Technology for Teaching and Learning in higher education was growing up 21%, whereas the

Unit 1: ntroduction to Technology for Teaching and growth for traditional way just only 2% since 2002.
Learning Therefore, we need to examine wisely whether media
and technology give more positive sides in learning
Basic Concepts to be defined process or not.

1. Technology is the application of scientific knowledge The technology and media will give more opportunities
for practical purposes, especially in industry. to discover the potential relationship between teaching
process and learning environments (Kozma, 1994). That
Moreover, technology is the application of scientific technology could be the cognitive tools to create a new
knowledge to the practical aims of human life or, as it is knowledge which integrated with the environments
sometimes phrased, to the change and manipulation of (Reeves, 1998).
the human environment.
Jonnasen, Carr, and Yueh (1998) stated that “the
2. Information and Communication Technologies cognitive mind tools have function as formalisms for
(ICT) is defined as a diverse set of technological tools guiding learners in the organization and representation
and resources used to transmit, store, create, share or of what they know”. Reeves (1998) said the technology
exchange information. and media could control a powerful role of process of
learning when the learners use that technology and
These technological tools and resources include media as cognitive tools rather than interact with them
computers, the Internet (websites, blogs and emails), as tutor or repositories of information.
live broadcasting technologies (radio, television and
webcasting), recorded broadcasting technologies For online media, the interactions that happen actually
(podcasting, audio and video players, and storage could encourage reticent students to participate in extent
devices) and telephony (fixed or mobile, satellite, and reasonable discussions than a traditional classroom
visio/video-conferencing, etc.). setting does (Citera, 1988). Warschauer (1997) stated
“the online environment is usually less intimidating
3. Educational technology is the study and ethical between individuals and also has less time pressure on
practice of facilitating learning and improving students than do interaction in a face-to-face setting” it
performance by creating, using and managing makes the possibility that learner can be more confident
appropriate technological processes and resources. to communicate with others or improve their skill by
using media online.
Also, educational technology is a field of study that
investigates the process of analyzing, designing, However, Clark (1994), who is a professor of
developing, implementing, and evaluating the Instructional technology at the University of Southern
instructional environment and learning materials in order California, has said that there are no learning
to improve teaching and learning. advantages from using technology and media in learning
process. Those are just the vehicle which will not
4. Technology, Media and Learning Technology and influence learners to get any achievements.
media have transformed the process learning and
interacting of learners with their environment. French Learners will find some problems when they prefer to
(1999) stated that modern technology such as just use media or technology, online for example, than
computers or video are changing the roles of both doing it by face-to-face setting or traditional way.
teachers and learners. Besides, the Internet, software, Walberg and Haertela (1981) found that the learner
and some telecommunications take a place as the perceptions of social online environments will impact
extreme paradigm shift in learning process (Jones their psychological. It is proved by Haythornthwaite
2002). (2000) finding which showed that students who failed to
make online connections with other learners in their
It makes the possibility that those technologies will come group reported feeling isolated and more stressed.
together and influence the learning outcomes (Gary,
1993). In fact, the electronic media is needed than the Some researchers also showed that learners may feel
other when it can more impress the children. isolated, confused, and frustrated (Hara & Kling, 2000).
Besides, Ramsden and Entwistle (1981) identified the
Allen & Seaman (2007) showed that online enrollments relationship between approaches to learning and
1
perceived characteristics of the academic environment Chalk, posters, and overhead projectors were once
and student’s interest in the subject may be “technology;” today we think of technology only as
decreased(R. Maki, W.Maki, Patterson, & computer related tools, yet technology includes all
Whittaker,2000). teaching tools that enhance the delivery of instruction
and these tools have changed and will change over
The advancement of technology influences people to time.
use some of those media in learning process. There are
some positive sides that we can get while we use it, --------------------END OF THIS LESSON--------------------
such as it implies the psychological of learners. They
become brave and get information easier.

On the other hand, it also impacts them to feel more

stressed, depressed when they failed to make a
connection. Thus, we have to be wise when we decide
to use media and technology in our learning process.

5. An instructional system is a series of interrelated,

interacting, precisely controlled. learning experiences
that are designed to achieve specific learning objectives.
These are organized.

Simply put, instructional design, also known as

instructional systems design (ISD), is the creation of
instructional materials. Though, this field goes beyond
simply creating teaching materials, it carefully considers
how students learn and what materials and methods will
most effectively help individuals achieve their academic
goals.

It is the practice of systematically designing, developing

and delivering instructional products and experiences,
both digital and physical, in a consistent and reliable
fashion toward an efficient, effective, appealing,
engaging and inspiring acquisition of knowledge.

