PAKISTAN IN THE

FINAL DECADES OF THE

20TH CENTURY

WRITTEN BY DESIGNED BY

AWAIS Abdul
Samad Sarim
+923332303464
 ABDUL SAMAD SARIM

SAMPLE QUESTION

HOW
EFFECTIVE
WERE
PAKISTAN’S
GOVERNMENTS
IN THE FINAL
DECADE OF THE
20TH
CENTURY?

NOTES OF CLASSES WITH AWAIS

 BENAZIR BHUTTO (1988 –
CLASSES WITH AWAIS

1990) & (1993 – 1996)

BACKGROUND:
• Benazir Bhutto was the eldest daughter and the first
child of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.
• She was born at Karachi in 1953.
• In 1973, she graduated from Harvard University
and enrolled at Oxford University.
• She also did her post-graduation from Oxford
University.
• In 1977, she returned to Pakistan.
• Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto wanted his daughter to contest
in the elections of 1977, but she was very young, so
she served her father as an advisor.
• Zia-ul-Haq demonstrated Martial Law.
• She was imprisoned for over six years but allowed to
leave Pakistan in 1984 on medical grounds.
• In 1986, she returned to Pakistan to contest in the
election which made Zia-ul-Haq fearful, but he died in
a plane crash in 1988.

• After the death of Zia-ul-Haq, Ghulam Ishaq Khan

became the acting President of Pakistan and he held
the elections.
• She became the first woman Prime Minister of
Pakistan in 1988-1990.
• She again chaired as Prime Minister in 1993-1996.
• She was assassinated in 2007 in Karachi.
ABDUL SAMAD SARIM
 Policies of Benazir Bhutto:
CLASSES WITH AWAIS

• During the first tenure of the premiership, she was

immature and young.
• However, during her second tenure, her approach
was different.

Foreign Policy:
• Benazir during her premiership of 1993-1996
visited various countries.
• She wanted to bring the world's attention towards
the Kashmir issues and the atrocities of India in
Kashmir.
• She worked her best to strengthen the relationship
between Pakistan and the United States as during the
rule of Nawaz Sharif the ties between the two
countries were not friendly.

• The United States pressurized Benazir Bhutto to abandon Pakistan's

nuclear program but despite her wish to strengthen ties with the US, she
did not show any flexibility in this matter.
• Benazir’s efforts resulted in the lift of economic and military sanctions
from the country by the US.
• During her second tenure, she also showed her wish to form a stable and
friendly relationship with India.
• In 1988, she held the 4th SAARC Conference in Islamabad, all member
countries attended the conference including India that helped in improving
ABDUL SAMAD SARIM

ties with the country.

 ECONOMIC REFORMS:
CLASSES WITH AWAIS

• Benazir Bhutto focused on expanding the FDI (Foreign Direct Investment).

• Her government also took some restructured measures to reduce defense
expenditures, increase and improve tax collection and to reduce the budget
deficit.
• She also imposed a tax on agriculture.
• Despite all these, she failed to do something real to generate the revenue or to
control the expenses as a result during her second tenure the tax of Pakistan
was 80 percent more than its GDP.

POLITICAL REFORMS:
• Restored democracy and political system in the country.
• Ended the ban that Zia-ul-Haq imposed on student unions and trade.
• She freed the prisoners that Zia-ul-Haq captured to make her rule a successful
one.
• By restoring democracy, she also gave the people of Pakistan freedom of
speech.

SOCIAL REFORMS:
• She established the first women bank in Pakistan, created job opportunities
for women and protected their rights in a male dominant society.
MILITARY REFORMS:
• She started an Integrated Research Program on missile development.
• With the cooperation of China first military satellite was developed known as
“Badr-1”.
ABDUL SAMAD SARIM

• Her efforts gave Pakistan military a satellite surveillance system.

CLASSES WITH AWAIS

SHORTCOMINGS OF BENAZIR’S RULE

(BOTH TENURES):
FALSE PROMISES:
• Her policies failed to acknowledge the
problems concerning health, inflation,
unemployment and education sector even
though during her election campaign she
pledged to resolve these issues.

CONFLICT WITH GHULAM ISHAQ

KHAN:

• She had serious disagreements with Ghulam

Ishaq Khan, the president of Pakistan as she
wanted to appoint army chiefs and judges
herself to strengthen her rule.
• Her disagreements and conflicts with the
president created political instability.

