18CEO307T

DISASTER MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT

Dr. S. Sindhu Nachiar
Department of Civil Engineering
SRM Institute of Science and Technology
 2
Dr. SSN, Dept of Civil Engg, SRMIST
 3
Dr. SSN, Dept of Civil Engg, SRMIST
 4
Dr. SSN, Dept of Civil Engg, SRMIST
 5
Dr. SSN, Dept of Civil Engg, SRMIST
 6
Dr. SSN, Dept of Civil Engg, SRMIST
 Disaster
(Italian word disastro)

7
Dr. SSN, Dept of Civil Engg, SRMIST
 Disaster?
A disaster is a sudden,
calamitous event that seriously
disrupts the functioning of a
community or society and
causes human, material, and
economic or environmental
losses that exceed the
community’s or society’s ability
to cope using its own
resources.
Disaster is an occurrence that
causes widespread damage
and destruction or a sudden
catastrophe leading to loss of
life or property.

8
Dr. SSN, Dept of Civil Engg, SRMIST
Hazard and Risk
Hazard - Source of potential loss or
circumstances that have the
potential to cause harm
Primary source of risk which results
in disaster
Hazard become emergency when
eminent situation requires
immediate attention
Risk – chance of something
happening that has a negative
impact in terms of consequences
and likelihood.
Emergency – any event which
endangers to life and environment
and which calls for a momentous
and coordinated response
9
Dr. SSN, Dept of Civil Engg, SRMIST
Hazard and Risk

10
Dr. SSN, Dept of Civil Engg, SRMIST
Hazard and Risk

11
Dr. SSN, Dept of Civil Engg, SRMIST
Risk

12
Dr. SSN, Dept of Civil Engg, SRMIST
Risk

13
Dr. SSN, Dept of Civil Engg, SRMIST
14
 Vulnerability
(Basis of effect of hazard)

15
 Vulnerability
(Basis of effect of hazard)

1. Physical Vulnerability - influence of events on

infrastructure, agriculture, etc. (site of settlement, and the design
and materials used for housing)

2. Social Vulnerability – inability of the affected population

(levels of literacy, good governance, social justice, conventional values,
customs and ideological beliefs)

3. Economic Vulnerability – impact on assets and business

process (economic status of individuals, communities and nations)

4. Environmental Vulnerability – natural resource depletion

and resource degradation (pollution and soil erosion)

16
Dr. SSN, Dept of Civil Engg, SRMIST
 India’s Vulnerability to Disaster
57% land is vulnerable to earthquakes. Of these, 12% is vulnerable
to severe earthquakes.
68% land is vulnerable to drought.
12% land is vulnerable to floods.
8% land is vulnerable to cyclones.
Apart from natural disasters, some cities in India are also
vulnerable to chemical and industrial disasters and man-made
disasters.

Northern mountain region prone to land slides, snow–storms ,

earthquakes
Eastern coastal area prone to severe floods ,cyclones
Western desert prone to draughts
17
India’s Vulnerability to Disaster

18
Hazard and Vulnerability

19
Conceptual Framework

20
Disaster Event

21
Disasters

22
 Types of Disasters
Natural Disasters
This type of disasters often caused as a result of the natural forces
and have to be accepted as unfortunate by the people. It includes
droughts, hurricanes, floods, snow storms, volcanoes, sea surges,
tsunamis, famines, and earthquake. Every year, there are natural
disasters experienced in many different parts of the world. An
earthquake in heavily populated areas often results in the loss of
hundreds of lives.
Man Made Disasters
The disasters that result from the human activities can be defined
as the man made disasters and it causes harm to the animals,
plants, and people. The man made disasters consists of fires,
explosions, dam failures, nuclear reactor accidents, the release of
toxic chemicals, wars and other similar types of activities.
23
 When and Where it occurs ?
❑ Anytime and anywhere, not confined to any
part of the world.
❑ Some disasters can be predicted and whereas
some cannot be predicted.
❑ Warfare is a special category, because it is
well planned and damage is the intended goal
of action.

24
 Natural Disaster
Disaster Disaster Sub-type Sub-subtype
Disaster Group
Generic Group Main Type Disaster Disaster
Tropical Storm Thunderstorm/
Extra-tropical Lightning
Natural
Meteorological Storm Cyclone Snow storm/ Sand
Disasters
Local/Convective storm/ Dust
Storm storm/ Tornado

Thunderstorm

Snowstorm

Sandstorm

Tornad
o
25
 Natural Disaster
Disaster Disaster Disaster Sub-type Sub-subtype
Generic Group Group Main Type Disaster Disaster
Ground Shaking Snow avalanche
Tsunami Debris avalanche
Earthquake
Volcanic Mudslide
Volcano
Natural Eruption Debris flow
Geophysical Mass
Disasters Rock fall Sudden
Movement
Avalanche subsidence
(Dry)
Landslide Long lasting
Subsidence subsidence

