DATA MANAGEMENT

• Sampling Methods
• Organization of Data
 OBJECTIVES
•computes the size of the sample
•solves problems involving sampling
•construct frequency distribution
table
Statistics is the science concerned with developing and studying
methods for collecting, analyzing, interpreting and presenting empirical
data.). The results of statistical analysis are used as bases for making
decisions about life or in answering questions related to a research study,
a problem facing a business, an organization, family or individual.
This field of study is divided into two general areas:
 Population
This refers to the entire/complete set of units (people, objects, numbers, etc) of
interest.
Sample
It is a subset (generally of small size) of and which represents the population. A
representative sample of the population means that the sample “mirrors” the
characteristics of the population.
Planning the Study
1. Make an estimate of the number of items in the population
2. Assess resources such as time and money factors which are
available to pursue the research
3. Determine the sample size
Slovin’s Formula

N
n = --------------------
1 + Ne2
Where :
n - sample
N – population
e – margin of error (0.05)
 EXAMPLE 1

A researcher wants to study the effects of

social media on Grade 11 students in Manila
Mathematics High School. He wishes to use a
sampling technique in choosing the members of
his sample. If there are 1,000 Grade 11
students in the school, how many students
should there be in his sample?
Use Slovin’s Formula.
�
�=
1 + ��2
� = ������ �� ������� ������
� = ���������� ����
� = ������ �� ����� (0.05)

1,000
�=
1+(1,000)(0.05)2
= 285.7 or 286
 SAMPLING METHODS

Non – probability Probability sampling

sampling (Random Sampling)
 Non –
probability
sampling

Accidental,
Haphazard, or Purposive
Convenience Sampling
Sampling

Modal Instance Heterogeneity Snowball

Expert Sampling Quota Sampling
Sampling Sampling Sampling
 ACCIDENTAL, HAPHAZARD, OR
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
•unsystematic selection of
sample units
•respondents who are easily
accessible
 PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

• take samples with a purpose that had

been specified in advance
• need to get samples quickly and
proportionality is not the main concern
 EXPERT SAMPLING

• the involvement of experienced and

knowledgeable people in specific areas must
be considered – often they will form a panel
• best way to get the views of those who have
special expertise
• support another sampling approach we have
chosen
 QUOTA SAMPLING
• Non – random selections of individuals
based on some predetermined quota

• Non – proportional sampling

 HETEROGENEITY SAMPLING

• need to include all opinions or views

• sampling for diversity
• brainstorming processes
• reverse of modal instance sampling
 MODAL INSTANCE SAMPLING

ü The mode is the most common (most

typical) item in a set.
ü The purpose of modal instance sampling
is to sample the most typical members
of a population
 SNOWBALL SAMPLING

•additional sample units are

identified by asking previously
picked sample units for people
they know who can be added to the
sample
 PROBABILITY OR RANDOM SAMPLING

PROBABILITY
SAMPLING

Systematic Stratified Cluster Multi –

Simple Random
Random Random (Area) Random stage
Sampling
Sampling Sampling Sampling Sampling
 SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

Every element of the population

has the same chance of being
selected for inclusion in the
sample.
 SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING (SRS)

Table of Lottery Method

Random Numbers
 SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING
• elements are selected from the population at a uniform
interval that is measured in time, order, or space
• every kth element of the population is selected

� ������ �� �������� �� �ℎ� ����������

�= =
� ������ �� �������� �� �ℎ� ������ �����

� = �������� ��������
 EXAMPLE 1
In a group of 250 students, how
will you select a sample
containing 71 students by using
systematic sampling technique?
 STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

•the population is first divided

into strata and then samples are
randomly selected separately from
each stratum
 EXAMPLE 2

You want to interview 200 students in

your school to determine their opinion on
the new school uniform. How are you going
to choose your sample by using stratified
sampling if there are 1 200 students in
grade 7; 1 100 in grade 8; 1 050 in grade
9; 940 in grade 10; 900 in grade 11; and
810 in grade 12?
Population Size Per Stratum

Grade 7 1 200
Grade 8 1 100
Grade 9 1 050

Grade 10 940
Grade 11 900
Grade 12 810
Total 6 000
 EXAMPLE 3

Marcela, a Statistics student, wants to

determine who care more about their physical
appearances, the male or the female students.
She wants to limit her study in the grade 10
students. There are unequal numbers of grade
10 students: 340 are male and 500 are female.
She wants her sample consist only of 50
students. She chooses the members of her
sample using stratified sampling technique.
 CLUSTER OR AREA RANDOM SAMPLING
• divides the population into groups called clusters,
selects a random sample of clusters, and then, subjects
the sampled clusters to complete the enumeration, that is
everyone in the sampled clusters are made part of the
sample

Divide the Measure all units

Randomly sample
population into within sampled
clusters
clusters clusters
 EXAMPLE 4

A researcher wants to determine

who among the families in a small
town are using the new detergent
product. How is she going to do
this using the cluster sampling
technique?
 Cost

Destructi
Timelines
ve
s
Testing
Why do we
resort to
sampling?

Detailed
Informati Accuracy
on
METHODS OF ORGANIZATION
1. Array- an arrangement of numbers or symbols in rows and columns.
2. Frequency Distribution Table – refers to the tabular arrangement
of data by classes or categories together with their corresponding class
frequencies.
- Class frequency – refers to the number of observations belonging
to a class interval, or the number of items within a category.
- Class interval – a grouping or category defined by a lower limit and
an upper limit.
Procedure for Constructing a Frequency Distribution
Step 1: Arrange the scores in ascending order and Determine the range
RANGE= Highest Score - Lowest Score
Step 2: Decide the approximate number of classes in which the data are to be
grouped. In most cases there are 5 to 20 classes.

HA Surges fromula
k = 1 + 3.322logN

Step 3: determine the approximate class interval

i = R/k

Step 4: Decide the starting point. The lower class limit or class boundary
should cover the smallest value in the raw data. It is a multiple of class
intervals.

Step 5: Determine the remaining class limits or boundaries.

Example;
Consider the raw data below in a array form which is
about the scores of 40 students in a test, construct a
frequency distribution table.
Ascending Order:
120 133 180 138 118 139 149 161
140 150 170 153 120 140 149 165
161 149 124 168 124 142 150 167
148 139 161 142 128 142 150 168
130 143 137 147 129 142 151 170
130 143 152 175
156 151 128 118
130 146 153 180
165 138 147 167 133 147 156
146 150 149 129 137 147 158
142 158 152 130 138 148 159
175 148 142 159 138 148 161
STEP 1: Range= 180-118= 62
STEP 2: k= 1+3.322logN= 1+3.322log40= 6.32 = 6
STEP 3: i=R/k = 62/ 6 = 10.33 = 10
Step 4: Begin with the lowest score 118 and count 10 scores to
complete the lower class limits. So we will have 118-127,
this will be your starting point from the bottom.
STEP 5: To complete all the class limits, add 10 (interval) to 118 and
add 10 to 127 and the process continues up until 178-187.
You should stop at 178-187 since this upper class limits already
covered the highest score 180.
178-187
168-177
158-167
148-157
138-147
128-137
118-127
 CLASS LIMITS (X) FREQUENCY
(f) Ascending Order:
118 139 149 161
178-187 1 120 140 149 165
168-177 3 124 142 150 167
158-167 6 128 142 150 168
129 142 151 170
148-157 10
130 143 152 175
138-147 11 130 146 153 180
128-137 6 133 147 156
118-127 3 137 147 158
Total 40 138 148 159
138 148 161