAL MOBILITY- the movement of an individual or a group -the amount and kind of education a persom has, constitute one of the
within a stratification system that changes the social status in society. most important criteria of social status.
TYPES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY
1. Upward mobility RACE MIXTURE AND RACE CLASSIFICATION
- from lower to higher status in a social stratification.
-also called VERTICAL MOBILITY. Race mixture- people migrated from area to area and associated with
2. Downward mobility the culture of people whom they met; he intermingling of genes.
-the disappointments and frustration. Race classification;
3. Horizontal mobility 1. Causcasoid
-involves a change in status with no corresponding change in - skin color is from lightest color to dark brown.
social class. -commonly reffered to as the white race.
2. Mongoloids
GEOGRAPHICAL MIGRATION - skin color is from yellowish, light brown on the average.
-also called physical mobility. -hair is commonly straight and usually black.
3. The African Negroid
-they inhabit the South Sahara.
-thier skin varies from yelowish brown or dark brown to almost
blak.
-hair varies from very curly to woolly or frizzly.
4. Melanesian
-they live in South Pacific Islands
-characterized by deeply pigmented skin and eyes, lightly and
curled hair.
5. Micronesian Polynesian
-they are found in the islands of Melanesia and Polynesia in the
triangle of islands east of Melanesia from Hawaii to New
Zealand.
6. The Congo or Central African Pygamies
-regarded as genetically Negroid.
-not dark as the african negroid and melanesian, and they have
more body hair than these two races.
7. Australoids
-thier head hair varies from nearly straight to frizzly hair.
-they have much body hair.
-their anatomical features resemble those of the Caucasoids
execpt for the color of the skin.
8. The Bushman Hottentot
-thier eyelids often have epicanthic folds as in the case of
northern Mongloids.
9. Ainu
-residents of hokkaido and other small outlaying Japanese
Islands.
10. Veddoids
-the remnent of a few hundred non agricultural people termed
the Veddas who lived during the early decades of the 20th
centry.