The process consists broadly of determining the state

and needs of the learner, defining the end goal of
instruction, and creating some "intervention" to assist in
the transition. The outcome of this instruction may be
directly observable and scientifically measured or
completely hidden and assumed. There are many
instructional design models but many are based on the
ADDIE model with the five phases: analysis, design,
development, implementation, and evaluation.

6. Technology tools refers to software, primarily, that

can be used to develop or support online course
content. This could include blogs, wikis, authoring tools
such as Articulate or Captivate, and Web2.0 tools
available through the internet.

Digital networking facilities information at high and

reliable speedand capacity.

2
Roles of ICT in Teaching for/and Learning The best way to develop ICT capability is to provide
The Importance of ICT in Education them with meaningful activities, embedded in purposeful
subject related contexts.
Today we do not need to go any further than our own
home or room, to see some form of ICT in our lives. 6. ICT use encourages collaboration: You just have to
Whether it be a computer, plasma TV, or mobile phone, put alaptop, iPad or computer in the classroom to
we all have them in some part of our lives. In today’s understand how this works. ICT naturally brings children
society, people as consumers of ICT, all strive for the together where they can talk and discuss what they are
one dream–the dream of a connected life. doing for their work and this in turn, opens up avenues
for communication thus leading to language
This makes ICT a lifestyle choice for much of the development.
population. In addition, this lifestyle choice is changing
the way we communicate, increasing the rate of 7. ICT use motivates learning: Society's demands for
consumerism, and changing how we interact and gather new technology has not left out children and their needs.
information (Sherringham, 2009). Children are fascinated with technology, and it
encourages and motivates them to learn in the
ICT has invaded and transformed many aspects of our classroom.
lives to the extent that we live in an environment that is
dominated by technology which itself is consumer- 8. ICT in education improves engagement and
driven (Semenov, 2005). No matter how we perceive its knowledge retention: When ICT is integrated into
presence, there is no denying that it is an important part lessons, students become more engaged in their work.
of our lives and that it is here to stay. This is because technology provides different
opportunities to make it more fun and enjoyable in terms
of teaching the same things in different ways.
Key Issues to Remember in Relation to the
Importance of ICT in Education 9. ICT use allows for effective Differentiation
Instruction with technology: We all learn differently at
1. E-learning or Online Learning: The presence of ICT different rates and styles and technology provide
in education allows for new ways of learning for students opportunities for this to occur.
and teachers.
10. ICT integration is a key part of the national
2. ICT brings inclusion: The benefits of ICT in curriculum: The integration of digital technologies or
education is of such that students in the classroom can ICT is a significant part of the Australian Curriculum for
all learn from the curriculum material. Students with example, and this is a trend that many global
special needs are no longer at a disadvantage as they governments are taking up as they begin to see the
have access to essential material and special ICT tools significance of ICT in education.
can be used by students to make use of ICT for their
own educational needs. 11. We live in a “knowledge economy": This is an
economy where it is vital to have the ability to produce
3. ICT promotes higher-order thinking skills: One of and use information effectively (Weert, 2005). It is a time
the key skills for the 21st century which includes when ICT is pervasive and permeates throughout all
evaluating, planning, monitoring, and reflecting to name industries in the economy whether it may be health,
a few. The effective use of ICT in education demands education, environment or manufacturing (Moon,2007).
skills such as explaining and justifying the use of ICT in
producing solutions to problems. ICTs will continue to be a significant part of our future as
it connects itself to more and more parts of our lives. It
4. ICT enhances subject learning: It is well known will continually evolve and change because as
these days that the use of ICT in education adds a lot of consumers we all like a choice. We like to use ICT for
value to key learning areas like literacy and numeracy. personal growth, creativity, and joy, consumption, and
wealth (Semenov,2005).
5. ICT use develops ICT literacy and ICT Capability:
Both are 21st-century skills that are best developed --------------------END OF THIS LESSON--------------------
whilst ICT remains transparent in the background of
subject learning.
3
 Importance of Students Engaging with ICT Lesson 2: ICT Policies and Safety Issues in
Teaching and Learning.
It is important for students to engage with ICT so
that: Safety Issues in ICT: Health Issues

1. Learn 21st-century skills and develop their ICT Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Pain in the forearm and
capability and ICT literacy. wrist. This is caused by prolonged use of mouse or
typing.
2. Improves their attainment levels. Remedy: Take regular break from work.

