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Lecturer 10 Signals & Systems

The document discusses Fourier series and their properties. It covers topics like convergence of Fourier series, Dirichlet conditions, Gibbs phenomenon, properties of continuous-time Fourier series including linearity, time shifting, time reversal, time scaling, multiplication, conjugation and conjugate symmetry, and Parseval's relation. It also defines some important functions used in Fourier analysis like the signum, sampling and sinc functions.

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Prashanna Yadav
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20 views27 pages

Lecturer 10 Signals & Systems

The document discusses Fourier series and their properties. It covers topics like convergence of Fourier series, Dirichlet conditions, Gibbs phenomenon, properties of continuous-time Fourier series including linearity, time shifting, time reversal, time scaling, multiplication, conjugation and conjugate symmetry, and Parseval's relation. It also defines some important functions used in Fourier analysis like the signum, sampling and sinc functions.

Uploaded by

Prashanna Yadav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EC2601:SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

Chapter 3-Part 2
Fourier Series
By
Prof. AJIT KUMAR SAHOO
Asst.Prof (ECE)
NIT, Rourkela

TEXT BOOK:
SIGNALS & SYSTEMS
By
ALAN V.OPPENHEIM
ALAN S.WILLSKY
WITH S. HAMID NAWAB

1
CONVERGENCE OF THE FOURIER SERIES

Associated Problem with Fourier series: 𝑥(𝑡) is discontinuous


while each of its harmonic components is continuous.

Fourier maintained that any periodic signal could be represented by


a Fourier series. Although this is not quite true, it is true that
Fourier series can be used to represent an extremely large class of
periodic signals

The approximation of 𝑥(𝑡) is

Approximation error

2
As N increases, new terms are added and EN decreases. If, in fact, 𝑥(𝑡)
has a Fourier series representation, then the limit of 𝐸𝑁 as N → ∞ is
zero.

T 3
Dirichlet conditions for Fourier Series

1. Over any period, 𝑥(𝑡) must be absolutely integrable; that is,

4
A periodic signal that violates the first Dirichlet condition is

5
2. In any finite interval of time, 𝑥(𝑡) is of bounded variation; that is,
there are no more than a finite number of maxima and minima during
any single period of the signal.

An example of a function that meets Condition 1 but not Condition 2


is

The function has, however, an infinite number of maxima and


minima in the interval. 6
3. In any finite interval of time, there are only a finite number of
discontinuities. Furthermore, each of these discontinuities is finite.

T=8

7
 For a periodic signal that has no discontinuities, the Fourier
series representation converges and equals the original signal at
every value of 𝑡.

 For a periodic signal with a finite number of discontinuities in


each period, the Fourier series representation equals the signal
every-where except at the isolated points of discontinuity, at
which the series converges to the average value of the signal on
either side of the discontinuity.

 In this case the difference between the original signal and its
Fourier series representation contains no energy, and
consequently, the two signals can be thought of as being the
same for all practical purposes.

8
9
Gibbs phenomenon.

10
 The implication is that the truncated Fourier series approximation
xN(t) of a discontinuous signal x(t) will in general exhibit high-
frequency ripples and overshoot x(t) near the discontinuities.

 If such an approximation is used in practice, a large enough value


of N should be chosen so as to guarantee that the total energy in
these ripples is insignificant 11
12
PROPERTIES OF CONTINUOUS-TIME FOURIER SERIES

Suppose that 𝑥(𝑡) is a periodic signal with period 𝑇 and fundamental


2𝜋
frequency 𝜔0 = . Then if the Fourier series coefficients of 𝑥(𝑡) are
𝑇
denoted by 𝑎𝑘

1. Linearity

13
14
2. Time Shifting

when a periodic signal is shifted in time, the magnitudes of its


Fourier series coefficients remain unaltered. That is,

15
3. Time Reversal

 Time reversal applied to a continuous-time signal results in a time


reversal of the corresponding sequence of Fourier series coefficients

 An interesting consequence of the time-reversal property is that if x(t) is


even-that is, if 𝑥(−𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡), then its Fourier series coefficients are also
even-i.e., a-k = ak.
 Similarly, if x(t) is odd, so that 𝑥(−𝑡) = − 𝑥(𝑡), then so are its Fourier
series coefficients-i.e., a-k= -ak
16
4. Time Scaling

Fourier coefficients have not changed, the Fourier series


representation has changed because of the change in the fundamental
frequency.

17
5. Multiplication

Discrete-time convolution of the sequence representing the Fourier


coefficients of x(t) and the sequence representing the Fourier
coefficients of y(t)

18
6. Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry

19
x(t) real-that is, when x(t)=x*(t)

if 𝑥(𝑡) is real and even, then,

That is, if x(t) is real and even, then so are its Fourier series
coefficients. Similarly, it can be shown that if 𝑥(𝑡) is real and
odd, then its Fourier series coefficients are purely imaginary and
odd.

20
7. Parseval's Relation for Continuous-Time Periodic Signals

Parseval's relation for continuous-time periodic signals is

is the average power in the kth harmonic component of 𝑥(𝑡)

Parseval's relation states that the total average power in a periodic


signal equals the sum of the average powers in all of its harmonic
components.

21
Some Important functions
Signum function

22
Sampling function

23
Sinc function

24
25
26
THANK YOU

27

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