HISTORIC STYLES 2

EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE

AD 4TH - 12TH CENTURY (300
YEARS)

● EMPEROR CONSTANTINE &

CHRISTIANITY Spread and ● ROME
acceptance of Christianity. -Center of a world-wide empire.
● ROMAN ART
● ROMAN EMPIRE “All roads lead to -materials were taken from
Rome.” ruined Roman buildings.
-columns, sculpture, and mosaics
● CENTERS OF DEVELOPMENT:
Rome and Constantinople (led to CLIMATIC FACTORS
Byzantine) It was when the ● NORTH: Temperate
Roman Empire splits into two. ● CENTRAL: Sunny and genial
SOUTH: Almost tropical
-necessitated small windows and other
Estern features.

RELIGOUS FACTORS
● CRISTIANITY- inspired the
erection of arcHhitectural
elements.
● CHRISTIAN CHURCH - to shelter
worshippers

catacomb
Early Christian’s network of
underground burial sites
GEORAPHICAL & geological FACTORS
SOCIAL FACTORS ● CLOISTER - arcaded covered
● CAPITAL area
Rome to Byzantium ● NARTHEX - covered space for
● ROMAN EMPIRE penitents
East and West ● NAVE- central aisle lighted by
clerestories
HISTORICAL FACTORS ● AISLE - 2 or 4
● PERIOD ● TRANSEPT - bema, presbytery
Constantine to Gregory the ● APSE - Bishop’s chair
Great ● CHOIR - fronts the high altar
● SPLIT OF ROMAN EMPIRE

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
● IMPRESSIVE AND DIGNIFIED /
ARCUATED AND TRABEATED
● REFLECTIVE OF ROMAN DESIGN
● MATERIALS: BRICKS, STUCCO,
WOOD, STONE, MOSAIC,
FRAGMENTS
● ROMAN METHODS
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS -rabble and concrete
A. PLAN -plaster, brick, stone

● ROMAN BASILICA ● MOSAICS

Followed the method and plan - internally and externally
● CIRCULAR BAPTISTERY
attached to chief basilican C. OPENGS
church
● CAMPANILE (bell tower)
originated in this period

PARTS OF BASILICA:
● PORCH - entrance gate B. WALLS
● ATRIUM - forecourt, open space
with a fountain at the center
 CENTRAL NAVE
- timber roof CARVED CAPITALS
- ACATHUS LEAVES

ROMAN
-tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and
Composite
● DOORS & WINDOWS
F. MOULDINGS
-spanned by semi-circular arch
-lintel beam

● CLERESTOR
-evident
APSE
D. ROOFING - DOME

E. COLUMNS

OLD ROMAN TYPE

AISLES- vaulted - low craftmanship
-acanthus leaves
 G. ORNAMENTS EXAMPLE; BASILICAN CHURCH EXAMPLE; BAPTISTERY