3. Prepares them for an integrated society dominated by Cubital tunnel syndrome - Affects elbow
ICT developments. Remedy: Take regular break from work, Give support
for elbow while typing and using mouse.
4. So that they learn the notion of using ICT as a tool for
lifelong learning. Dry-Eye: Looking at the computer screen for long time
causes reduced blinking of eye lids and thus drying of
If you put a lot of thought into your planning, you will eyeballs.
notice a higher degree of engagement and this can lead Remedy: Take regular breaks, Use anti-glare screen
to the development of 21st-century skills such as over monitor, Take break and look at a far away object
complex thinking, creative problem-solving, and to relax eyes.
collaboration.
Safety Issues in ICT: Posture Related Problems
Technology integration in the classroom is an
instructional choice by you, the teacher, and should Neck pain and Lower back pain -This is caused by
always involve collaboration and deliberate planning. sitting in front of computer for long time.
Remedy: Take regular break, get up and walk around
--------------------END OF THIS LESSON-------------------- Use ergonomically designed chair maintain correct
posture position keyboard, mouse and monitor.

Safety Issues:

Electrocution:
1. Do not overload electrical sockets.
2. Workers must not take drinks to table where there are
electrical equipment.
3. All electrical equipment must be away from water.

Fire:
1. Caused by overheating parts of computer.
2. There must be plenty of CO2 fire extinguishers.
3. Fire exits must be clear and not blocked by anything.
4. All electrical equipment must be kept away from water
supplies.

Tripping Hazard:
1. Cabling must not trail on the floor.
2. Additional equipment must be situated where it will
not cause trailing of cables.

Danger caused by heavy equipment falling:

1. Benching must be sturdy enough to withstand the
weight of hardware and equipment.
2. Avoid keeping one equipment over another.

4
 Uses of ICT Policies in the Teaching and Learning In many countries, digital literacy is being built through
Environment the incorporation of information and communication
technology (ICT) into schools. Some common
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) can educational applications of ICT include:
impact student learning when teachers are digitally
literate and understand how to integrate it into the One laptop per child: Less expensive laptops have
curriculum. been designed for use in school on a 1:1 basis with
features like lower power consumption, a low-cost
Schools use a diverse set of ICT tools to communicate, operating system, and special re-programming and
create, disseminate, store, and manage information. In mesh network functions. Despite efforts to reduce costs,
some contexts, ICT has also become integral to the however, providing one laptop per child may be too
teaching-learning interaction, through such approaches costly for some developing countries.
as replacing chalkboards with interactive digital
whiteboards, using students’ own smartphones or other Tablets: Tablets are small personal computers with a
devices for learning during class time, and the “flipped touch screen, allowing input without a keyboard or
classroom” model where students watch lectures at mouse. Inexpensive learning software (“apps”) can be
home on the computer and use classroom time for more downloaded onto tablets, making them a versatile tool
interactive exercises. for learning. The most effective apps develop higher
order thinking skills and provide creative and
When teachers are digitally literate and trained to use individualized options for students to express their
ICT, these approaches can lead to higher-order thinking understandings.
skills, provide creative and individualized options for
students to express their understandings, and leave Interactive White Boards or Smart Boards: Interactive
students better prepared to deal with ongoing white boards allow projected computer images to be
technological change in society and the workplace. displayed, manipulated, dragged, clicked, or copied.
Simultaneously, handwritten notes can be taken on the
ICT issues planners must consider including the total board and saved for later use. Interactive white boards
cost-benefit equation, supplying and maintaining the are associated with whole-class instruction rather than
requisite infrastructure, and ensuring investments are student-centered activities. Student engagement is
matched with teacher support and other policies aimed generally higher when ICT is available for student use
at effective ICT use. throughout the classroom.