Snow avalanche
Tsunami
Subsidence
Earthquake
Volcanic Eruption
26
 Natural Disaster
Disaster Disaster Disaster Sub-type Sub-subtype
Generic Group Group Main Type Disaster Disaster

Natural River Flood

Hydrological Flood -
Disasters Coastal flood

River Flood

Coastal Flood

27
 Natural Disaster
Disaster Disaster Disaster Sub-type Sub-subtype
Generic Group Group Main Type Disaster Disaster
Heat wave
Cold wave
Extreme Frost
Extreme Winter
Natural temperature Snow pressure
Climatological conditions
Disasters Drought Icing
Drought
Wild fire Freezing rain
Forest Fire
Land fire

Forest Fire Freezing Rain

Land Fire

Frost
28
 Natural Disaster
Disaster Disaster Disaster Sub-subtype
Sub-type Disaster
Generic Group Group Main Type Disaster
Viral, bacterial,
Epidemic fungal, parasitic
Natural
Biological Insect infectious diseases -
Disasters
infestation Grasshopper/
Locust/Worm

Infectious Diseases

Locust Attack

Grasshopper
29
Interactions among Natural Hazards

30
 Man-Made Disaster
Disaster Disaster Disaster Sub-type Sub-subtype
Generic Group Group Main Type Disaster Disaster

Arson
Man-Made
Sociological Civil Disorder - -
Disasters
Terrorism

Civil Disorder

Arson
Terroris
31
m
 Man-Made Disaster
Disaster Disaster Disaster Sub-subtype
Sub-type Disaster
Generic Group Group Main Type Disaster

Chemical weapons,
Man-Made Biological weapons,
Political War -
Disasters Nuclear weapons,
Armed Conflict

Nuclear
weapon

Biological weapon

Armed Conflict

32
 Man-Made Disaster
Disaster Disaster Disaster Sub-subtype
Sub-type Disaster
Generic Group Group Main Type Disaster
Chemical Spill
Nuclear Plants
Explosion
Airways,
Man-Made Transport
Industrial waterways, -
Disasters Accident
railways, roadways
Engineering
Structural Collapse
failure

Chemical Spill Explosion

33
 Man-Made Disaster
Disaster Disaster Disaster Sub-subtype
Sub-type Disaster
Generic Group Group Main Type Disaster
Stampede,
Road accidents,
Human error railway accidents,
Man-Made
Human of judgment Airplane crash -
Disasters
Poisoning Food poisoning,
Carbon monoxide
poisoning

34
35
36
 Major Disasters in India

1984 – Bhopal Gas Tragedy 2001 – Gujarat Earthquake

2004 – Tsunami Indian Ocean 2008 – Mumbai Attacks

37
Major Disasters in India 2020
Utharkand Forest Fire

Visakhapatnam Gas Leak

Assam Oil Gujarat

and Gas Chemical Plant
Leak Explosion

Cyclone Amphan

Cyclone Nisarga

38
 Severity of the Impact
The severity of the impact depends upon many factors
Predictability – Some of the disasters like cyclones, floods
can be predicted and the degree of preparedness will be
high
Type of Disaster – In earthquakes, the mortality is high
because the people get crushed below the falling objects
and collapsed buildings
Density and Population distribution
Opportunity of warning
Condition of the environment

39
 Elements at Risk
People
Livestock
Rural Housing Stock
Houses Vulnerable
Crops, Trees, Telephone, Electric poles
Boats, Looms, Working Implements
Personal Property
Electricity, Water and Food Supplies
Infrastructure Support

40
 Effects of Disaster
Deaths
Disability
Increase in communicable disease
Psychological problems
Food shortage
Socioeconomic losses
Shortage of drugs and medical supplies.
Environmental disruption

41
Dimensions of Disaster
Psychological – Individual
Social – Individual and Societal
Economic – Societal, Regional,
National and Global
Political – Regional, National
and Global

42
 Disaster Management
Disaster management aims to reduce the occurrence of
disasters and to reduce the impact of those that cannot be
prevented
Disaster Mitigation is the effort to reduce loss of life and
property by lessening the impact of disasters.
In order for mitigation to be effective we need to take action
now before the next disaster to reduce human and financial
consequences later (analyzing risk, reducing risk, and insuring
against risk).
It is important to know that disasters can happen at any time
and any place and if we are not prepared, consequences can
be fatal.
43
 Disaster Management
The Disaster Management is a type of
management and organization having
resources and duties to deal with the entire
human characteristics of the emergencies in a
particular response, recovery, and
preparedness to reducing the effect of the
disasters. These organizations undertake the
necessary steps for minimizing the impact of
the disasters.
44
Objectives of Disaster Management
Mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster
or its severity or consequences.
Capacity building including research &
knowledge management.
Prompt response to any threatening disaster
situation or disaster.
Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects
of any disaster.

