Electric Motor

An electric motor is a machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. It’s action is based on the principle that
when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field it experience a mechanical force whose direction is given by Fleming’s left
hand rule and whose magnitude is given by F= BIl Newton.

Every motor has two essential parts namely the field winding & the armature winding. A field winding is used to create a fixed
magnetic field and an armature winding looks like a conductor placed within the magnetic field. Since magnetic fields are produced by
armatures, the armature winding uses energy to produce an adequate torque for rotation. The motor can be classified based on its
connections, which means how the two coils get wired together.

There are a variety of types of Electric motors available in the market, and these can be selected based on voltage, operation, and
applications.
The different applications of electric motors are classified into three categories: AC motors, DC motors, and special purpose motors.
1) DC MOTORS
DC motors are electrical motors that convert direct current (DC) electrical energy into mechanical energy. DC motors can be
subcategorized as brushed or brushless. The brushed motors are further classified as shunt wound, series wound, PMDS, and compound
wound. This category uses a configuration of wound wire coils as the rotor, also called an armature, acted upon by a permanent magnet.
Whereas brushless motors utilize a permanent magnet as their rotor.

DC SHUNT MOTOR: DC shunt motor works on DC and the windings of this electric motor like armature windings and field windings are
linked in parallel. This kind of motor is also called a shunt wound DC motor, where the winding type is known as a shunt winding.

SEPARATELY EXCITED MOTOR: In a separately excited motor, the connection of stator and rotor can be done using a different power
supply. This enables the motor to be controlled from the shunt and its windings can be strengthened to generate flux.

DC SERIES MOTOR: The configuration of a DC series motor, or series wound self – excited DC motor, is the opposite of DC shunt motor.
The entire armature current flows in series with field winding. Series DC motors are best applicable where high starting torque is required,
and speed variations are possible.
PMDC: Permanent Magnet DC motor is one kind of DC motor which can be built with a permanent magnet to make the magnetic field
necessary for the electric motor operation. PMDC motors are employed where speed control is not applicable.
DC COMPOUND MOTOR: A DC compound motor contains filed windings connected both in series and in parallel to the armature winding.
It combines the operational characteristics of shunt and series DC motors, hence making it stable for all applications
Types of Working principle Torque/Speed characteristic Efficiency Application
motors
Shunt The field windings are shunted to or are Centrifugal
connected in parallel to the armature winding of Ta ∝ ɸ.Ia and N ∝ Eb/ɸ Pumps, Lifts,
the motor. Since they are connected in parallel, we can assume the field flux ɸ to be constant. low Weaving
the armature and field windings are exposed to efficiency, Machine, Lathe
the same supply voltage. typically Machines,
ranging Blowers, Fans,
from 50- Conveyors,
80% Spinning
machines, etc.

Series A series DC motor has the field winding and the In DC series motors, field winding is connected ‘’ Electric traction
armature winding is connected in series in series with the armature, i.e. Ia = If. Cranes
combination with each other. It means that Therefore, before magnetic saturation of the Air compressors
similar currents pass through both windings field, flux ɸ is directly proportional to Ia. Hence, Elevators.
before magnetic saturation Ta α Ia2. Therefore, Hoists
The field winding causes a magnetic field and the
the Ta-Ia curve is parabola for smaller values of Toys
armature winding rotates in this magnetic field.
Ia.
When a current passes through the armature
winding, it bears a force due to the magnetic
field. This force helps the armature to rotate.
Compound Its works on the principle of Lorentz law that ‘’ Presses.
a current carrying conductor placed in a Electric shovels.
magnetic field experience force A combination of the shunt and series Reciprocating
characteristics. machine.
Conveyors.
Stamping
machine.
Elevators.
Compressors.
Rolling mills.
 2) AC MOTOR

There are 2 types of ac motors: synchronous motor, asynchronous motor / induction motor.

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR: The working of synchronous motors depends primarily on the supplied frequency and magnetic field. The field
current in the stator rotates the armature at a stable speed synchronized with the AC frequency, here by constituting its high speed.
Synchronous motors are employed where a precise and constant speed is required. The higher the accuracy level;, the more suitable
these motors are for automation and robotics

INDUCTION MOTOR: The motor running at an asynchronous speed has the speed of the rotor lower than the corresponding magnitude of
the magnetic field. This type of motor is known as an electro magnetic induction to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. The
rotor construction of these motors is based on two different designs: is known as an induction motor, and it’s alternately known as an
asynchronous motor. An induction motor uses electromagnetic induction for converting electrical energy into mechanical energy. The
rotor construction of these motors is based on two different designs, the squirrel cage and phase wound. Induction motors are the most
commonly used motors as they have a simple construction and high efficiency.
Types of motors Working principle Application
Induction Motors Through the use of brushes, a DC motor delivers electricity to both the These motors are commonly used in appliances,
stator and the rotor. One is the only supply we give the stator in an pumps, fans, and HVAC systems due to their
induction motor. A magnetic flux is created in the stator as a result of the simple design, reliability, and cost-effectiveness
current flowing in the coil when we supply electricity to the stator
winding.
Each coil in the rotor winding is short-circuited by design. The short-
circuited coil in the rotor is cut by the magnetic flux from the stator. The
current will begin to flow through the rotor coils as they are short-
circuited. This is referred to as Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.
Synchronous The interaction of the magnetic fields of the rotor and the stator is what In the steel rolling industry, paper mills, and
Motors makes synchronous motors work. The stator has 3 phase windings and is compressors.
supplied with 3 phase power.
Thus, a three-phase rotating magnetic field is generated by the stator
winding. DC power is used to power the rotor. The stator winding-
generated rotating magnetic field is where the rotor enters and begins to
rotate synchronously.

