AP BIOLOGY Test Booklet

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1. The figures below illustrate the similarities between ATP synthesis in mitochondria and chloroplasts.

The figures can best assist in answering which of the following questions?
(A) Do electron transport chains create a gradient so that ATP synthase can generate ATP molecules?
(B) What are the sources of energy that drive mitochondrial and chloroplast electron transport systems?
What is the optimal temperature at which ATP synthase chemically converts ADP and a phosphate group
(C)
into one molecule of ATP?
What is the evolutionary relationship between the ATP synthase in mitochondria and the ATP synthase in
(D)
chloroplasts?

2. A researcher claims that different metabolic pathways allow bacteria to use different molecules as sources of matter
and energy.

Which of the following statements best helps justify the researcher’s claim by providing a relevant example?
(A) Rhizobia bacteria form close associations with the roots of bean plants.
(B) E. coli bacteria reproduce in liquid media containing either glucose or galactose.
(C) The antibiotic rifampicin inhibits the growth of some bacterial strains but not of others.
(D) Some viruses that infect bacteria reproduce by either the lysogenic cycle or the lytic cycle.

3. The carbon 'that makes up organic molecules in plants is derived directly from
(A) combustion of fuels
(B) carbon fixed in photosynthesis
(C) carbon dioxide produced in respiration
(D) carbon in the lithosphere
(E) coal mines

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4. Which of the following statements about mitochondrial chemiosmosis is NOT true?

(A) A proton gradient is established across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
(B) The potential energy released from the mitochondrial proton gradient is used to produce ATP.
(C) The mitochondrial proton gradient provides energy for muscle contraction.
(D) Proteins embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane play an important role in ATP synthesis.
(E) Heat energy is required to establish the electron transport chain.

5.

Figure 1. Diagram of the electron transport chain and synthase in the membrane of mitochondria

On average, more can be produced from an molecule than can be produced from a molecule of
. Based on Figure 1, which of the following best explains the difference in production between these
two molecules?

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contributes more electrons to the electron transport chain than does and therefore provides
(A)
more energy to pump protons.
The electrons of are transferred through three complexes of the electron transport chain whereas
(B)
those of are transferred through all four complexes.
(C) contributes more protons to the mitochondrial matrix, which decreases the proton gradient.
The protons contributed by are combined with to make water and are not pumped across the
(D)
membrane.

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The coral species Acropora millepora is a marine animal that has a symbiotic relationship with algae species in the genus
Symbiodinium. An increase in the concentration of dissolved in oceans has a negative impact on this relationship
and the health of the coral species. Scientists investigated the effect of concentrations on the number of algae cells
found in the coral (Figure 1) and on both the gross (total) and net rates of photosynthesis of those algae (Figure 2). The net
rate of photosynthesis is equal to the gross rate of photosynthesis minus the rate of respiration by the algae.

Figure 1. Effect of concentration on the number of algae per of coral. Error bars represent .

Figure 2. Average gross and net rates of photosynthesis in algae under various concentrations of . Error bars represent .

6. Based on Figure 2, which of the following best supports the claim that concentration and photosynthetic
productivity are inversely related?

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(A) The net rate of photosynthesis is less than the gross rate of photosynthesis at the high concentration of .
Both the net and gross rates of photosynthesis at the high concentration of are lower than those at the
(B)
low concentration of .
The net rate of photosynthesis at the low concentration of is lower than the gross rate of photosynthesis
(C)
at the high concentration of .
The difference between net and gross rates of photosynthesis is greater at the low concentration of than
(D)
it is at the high concentration of .

7. Researchers observe that the water with the high concentration has a lower than does the water with the
low concentration. The researchers claim that lower alters the structure of the enzymes of photosynthesis.

Which of the following most likely explains how a lower could alter the structure of photosynthetic enzymes?
There will not be enough ions for the ribosome to correctly form peptide bonds between amino acids
(A)
during synthesis of the enzymes.
There will not be enough ions for the necessary hydrogen bonds to form in the secondary, tertiary, and
(B)
quaternary structures of the enzymes.
(C) There will be additional ions that can disrupt peptide bonds in the primary structure of the enzymes.
There will be additional ions that can disrupt hydrogen bonds in the secondary, tertiary and quaternary
(D)
structures of the enzymes.

