Introduction.

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Types of application
1. Console User Interface( CUI/CLI )
2. Graphical User Interface( GUI )
3. Library( .jar )
4. Client Server( Web Application )
5. Distributed Application( Web Servcies/REST Services )

Technology
If we want to develop application then we should use technology.
Example: Java, ASP.NET
Using technology, we can create standalone application, client-server application, distributed application
etc.
Platform
It can hardware/software environment in which we can run/execute application.
Types of platform:
. Hardware based platform
Microsoft Windows, Linux, Mac OS etc.
. Software only platform
Java, MS.NET
Library
Java archive(.jar) file is a library file of java. It can contain manifest file, resources(Images, fonts, culture
specific files ) and list of packages.
Package can contain:
sub package,
interface,
class,
enum,
exception,
error and
annotation types.
"rt.jar" is a java library file which contain all the types required to develop core java application.
Framework
Library(s) of reusable classes that can be used to develop an appliation is called as framework.
Following are the Java Framework
. AWT/SWING - GUI Frameworks
. RMI - Distributed application development framework
. JNI - Native application development framework
. JUNIT - Unit testing framework
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. Struts - MVC based readymade web application development framework

. Hibernate - Automatic persistence framework
Language
Example : C, C++, Java, C#, Ruby, GO Lang, Java Script, Python etc.
If we want to implement business logic then we should use language.
Using language, we can develop application hence language can be considered as technology but every
technology is not a language.
Language can have following properties:
. Syntax
. Data types
. Tokens(Identifiers, keywords, constants, operators, Separators )
. Built in features( e.g Pointer, Lambda expression, Regular expression )
Java Language History
James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project in June 1991.
Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced for the digital cable
television industry at the time.
The language was initially called Oak after an oak tree that stood outside Gosling's office. Later the
project went by the name Green and was finally renamed Java, from Java coffee, the coffee from
Indonesia.
Java is derived from C and C++.
Initially it was a product of Sun Microsystems. In 27 January 2010 Oracle acquired Sun Microsystems.
Java language is both technology as well as platform.
Reading Assignment : Core Java Volume - I ( Cay Horstman ) => Chapter 1
Java Platforms
Sun has defined and supports four editions of Java targeting different application environments.
. Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE)
It is also called as Core java.
targeting workstation environments.
Provides API for the development of standalone application.
. Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE)
It is also called as JEE/Enterprise Java/Web java/Advanced java.
targeting large distributed enterprise or Internet environments.
Provides API for the development of client-server application.
. Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME)
targeting environments with limited resources.
Provides API for the development of Consumer devices.
Example : Mobile phone, other embeded devices
. Java Card for smart-cards.
JDK, JRE and JVM
SDK stands for software development kit(SDK).
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SDK = Language tools + Documentation + Libraries + Runtime Environment.

Java languages SDK is also called as JDK
Java Development Kit. It is a software.
JDK = Java Language tools + Java Docs + rt.jar + JVM.
JVM - Java Virtual machine
JRE stands for Java runtime environment. JVM and rt.jar are integrated part of JRE.
JDK = Java Language tools + Java Docs + JRE[ rt.jar + JVM ].
JRE is a software.
Java Virtual Machine[ JVM ] is a runtime environment of java which is used to manage execution of Java
application.
If we want to develop Java application then we must install JDK on developers machine and if we want to
install/deploy Java application on client machine then we must install JRE on clients machine.
Installtion directory structure
It contains following sub directories:
. bin
It contains Java language tools.
Example : javac, javap, javah, java etc.
. include
JNI stands for Java Native Interface.
In the context of Java, C/C++ code is called as native code.
Using JNI, if we want to access native code in Java then some header files are required.
These files are kept into include directory.
. lib
It contains library files which is required to use Java language tools.
. src
Java is a open source technology.
If we extract src.zip file then src directory gets created.
It contains source code of Java API.
. docs
It contains documentation of java API
Online help is available at : https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/
. jre
It contains JVM and rt.jar file.
. db
It contains database specific files( Driver, Sample database etc. )
Java Versions
Version Year
JDK Beta 1995
JDK1.0 1996
JDK 1.1 1997
J2SE 1.2 1998
J2SE 1.3 2000
J2SE 1.4 2002

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J2SE 5.0 2004

Java SE 6 2006
Java SE 7 2011
Java SE 8 2014(LTS)
Java SE 9 2017
Java SE 10 2018
Java SE 11 2018(LTS)
Java SE 12 2019
Java SE 13 2019
Java SE 14 2020
Java SE 15 2020

In September 2017, Mark Reinhold, chief Architect of the Java Platform, proposed to change the release
train to "one feature release every six months" rather than the current two-year schedule and later the
proposal took effect.
Java SE Naming and Versions
The Java Platform name has changed a few times over the years.
Java was first released in January 1996 and was named Java Development Kit, abbreviated JDK.
Version 1.2 was a large change in the platform and was therefore rebranded as Java 2. Full name: Java 2
Software Development Kit, abbreviated to Java 2 SDK or J2SDK.
Version 1.5 was released in 2004 as J2SDK 5.0 –dropping the “1.” from the official name and was further
renamed in 2006. Sun simplified the platform name to better reflect the level of maturity, stability,
scalability, and security built into the Java platform. Sun dropped the "2" from the name. The
development kit reverted back to the name "JDK" from "Java 2 SDK". The runtime environment has
reverted back to "JRE" from "J2RE."
JDK 6 and above no longer use the “dot number” at the end of the platform version.

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