baptistery of ravenna
COLORS Ravenna, Italy
- feature
EXAMPLE; TOMB

Santa Maria Maggiore

Basilica Papale di Santa Maria
Maggiore, Rome
GLASS MOSAICS BY FERDINANDO FUGA mausoleum of santa
● Built during 43 1 AD to honor constanza
Virgin Mary. Rome, Italy
● Second most beautiful church in
Rome. BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
● One of the four major basilicas 324 AD TO 15TH CENTURY & LATER
in Rome ● BYZANTIUM (Constantinople)
● possessing Early Christian Constantine changed the capital
Architecture styles. from Rome.
“New Rome”
APSE Justinian Rule
- Jesus Christ, apostles,
Angels ● • SPLIT OF ROMAN EMPIRE
 Western: Rome Eastern: ● Eastern: hot ● STRUCTURAL SYSTEM: DOME AND
Byzantium Due to climatic requirements: COLUMN
● CENTERS OF DEVELOPMENT: - Small windows ● VAULTED DOME ON
Constantinople (Istanbul) - Sheltering arcade PENDENTIVE IS THE
Western Empire (Rome) collapsed - Open court CHARACTERISTIC OF THIS
in 476 AD PERIOD.
RELIGOUS FACTORS
● CHRISTIANITY- state religion COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
● DIVISION OF ROME AND A. PLAN
CHRISTIANITY GREEK CROSS
West: Latin Church -typical plan from first and second
East: Greek Orthodox Church Golden Ages
● ICONOCLASM - no painted CENTRAL SQUARE
figures -covered with a dome
except sculptures. NARTHEX
GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS - Churches merged to domical type. -make the plan square
● COMMERCIAL SITE
-between Black Sea and SOCIAL FACTORS PARTS OF A GREEK CROSS CHURCH:
Mediterranean Sea. ● CAPITAL ● NARTHEX
-Asia and Europe meet Rome to Byzantium ● NAVE
● COLOSSEUMS, THERMAS ● AISLES
GEOLOGICAL FACTORS love for sports ● TRANCEPT
-no good building stone ● ROMAN EMPIRE ● APSE
-material were imported Election of Charlemagne
Divided because of weak
emperors

HISTORICAL FACTORS
● PERIOD
4th Century- Greek Colony
7th Century- Byzantium founded
● OTTOMAN EMPIRE
became the capital
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
CLIMATIC FACTORS ● SIMPLE EXTERIOR, RICH
● Hotter than Rome INTERIOR
 C. OPENINGS

● ARCHES ● allowed for smoother transitions

-semi-circular between square bases and
-horse shoe circular, or octagonal, domes

● WINDOWS E. COLUMNS
- small placed on domes
-translucent marble and
Alabaster

D. ROOFS

B. WALL ● CARVED CAPITALS

-designed by Ionic and
Corinthian
-cubiform
-Roman to monolithic

● PENDENTIVES F. MOULDINGS
-where domes are rested
CONSTRUCTION
-bricks
-with marble and glass ● • TYPES OF DOME
mosaics -SIMPLE
-absence of mouldings -COMPOUND
-with pendentive or drum
-MELON ● UNIMPORTANT -
-wall surfaces
 ● •EXAMPLE
-Billet mould – to frame marble
panels
-Flat splayed mould

G. ORNAMENTS

● GLASS AND COSTLY

MARBLES
-walls

● SYMBOLIC FIGURES
- Chi Rho
- Peacock – immortal life HAGIA SOPHIA
-Endless Knot Church of Holy Wisdom, Istanbul

BY ANTHEMIUS OF TRALLES AND

ISIDORUS OF MILETUS
● Christian church in the 6 th
century CE (5 3 2 –5 3 7 ).
● Became a mosque, a museum,
and a mosque again.
● minarets and inscriptions of
Islam as well as the lavish
mosaics of Christianity. HAGIA IRENE (istanbul, Turkey)
• Never converted as a mosque
• Oldest known church in the city.
 ● ROMANESQUE
“esque” means like or resemble
Resemblance of Roman Architecture
Also called NORMAN ARCHITECTURE
(British)

● • CENTERS OF DEVELOPMENT:
MAINLY IN EUROPE:
ITALY
FRANCE
GERMANY
MOSAIC MOSQUE church of chora GEOLOGICAL FACTORS
Istanbul, turkey GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS ITALY
● NORTHERN -
ITALY stone, brick,
● NORTHERN volcanic tufa (peperino),
- Norman and travertine, carrara marble
Byzantine
● SOUTHERN
● CENTRAL brick and
- Classical Arts Marble