CONFRONTATION WITH NAWAZ SHARIF:

• The government of the People Party under Benazir Bhutto's rule remained
confrontational with the opposition throughout her second tenure.
• Nawaz Sharif also accused Benazir Bhutto of conspiracy with the president
Ghulam Ishaq Khan to overthrow his government in 1993.
• During Nawaz Sharif’s first tenure as Prime Minister, PPP (Pakistan People
Party) failed to develop a cordial relationship.
• Since Nawaz Sharif was the Chief Minister of Punjab, his party in opposition
returned the favor using political tactics.
ABDUL SAMAD SARIM

• In 1994 – 1995, Nawaz Sharif with the support of President Farooq Ahmed
Laghari started a ‘Train March’ from Karachi to Peshawar.
• The Train March was successful and gathered attention towards the bad
governance and corruption of the Pakistan People Party.
NOTES WITH CLASSES OF AWAIS

CONFLICTS
WITH JUDGES:
• Benazir also failed to form a cordial relationship with the judges of the
superior courts.
• In 1966, 4 provincial high courts and the supreme court ordered dismissal
of 24 judges that were appointed by her government.
• The dismissal created instability in the country as two pillars of the
country conflicted with each other.

FALL OF BENAZIR’S PREMIERSHIP IN 1990:

• During her first tenure, Benazir came under fire for corruption on nepotism
charges.
• Her husband Zardari was accused of blackmailing, bribery, corruption, and
kickbacks.
• She appointed her mother as senior Minister, her father in law became the
chairman of the parliamentary public accounts committee.
• Her credibility and reputation became questionable.
• Ghulam Ishaq already had disagreements with Benazir and these charges
gave him a stronghold to dismiss her with the support of the opposition.
• She also gained agitation from the forces as she did the operation of Pacca
Qila privately without taking the army's support.
• This made the elite officers raise their eyebrows.

FALL OF BENAZIR FROM OFFICE IN 1996:

• Benazir had a dispute with Nusrat Bhutto who wanted Mir Murtaza as the
head of the Pakistan People Party.
ABDUL SAMAD SARIM

• Nusrat Bhutto also wanted Murtaza to lead for the Premiership after his
exile in 1993.
• Mir Murtaza also fiercely opposed Benazir and her husband.
• In 1996, he was killed near his house by Sindh Police.
• Benazir accused President Farooq Ahmed Laghari of the conspiracy against
her government and for the murder of her brother Murtaza.
• President Farooq Ahmed Laghari dismissed Benazir on account of
corruption, poor governance, nepotism, and extra-judicial killing.
 NAWAZ SHARIF (1990
– 1993) & (1997 – 1999)
NOTES WITH CLASSES WITH AWAIS

BACKGROUND:
• He was born in Lahore in 1949.
• He acquired his early education from Saint
Anthony School.
• He did his graduation in law from the Punjab
University.
• In 1981, he became the Finance Minister in the
Punjab Cabinet.
• In 1985, he won the elections with an
overwhelming majority and became the Chief
Minister of Punjab.
• In 1988, he also became the caretaker Chief
Minister after Zia-ul-Haq dissolved the assemblies.
• After the 1988 election, he also has sworn as Punjab's Chief Minister.
• In 1990, he won the elections, formed the government and became the Prime
Minister of Pakistan.
• In 1993 he was dismissed from his position before completing his 5-year tenure.
• In 1997, his party Pakistan Muslim League won the elections and he again became
the Prime Minister of Pakistan.
• However, the history repeated itself and in 1999 his government was overthrown
by a military coup.