8. According to the chemiosmotic theory (chemiosmotic coupling), the energy required to move protons from the
mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space against a concentration gradient comes most directly from
(A) photons of red or blue light
(B) the hydrolysis of ATP
the breakdown of high-energy fatty acids in
(C)
the mitochondrial matrix
electrons flowing along the electron transport
(D)
chain
(E) substrate-level phosphorylation

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9. Students in a class measured the mass of various living organisms. They then kept the organisms in the dark for 24
hours before remeasuring them. None of the organisms were provided with nutrients during the 24-hour period. The
data are as follows.

Which of the following is the best explanation for the pattern of change in mass of the organisms over time?
(A) Water loss due to evaporation
(B) Cellular respiration
(C) The law of conservation of matter
(D) Growth and reproduction

For following group of questions first study the description of the data and then choose the one best answer to each
question following it and fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet.

To study the actions of the enzyme catalase on hydrogen peroxide, students performed the following experiment. Catalase
was extracted from potatoes by blending raw potatoes in a blender with cold distilled water. The filtrate was stored on ice.
The following hydrogen peroxide solutions were made: 1 percent, 5 percent, 10 percent, and 15 percent. Filter paper disks
were soaked in the catalase filtrate and dropped into beakers containing the various solutions. The activity of the enzyme
was measured by the amount of time it took for the disks to float to the surface of the solution on the bubbles produced by
the reaction. The following data were obtained.

10. Which of the following best describes why the disks rose to the surface faster in the more concentrated hydrogen
peroxide solutions?

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(A) There was more enzyme present in the more concentrated solutions.
(B) A greater amount of heat was generated in the more concentrated solutions.
(C) The more concentrated solutions lowered the activation energy of the reaction.
(D) The higher substrate concentrations in the more concentrated solutions speeded the reaction.
(E) The density of the water was lower in the more concentrated solutions.

11. Newborn babies and hibernating animals contain a large amount of brown adipose (fat) tissue ( ). Certain
proteins in the cells increase the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to protons, disrupting the
proton gradient.

Which of the following best predicts the effect of disrupting the proton gradient in ?
(A) The of the matrix will increase, allowing the production of more per gram of substrate.
(B) The of the intermembrane space will decrease, allowing a steeper proton gradient to form.
(C) Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation will be decoupled, generating more heat but less .
(D) The number of protons available to pass through synthase will increase, resulting in more .

12. In an experiment, a scientist isolates mitochondria from living cells and suspends them in two different buffered
solutions. One solution is maintained at pH 4, while the other solution is maintained at pH 9. The scientist finds that
mitochondria in the solution at pH 4 continue to produce ATP but those in the pH 9 solution do not.

The results of the experiment can be used as evidence in support of which of the following scientific claims about
mitochondrial activity?
(A) Mitochondria in a cell-free environment are unable to convert thermal energy into ATP.
(B) The electron transport chain pumps electrons from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix.
ATP production in mitochondria requires a hydrogen ion gradient that favors movement of protons into the
(C)
mitochondrial matrix.
ATP synthase molecules change their orientation in relation to the proton gradient across the mitochondrial
(D)
membrane.

13. Which of the following is an important difference between light-dependent and light-independent reactions of
photosynthesis?
The light-dependent reactions occur only during the day; the light-independent reactions occur only during
(A)
the night.
(B) The light-dependent reactions occur in the cytoplasm; the light-independent reactions occur in chloroplasts.
(C) The light-dependent reactions utilize CO2 and H2O; the light-independent reactions produce CO2 and H2O.
The light-dependent reactions depend on the presence of both photosystems I and II; the light-independent
(D)
reactions require only photosystem I.
The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH; the light-independent reactions use energy stored
(E)
in ATP and NADPH.

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For following group of questions first study the description of the situation and diagrams and then choose the one best
answer to each question following it and fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet.

A student studied the effects of light intensity on oxygen production in green algae. The algae were suspended in water
inside a sealed glass jar, and the jar was placed into a constant-temperature, lightproof box containing a light source. A
probe was inserted into the jar to record the concentration of oxygen. The probe was connected to a recording device. The
setup is shown below.