● SOUTHERN FRANCE
- Greek, ● CAEN STONE -
Byzantine, Norman, light Creamy yellow limestone
Moorish
BYZANTINE, ITALIAN GOTHI st. mark’s ● PUMICE and TUFA -vaulting
basilica FRANCE
Venice, italy ● CENTRAL POSITION - GERMANY
natural highways ● STONE - principal material
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE IN ● CHURCHES - fireproof by
●Influenced by: Vaulting
EUROPE
Roman, Norman, Venetian,
8th to 12th CENTURY Saracenic
GERMANY CLIMATIC FACTORS
● ROMAN CIVILIZATION ITALY
 ● NORTHERN - -special and great feature
-extreme FRANCE - square, octagonal, circular
● CHRISTIANITY - east, west, crossings
● CENTRAL -Monastic way of lif
brilliant ● •CRYPT
GERMANY - relics burials below
● SOUTHERN ● CHRISTIANITY
Tropical - circular baptiteries

FRANCE SOCIAL FACTORS

● NORTHERN - ITALY
-warm ● FEUDAL SYSTEM
● COMMUNITY RIVALRIES
● ATLANTIC COST ● TRADES
warmer - Mohammedan art
FRANCE
● SOUTHERN ● FEUAL SYSTEM
sub-tropical - Growth of communities
GERMANY
– new towns and industries
GERMANY
● DISREGARDED - GENERAL CHARACTERISTTICS
- due to classic influence ● SOBER AND DIGNIFIED /
- large windows and sleep roofs PICTURESQUENESS
● • STRUCTURAL SYSTEM:
ROMANESQUE VAULTING
RELIGOUS FACTORS
● • FLYING BUTTRESSES
ITALY
● Pope Gregory VII-
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
clergy
A. PLAN
shall not marry
● LATIN CROSS PLAN
- transept wide as the nave
- chancel was prolonged east B. WALL
● Mohammedan (south)
- choir was raised
geometrical ornament
- no human symbolism
● TOWERS
 ● ROMANESQUE VAULTING
● TEXTURE
- side aisle - vegetable of animal motifs
- rough and coarse
- vertical string courses
● 2 TYPES OF VAULTING: -
● ARCHED CORBELS
- QUADPARTITE G. ORNAMENTS
- topped the wall
- SEXPARTITE
● BUTTRESSES
E. COLUMNS
- pilaster strips

C. OPNINGS

- vegetable and animal

Kingdom

● •FRESCO PAINTINGS
● CAPITALS - often used than mosaics

semi-circular arches - patterned from Corinthian

-multiple jambs and Ionic
- later became CUBIFORM
● ROSE/ WHEEL WINDOW
- west principal door ● SHAFTS
- common in southern Italy - vertical flutting, spiral,
trellis, ornaments

D. ROOFS
Italian example
F. MOULDINGS PISA CATHEDRAL (1063-1135)
Pisa, italy By paul abadie fils
By buscheto & rainaldo

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
1130 - 1500
● MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE
“French Style”
-can be identified by pointed
arches, ribbed
vaulting, flying buttresses, and
stained-glass window.
German example
CHURCH OF THE APOSTLES
● 3 GREAT KINGDOMS
Cologne, germany
France, England, and Castile in
By anthemius of tralles and
Spain
isidrous of miletus
French example
ANGOULEME CATHEDRAL ● CENTERS OF
Charene, france DEVELOPMENT:
 Western Europe -SOUTH - sub tropical
Notre Dame
RELIGPUS FACTORS
GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS ● PAPACY - gives and takes power
● Same with Romanesque from Kings and Emperor
● VIRGIN MARY - construction of
GEOLOGICAL FACTORS chapels
● FRANCE
- same with Romanesque
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
● GERMANY ● VERTICAL AND
- bricks INSPIRINGSTRUCTURAL
● SYSTEM: GOTHIC RIB VAULTING
● ITALY ● DEPARTURE FROM CLASSIC
- marble LINES
• SPAIN A. PLAN
- stone

CLIMATIC FACTORS
● FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALY:
- dull and brillianT

● •SPAIN:
- NORTH - cold
B. WALLS
 - POINTED, LARGE, SEMI
CIRCULAR, TRACERY (GENERAL)