POLICIES OF NAWAZ SHARIF:

• He reversed the nationalization policy introduced by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and also
countered its effects.
• He initiated a national reconstruction program to develop the industries.
• During his rule, PTCL, two banks, and more than fifty industrial units were privatized.
• He restored the confidence in the private sector and reduced the burden from the
A BADB D

national treasury.
• He Initiated Ghazi Barotha Hydro Power Project that could produce 1450 MegaWatt.
UULL SSA

• He constructed the first motorway in Asia between Lahore and Islamabad that resulted
in an improved travel system.
AM

• He acknowledged the water distribution issue among all the four provinces by the
MAADDS ASRAI M

water apportionment accord that was the award of the National finance commission.
• He introduced the 13th amendment in the constitution and replaced the 8th
amendment that had given extensive powers to the President as result original
constitution of 1973 and political stability was restored.
RIM
 SHORTCOMINGS OF NAWAZ
SHARIF’S RULE (BOTH
NOTES WITH CLASSES WITH AWAIS

TENURES):
• The cooperative societies were responsible for
accepting deposits from members, providing loans
for businesses and were state-owned.
• These cooperative societies failed to function
properly because of mismanagement and the Sharif
family received all the funds, as a result, the poor
lost all their savings.
• In 1991, the Shariat Bill was passed to enforce the
Shariat Law but no effort was made to implement it.
• This Bill also received criticism from political
parties because of the influence of religion in politics
as well as from the Ulemas because no real effort
was made for its enforcement.

• In 1993, Nawaz Sharif failed to form a cordial relationship with the president
Ishaq Khan.
• Nawaz Sharif wanted to replace the 8th amendment in the constitution to limit
the powers of the president as well as he wanted to appoint Army Chief of his
choice that brought him in a conflicting position with the president.
• However, the president was apt in his decisions and before Nawaz could do
anything, he appointed General Waheed Kakar as Army Chief.
• This conflict among the Premier and the President weekend the government.
• Nawaz Sharif dismissed General Jahangir Karamat that damaged civil-military
relationships during his second tenure and paved the way for military intervention
in the government.

FALL OF NAWAZ’S PREMIERSHIP IN 1993:

• His yellow cab scheme failed that was supposed to offer taxi drivers soft loans
and easy installments.
A BADB D

• This scheme failed because his government failed to collect installments that
created an economic crisis in the country.
UULL SSA

• Nawaz’s family did embezzlement in the cooperative societies’ funds.

• Conflicts with president Ishaq Khan, along with his poor governance led to his
AMMAADDS ASRAI M

dismissal from the office in 1993.

RIM
NOTES WITH CLASSES OF AWAIS

FALL OF NAWAZ
FROM OFFICE
IN 1999:

• He did a conspiracy against General Musharraf when he was returning

from Sri Lanka, his plane was not allowed to land.
• Nawaz also replaced, General Musharraf with that time ISI Chief
Ziauddin Butt.

• This conspiracy made the elite officers of the army agitated and they
retaliated by planning the removal of Nawaz from the office.
• In reflection on Nawaz's actions, Commanders took over PTV, Karachi
airport and the Nawaz Sharif, the Prime Minister.
• The military started a covert operation with the support of local
fighters and successfully captured the heights in Kargil.
• For Kargil operation, Nawaz Sharif blamed Musharraf and accused the
military that he was not involved in the planning or the operation.
• The Kargil operation and its aftermath created serious conflict
between the military and civil government, and it led to the military coup.
ABDUL SAMAD SARIM
 NOTES WITH CLASSES WITH AWAIS

GENERAL PERVEZ MUSHARRAF 1999

BACKGROUND: • He fought in the War of 1965 against India
and received Imtiazi Sanad, Tamgha-i-Basalat
• He was born in Delhi in 1943. and Nishan-i-Imtiaz.
• After independence in 1947, • He served in the Special Services Group for
his family decided to shift to seven years.
Karachi. • He fought in the war of 1971.
• From 1993 to 1995, he served the military
• His father worked for the
as the Director General Military Operations.
foreign ministry and he spent • In 1998, he became the Army Chief after
his early years in Turkey till the resignation of General Jehangir Karamat.
1956. • In 1999 when the military overthrew the
• He returned to Pakistan and government of Nawaz and took over, he
continued his education at became the Chief Executive.
• In 2001, he assumed the role of President
Saint Patrick’s High School,
of Pakistan.
Karachi.
• To legalize his role as President, he held a
• He joined Military Academy referendum in 2002 and became the
and in 1964 he was President for the next five years.
commissioned to Artillery • In 2004, a deal was made with Muttahida-
Regiment. Majlis-e-Amal (MMA).
• Considering the deal made with MMA he
ACHIEVEMENTS OF resigned from Military but received a vote of
MUSHARRAF: confidence that allowed him to keep his
position of President for the next five years.

ABDUL SAMAD SARIM