45
 Scope of Disaster Management
Reduce (Avoid, if possible) the potential losses
from hazard
Reduce the risk by timely measures, short
term and long term policies
Assure prompt and appropriate assistance to
victims of disaster when necessary
Achieve rapid, effective, sustained and
durable recovery and rehabilitation

46
Principles of disaster management
Comprehensive – disaster managers consider and take
into account all hazards, all phases, and all impacts
relevant to disasters.
Progressive – anticipate future disasters and take
preventive and preparatory measures
Risk-driven – use sound risk management principles
(hazard identification, risk analysis, and impact analysis)
in assigning priorities and resources.
Integrated – ensure unity of effort among all levels of
government and all elements of a community.

47
Principles of disaster management
Collaborative – create and sustain broad and sincere
relationships among individuals and organizations .
Coordinated – synchronize the activities to achieve a
common purpose.
Flexible – use creative and innovative approaches in
solving disaster challenges.
Professional – value a science and knowledge-based
approach for continuous improvement.

48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
Disaster Management Cycle

60
Phases of Management

61
62
 Mitigation
Mitigation is the measures of reducing the effects of disasters before
the disaster occurs. It is the initiative disaster management approach
before the occurrence of disaster.

It includes 3 phases:

a) DRR (Disaster Risk Reduction)

Disaster Risk Reduction is the process of identifying, analysing, assessing
the hazard, its risk, vulnerability and reducing the risk, vulnerability.
With several assessment and approaches it is performed. It increases
capacity and decreases vulnerability by reducing risk.

63
 Mitigation
b) Capacity Building
In this step, government, NGO and several national,
international organization work to build up capacity of people
who are at risk and decrease their vulnerability. This capacity
is build up by creating awareness, social events, news and
information dissemination etc.

c) Adaptation
It is the process of coping with the environment. It is the way
by which people are being used to survive in reverse
environment. Such as: Climate change adaptation.

64
Mitigation

65
 Preparedness
Preparedness is the emergency precautions and planning
which is taken before the occurrence of disaster thus it
cannot effect so much.

a) Planning
In the planning phase organization and government make a
proper emergency plan that how they respond when the
disaster occurs. The manage available transport, relief to fight
against disaster.

66
 Preparedness
b) Early Warning
It is the warning phase to aware people about upcoming
disaster by using the communication and technology. This
warning information is given after forecasting and analysing
weather, climate, location data etc.

c) Coordination
It is the integration of national, international, community and
society based all kind of organizations to work for disaster
management. It helps to integrate several organizations and
makes among different organizations. During Disaster

67
Preparedness

68
 Response
In this phase government and several organizations respond to disaster
affected people with all kinds of facilities thus they can survive. The main
responsibility in that time is to rescue the affected people and give them
relief.

a) Collaboration
It is the systematic process of working several organizations with each
other. They cooperate each other to achieve the goal and help the
vulnerable people.

b) Communication, Networking & Transportation

Communication is a vital part of response system in disaster management.
Transportation and networking are integrated part of it. With the help of
science and technology communication is getting much easier day by day.
Quick and effective communication system can reduce the disaster effect
so much. There are several tools make a great impact in networking
system like GPS, GIS, other remote sensing tools etc. 69
Response

70
 Recovery
After the dangerous effect of disaster people don’t have enough capacity
to recover their condition like before. Then it is important to help them for
reconstructing their lives and livings.

a) Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation is very important after disaster period to return their
normal life. This time the vulnerable people need physical and mental
support. Rehabilitation can be structural and non-structural. This phase
main thing is to ensure people both economic and mental (advise,
counselling etc.) support.

b) Reconstruction
Reconstruction is the final step of disaster management. Restoration and
recreation of the settlements, infrastructures, houses etc. like before thus
the community, society and individual can regain their settlements are the
main process of this phase.
71
Recovery

72
 What is Multi-Hazard?

‘Multi-hazard’ to describe the independent

analysis of multiple different hazards
(e.g., landslides, earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, flooding) relevant to a given area

73
74
75
76
77
India’s Deadliest Disasters

78
India’s Deadliest Disasters

79
 Earthquakes
Of the earthquake prone areas, 12% is prone to very severe
earthquakes,18% to severe earthquakes and 25% to damageable
earthquakes.
The biggest quakes occur in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Kutch,
Himachal and the NorthEast. The Himalayan regions are particularly prone
to earthquakes.
The last two major earthquakes shook Gujarat and Jammu and Kashmir.
Many smaller scale quakes occurred in other parts of India in 2006.
All 7 North East states of India – Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland,
Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura and Megalaya; Andaman & Nicobar Islands;
and parts of 6 other states in the North/NorthWest (Jammu and Kashmir,
Uttaranchal, Bihar) and West (Gujarat), are in Seismic Zone V.