The student decreased the intensity of the light hourly and recorded the corresponding changes in oxygen concentration.
The graph below shows the results from the recording device.

14. Based on the data shown, changes in the light intensity resulted in changes in the rate of which of the following
processes?
(A) Excretion
(B) Photosynthesis
(C) Respiration
(D) Translation
(E) Transcription

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15. The rate of oxygen production equaled the rate of oxygen consumption during which of the following time periods?
(A) G to H
(B) H to I
(C) I to J
(D) J to K
(E) G to K

16. An increase in the rate of oxygen production by algae would be accompanied by a comparable increase in the rate
of production of which of the following substances?
(A) C6H12O6
(B) CO2
(C) CH4
(D) NH3
(E) H2O

17. Carbohydrate-synthesizing reactions of photosynthesis directly require

(A) light
(B) products of the light reactions
(C) darkness
(D) O2 and H2O
(E) chlorophyll and CO2

18.

Which of the following questions will best direct an investigation of the mechanism of ATP synthase?

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(A) What is the source of the inorganic phosphate that is used to generate ATP from ADP?
(B) Is the phosphorylation of ADP by ATP synthase dependent on the formation of a proton gradient?
Can ATP synthase use the energy released by phosphorylation of ADP to pump protons against a
(C)
concentration gradient?
(D) Can oxidative phosphorylation be uncoupled from the electron transport chain?

19. Which of the following describes a metabolic consequence of a shortage of oxygen in muscle cells?
(A) An increase in blood pH due to the accumulation of lactic acid
(B) No ATP production due to the absence of substrate-level phosphorylation
(C) A buildup of lactic acid in the muscle tissue due to fermentation
(D) A decrease in the oxidation of fatty acids due to a shortage of ATP

20.

The figure above shows an organelle typically found in eukaryotic cells. Which of the following best describes the
function of the double membrane system of this organelle?
The outer membrane allows the transport of all molecules into the intermembrane space, while the inner
(A)
membrane serves as the regulatory boundary.
The inner membrane has specialized proteins that create a hydrogen ion concentration gradient between the
(B)
intermembrane space and the matrix.
The outer membrane contains transport proteins that establish a sodium ion concentration gradient used for
(C) ATP production, while the inner membrane contains transport proteins that establish a hydrogen ion
concentration gradient used for glucose production.
The toxins and wastes entering a cell cross the outer membrane and are detoxified by digestive enzymes
(D)
stored within the intermembrane space.

21. Oxygen consumption can be used as a measure of metabolic rate because oxygen is
(A) necessary for ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation
(B) necessary to replenish glycogen levels
(C) necessary for fermentation to take place
(D) required by all living organisms
(E) required to break down the ethanol that is produced in muscles

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• Directions: Each group of questions below concerns an experimental or laboratory situation or data. In each case,
first study the description of the situation or data. Then choose the one best answer to each question following it.

The following questions refer to the following information and graph.

The data presented in the figure below are measurements of the rate of oxygen consumption at differing body masses in a
species of fish. Each point represents measurements from a different fish. Measurements were taken at different
temperatures. (○= 10°C,●= 15°C, □= 20°C, ■= 25°C.)

22. The fact that each line on the graph rises from left to right means that
(A) higher temperatures produce higher rates of metabolism
(B) there were more large fish in the samples taken at high temperatures
(C) larger fish consume more oxygen than smaller fish at all four temperatures
(D) when measurements are taken for larger fish late in the day, observed values are higher
(E) larger fish prefer to live at higher temperatures than do smaller fish

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23. It is estimated that oxygen production first evolved in photosynthetic prokaryotes approximately 2.7 billion years
ago. The first photosynthetic prokaryotes are presumed to be similar to today’s cyanobacteria.

Which of the following best supports the claim that photosynthetic prokaryotes were responsible for the oxygen in
Earth’s atmosphere?
(A) The light reactions of photosynthesis split carbon dioxide into carbon and oxygen.
(B) The light reactions of photosynthesis split water into hydrogen ions and oxygen.
(C) The Calvin cycle splits glucose into carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
(D) The Calvin cycle splits water into hydrogen ions and oxygen.

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