E-readers: E-readers are electronic devices that can

hold hundreds of books in digital form, and they are
increasingly utilized in the delivery of reading material.
Students—both skilled readers and reluctant readers—
have had positive responses to the use of e-readers for
independent reading. Features of e-readers that can
contribute to positive use include their portability and
long battery life, response to text, and the ability to
define unknown words. Additionally, many classic book
Digital culture and digital literacy: Computer titles are available for free in e-book form.
technologies and other aspects of digital culture have
changed the ways people live, work, play, and learn, Flipped Classrooms: The flipped classroom model,
impacting the construction and distribution of knowledge involving lecture and practice at home via computer
and power around the world. Graduates who are less guided instruction and interactive learning activities in
familiar with digital culture are increasingly at a class, can allow for an expanded curriculum. There is
disadvantage in the national and global economy. little investigation on the student learning outcomes of
flipped classrooms. Student perceptions about flipped
Digital searching literacy—the for, skills of and classrooms are mixed, but generally positive, as they
producing information, as well as the critical use of new prefer the cooperative learning activities in class over
media for full discerning, participation in society—has lecture.
thus become an important consideration for curriculum
frameworks.
5
ICT and Teacher Professional Development: Inclusiveness Considerations
Teachers need specific professional development Lesson 2.2
opportunitiesinorder toincreasetheir ability to use ICT for
formative learning assessments, individualized Digital Divide
instruction, accessing online resources, and for fostering The digital divide refers to disparities of digital media
student interactionandcollaboration. and internet access both within and across countries, as
well as the gap between people with and without the
Such training in ICT should positively impact teachers’ digital literacy and skills to utilize media and internet.
general attitudes towards ICT in the classroom, but it
should also provide specific guidance on ICT teaching The digital divide both creates and reinforces socio-
and learning within each discipline. Without this support, economic inequalities of the world’s poorest people.
teachers tend to use ICT for skill-based applications, Policies need to intentionally bridge this divide to bring
limiting student academic thinking. To support teachers media, internet, and digital literacy to all students, not
as they change their teaching, it is also essential for just those who are easiest to reach.
education managers, supervisors, teacher educators,
and decision makers to be trained in ICT use. Minority language groups: Students whose mother
tongue is different from the official language of
Ensuring benefits of ICT investments: To ensure the instruction are less likely to have computers and internet
investments made in ICT benefit students, additional connections at home than students from the majority.
conditions must be met. School policies need to provide
schools with the minimum acceptable infrastructure for There is also less material available to them online in
ICT, including stable and affordable internet connectivity their own language, putting them at a disadvantage in
and security measures such as filters and site blockers. comparison to their majority peers who gather
information, prepare talks and papers, and communicate
Teacher policies need to target basic ICT literacy skills, more using ICT.
ICT use in pedagogical settings, and discipline-specific
uses. Successful implementation of ICT requires Yet ICT tools can also help improve the skills of minority
integration of ICT in the curriculum. Finally, digital language students—especially in learning the official
content needs to be developed in local languages and language of instruction— through features such as
reflect local culture. Ongoing technical, human, and automatic speech recognition, the availability of
organizational supports on all of these issues are authentic audio-visual materials, and chat functions.
needed to ensure access and effective use of ICT.
Students with different styles of learning: ICT can
Resource Constrained Contexts: The total cost of ICT provide diverse options for taking in and processing
ownership is considerable: training of teachers and information, making sense of ideas, and expressing
administrators, connectivity, technical support, and learning.
software, amongst others. When bringing ICT into
classrooms, policies should use an incremental Over 87% of students learn best through visual and
pathway, establishing infrastructure and bringing in tactile modalities, and ICT can help these students
sustainable and easily upgradable ICT. ‘experience’ the information instead of just reading and
hearing it.
Schools in some countries have begun allowing
students to bring their own mobile technology (such as Mobile devices can also offer programs (“apps”) that
laptop, tablet, or smartphone) into class rather than provide extra support to students with special needs,
providing such tools to all students—an approach called with features such as simplified screens and
Bring Your Own Device. However, not all families can instructions, consistent placement of menus and control
afford devices or service plans for their children. Schools features, graphics combined with text, audio feedback,
must ensure all students have equitable access to ICT ability to set pace and level of difficulty, appropriate and
devices for learning. unambiguous feedback, and easy error correction.

--------------------END OF THIS LESSON-------------------- --------------------END OF THIS LESSON--------------------

6
Lesson 3 Part 1: Theories and Principles in the Use It reveals that “action-learning” techniques result in up to
and Design of Technology Driven Learning Lessons 90% retention. People learn best when they use
perceptual learning styles. Perceptual learning styles are
Dale’s Cone of Experience sensory based.
Dale’s Cone of Experience is a model that incorporates
several theories related to instructional design and The more sensory channels possible in interacting with
learning processes. During the 1960s, Edgar Dale a resource, the better chance that many students can
theorized that learners retain more information by what learn from it. According to Dale, instructors should
they “do” as opposed to what is “heard”, “read” or design instructional activities that build upon more real-
“observed”. His research led to the development of the life experiences.
Cone of Experience. Today, this “learning by doing” has
become known as “experiential learning” or “action Dales’ cone of experience is a tool to help instructors
learning”. The cone is diagramed and explained in the make decisions about resources and activities. The
next sections. instructor can ask the following:

Where will the student’s experience with this

instructional resource fit on the cone? How far is it
removed from real-life?

What kind of learning experience do you want to provide

in the classroom?

How does this instructional resource augment the

information supplied by the textbook? What and how
many senses can students use to learn this instructional
material?

Does the instructional material enhance learning?

--------------------END OF THIS LESSON--------------------

How Can Instructors Use the Cone of Experience?

According to Dale’s research, the least effective method
at the top, involves learning from information presented
through verbal symbols, i.e., listening to spoken words.

The most effective methods at the bottom, involves

direct, purposeful learning experiences, such as hands
on or field experience. Direct purposeful experiences
represents reality or the closet things to real, everyday
life.

The cone charts the average retention rate for various

methods of teaching. The further you progress down the
cone, the greater the learning and the more information
is likely to be retained.

It also suggests that when choosing an instructional

method it is important to remember that involving
students in the process strengthens knowledge
retention.