Single-Phase A single-phase AC supply is given to the stator winding in these kinds of ac Domestic electrical appliances such as washers,
Motors motors. This results in a sinusoidally pulsing magnetic field. dryers, refrigerators, grinders, blowers, etc. use
After a while, the field polarity changes, and the alternating current might
not be able to supply the motor with the necessary winding. However, if
the motor is powered externally, it will only rotate at a certain speed.

Three-Phase The stator winding creates a constant magnetic field with 120 to power mills, lifts, pumps, line shafts, and other
Motors displacements in a constant magnitude that revolves at synchronous devices.
speed when these kinds of ac motors are powered by a three-phase
supply.
The rotor conductors are cut by the variable magnetic field, which
produces a current in them, in accordance with Faraday's theory of
 electromagnetic field laws. Current starts to flow through these rotor
conductors as they are compressed.
Rotor conductors are positioned in the magnetic field of the stator. Thus, a
mechanical force is acting on the rotor conductor in accordance with
Lorenz force theory. All the rotor conductors work together to exert force
on the rotor, which causes it to rotate in the same direction as the
rotating magnetic field.

Squirrel Cage When the stator winding receives a three-phase power source, a rotating These are employed in the drives of industrial
Induction Motor magnetic field is created in space. This rotating magnetic field has a speed water pumps, tube wells, drills, lathes, etc.
known as "synchronous speed." For the drives of cranes, punch presses, lathes,
drills, etc., double cage motors are employed
Short-circuit currents start to flow in the rotor bars as a result of the
stator's rotating magnetic field inducing voltages in the rotor bars. These
rotor currents generate their own magnetic fields, which combine with
the stator's magnetic field. The rotor now begins to follow the rotating
magnetic field as the rotor field tries to resist its cause.
Because there is no longer any relative motion between the rotating
magnetic field and the rotor when the rotor catches the rotating magnetic
field, the rotor current falls to zero. As a result, the rotor experiences zero
tangential force at that instant, briefly disintegrating.
The rotor current is re-induced as a result of the rotor's disintegration
because the relative motion between the rotor and rotating magnetic field
re-establishes.
As a result, the tangential force is once again applied to the rotor's
rotation, which causes it to once again begin rotating the magnetic field.
As a result, the rotor maintains a constant speed that is lower than the
synchronous speed of the rotating magnetic field
 3) SPECIAL PURPOSE MOTOR

The types of special purpose motors include linear induction motor and stepper motor.

STEPPER MOTOR: The stepper motor is a type of motor that offers step angle revolution, which is an alternative to stable revolution. In
general, for any rotor, the whole revolution angle is 180 degrees. Stepper motors are widely used in plotters, circuit fabrication, process
control tools, and other devices.

BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR: Brushless DC motors are good for applications which demand high performance within a limited space, better
than the brushed DC and this is why they were first developed. These motors are less effective when compared with AC models. To
facilitate the magnetic process within the lack of a commutator and a slip ring, an embedded controller is used.

HYSTERESIS MOTOR: Hysteresis motors are synchronous motors whose principle is based on hysteresis loss. This motor’s rotor can
generate torque with the effect of eddy currents and hysteresis . These motors provide a stable and smooth process, similar to other
synchronous motors, and are used in noiseless operation environment.

RELUCTANCE MOTOR: A reluctance motor is a type of single-phase synchronous motor, and this construction is quite similar with
induction motor like cage type. The rotor of the motor is like a squirrel cage, and the stator includes sets of windings such as auxiliary and
main windings. At the beginning of the motor’s operation, auxiliary winding creates the starting torque. It offers stable speed and level
operation. These motors are commonly used in synchronization applications which include signal generators, recorders, etc.

UNIVERSAL MOTOR: This is a special kind of motor that works on single AC supply or DC supply. These motors are designed for high speed
operation above 3500 rpm. They utilize alternating current at high-speed operation above 3500 rpm. They utilize alternating current at
high – speed and direct current of similar voltage. There are different types of motors and their purpose is to be used in notion control
applications.

Motor characteristics
The characteristic curve of a motor are those curves which shows relationship between the following
1. Torque and armature current i.e electrical characteristic
2. Speed and armature current
3. Speed and torque i.e. mechanical characteristic