C OPENINGS D, ROOFS

RIBBED VAULTING, FAN TRACERY

VAULTING (ITALIAN), AND OPEN TIMBER

E, COLUMNS
 GROTESQUE (GARGOYLES), STAINED
GLASS

IMPORTANT / PROMINENT FEATURES

• POINTED ARCHES
- strength and stability
BATTLEMENTED AND TRACERY
- PARAPETS, BUTTRESS, PINNACLES,
ATTACHED TO PIERS, SQUARE ABACUS TURRETS, SPIRES

F, MOULDINGS G, ORNAMENTS

RIBBED VAULTS
- sense of unity
- skeleton
 FLYING
BUTTRESSES
- prevents outward collapse

STAINED GLASS WINDOWS

- effects of lightness and space

MILAN CATHEDRAL (1386)

Milan, Italy
GARGOYLES
BY DONATO BRAMANTE, ETC.
- protect the foundation
● completed in 1 9 6 5
from rain
● paved the way for the
introduction of High Gothic
● dedicated to the Nativity of St.
Mary
 1500 HIGH RENAISSANCE
ARCHITECTURE
1520 LATE RENAISSANCE
ARCHITECTURE

• CENTERS OF DEVELOPMENT:
FLORENCE (epicenter)

COLOGNE
CATHEDRAL SIENA CATHEDRAL
Cologne, Germany Siena, Italy
BY MASTER GERHARD AND MOR BY GIOVANNI PISANO, GIOVANNI DI
AGOSTINO,
CAMAINO DI CRESCENTINO, GIOVANNI
DI CECCO

RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE IN
EUROPE
14TH - 17TH CENTURY

● REBIRTH / REVIVAL
Age of revival (Greek & Roman
Architecture) GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Age of Humanism ● CLASICISM AND HORIZONTALITY
After Medieval Age ● STRUCTURAL SYSTEM: GOTHIC
NOTRE DAME DOME
1400 EARLY RENAISSANCE ● FLYING BUTTRESSES
CATHEDRAL ARCHITECTURE
Paris, France
BY JEAN-BAPTISE LASSUS
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
A. PLAN

B. WALLS
 D. FACADE

C. OPENINGS Symmetrical around

vertical axis
- pediments
- columns and windows
towards center
E. COLUMNS & PLASTERING

Roman and Greek orders

F. ARCHES

- mannerist style
- archades
- section of entablature between
capita
 G. VAULTS I. DETAILS

-great precision
- Do not have ribs - around doors and windows
- semi-circular or - sculptures in niches or plinths
segmental on square
Plan
1. SYMMETRY & PROPRTION
H. HOMES Harmonious,
economical through simple 2. GEOMETRICAL SHAPES
shapes and designs. maximizes the available
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE IN space.
EUROPE - ensures a sturdy
⚬ Semicircular arches foundation
⚬ Hemispherical domes • MATHEMATICAL
⚬ Evenly spaced-out windows - use of squares, circles,
⚬ Central entrances and linear perspectives.
⚬ Columns that progress toward the
center
⚬ Precise ratios of height and width

used frequently
 3. USE OF SPACE AND LIGHT Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore,
sense of grandeur and Florence, Italy
peace. BY FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI AND MORE
- St. Peter’s Basilica • Used to be the largest church.
dome (splash of light) • 3 rd largest cathedral in the world with
Renaissance
style.

chateau de chambord
Chambord, France
BY JULES HARDOUIN-MANSART AND
MORE
4. REVIVAL OF CLASSICAL THEME
inspiration from Roman
and Greek Styles.
- columns and
Pediments

st. PEtEr’s basilica

Vatican City
FLORENCE CATHEDRAL (1296) BY MICHELANGELO, BERNINI,
BRAMANTE AND MORE
Palazzo Medici Riccardi
Vatican Palace, Vatican City
BY MICHELOZZO DI BARTOLOMEO

sistine chapel ceiling

Vatican City
BY MICHELANGELO