80
81
 Floods
About 30 million people are affected annually. Floods in the Indo–
Gangetic–Brahmaputra plains are an annual feature. On an
average, a few hundred lives are lost, millions are rendered
homeless and several hectares of crops are damaged every year.
Nearly 75% of the total rainfall occurs over a short monsoon season
(June – September). 40 million hectares, or 12% of Indian land, is
considered prone to floods.
Floods are a perennial phenomenon in at least 5 states – Assam,
Bihar, Orissa , Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. On account of
climate change, floods have also occurred in recent years in areas
that are normal not flood prone. In 2006, drought prone parts of
Rajasthan experienced floods.

82
83
 Droughts
About 50 million people are affected annually by drought. Of
approximately 90 million hectares of rain-fed areas, about 40
million hectares are prone to scanty or no rain.
Rainfall is poor in nine meteorological subdivisions out of 36
subdivision (each meteorological sub division covers a
geographic area of more than ten revenue districts in India)
In India annually 33% area receive rainfall less than 750 mm
(low rainfall area) and 35 % area receive between 750 to 1125
mm rainfall Medium rainfall) and only 32percent falls in the
high rainfall (>1126 mm) zone.

84
85
 Cyclone
About 8% of the land is vulnerable to cyclones of which coastal areas
experience two or three tropical cyclones of varying intensity each
year. Cyclonic activities on the east coast are more severe than on the
west coast.
The Indian continent is considered to be the worst cyclone affected
part of the world, as a result of low depth ocean bed topography and
coastal configuration. The principal threat from a cyclone are in the
form of gales and strong winds; torrential rain and high tidal
waves/storm surges. Most casualties are caused due to coastal
inundation by tidal waves and storm surges.
Cyclones typically strike the East Coast of India, along the Bay of
Bengal, ie. the states of West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and
Tamil Nadu, but also parts of Maharashtra and Gujarat at the Arabian
Sea West Coast.
86
87
 Landslides
Landslides occur in the hilly regions such as the
Himalayas, NorthEast India, the Nilgiris, and Eastern
and Western Ghats.
Landslides in India are another recurrent
phenomenon. Landslide prone areas largely
correspond to earthquake prone areas, i.e.
Northwest and NorthEast, where the incidence of
landslides is the highest.

88
89
 Disaster Management Act, 2005
❑ This Act provides for the effective management of disaster and for
matters connected there with or incidental thereto.
❑ It provides institutional mechanisms for drawing up and
monitoring the implementation of the disaster management.
❑ Act also ensures measures by the various wings of the Govt. for
prevention and mitigation of disasters and prompt response to any
disaster situation.
❑ The Act further provides for the constitution of different Executive
Committee at national and state levels.
❑ The Act also provides specific roles to local bodies in disaster
management.

90
Legal Institutional Framework

91
 Institutional Framework
Shifting from relief and response mode, disaster management
in India started to address the issues of early warning
systems, forecasting and monitoring setup for various
weather related hazards.
A structure for flow of information, in the form of warnings,
alerts and updates about the on coming hazard, also emerged
within this framework.
A multi-stake holder High powered group was setup by
involving representatives from different ministries and
departments.
Some of these ministries were also designated as the nodal
authorities for specific disasters
92
National Policy on Disaster Management
The National Policy on Disaster Management (NPDM) has been
approved by the central govt. on October22, 2009 and circulated to
all concerned.
The policy covers all aspects of disaster management including
institutional and legal arrangements, financial arrangements,
techno-legal disaster prevention, mitigation and preparedness,
regime, response, relief and rehabilitation, reconstruction and
recovery, capacity development, knowledge management, research
and development.
It focuses on the areas where action is needed institutional
mechanism through which such action channelized.
It aims to bring in transparency and accountability in all aspects of
disaster management through involvement of community based
organisations.
93
National Plan on Disaster Management
An institutional mechanism for preparation of the National Plan has
been put in place, which is under preparation in three parts
namely:-
National Response Plan,
National Mitigation Plan &
National Capacity Building Plan.
The National Mitigation Plans are under preparation by the
concerned nodal ministries for disasters in respect of which the
Nodal Ministries have been identified and designated.
The Nodal Officers of the ministries concerned with the disasters
are the conveners of the National Mitigation Plan Committees and
are required to complete the Mitigation Plan in consultation with
the members concerned with the respective disasters in NDMA
94
 NDMA Guidelines
✔ Management of Landslide and Snow Avalanches
✔ Management of Cyclones
✔ Management of Earthquake
✔ Management of Floods
✔ Chemical Disasters (Industrial)
✔ Management of Chemical (Terrorism) Disasters
✔ Preparation of State Disaster Management Plans
✔ Psycho-Social Support and Mental Health Services in Disasters
✔ Medical Preparedness and Mass Casualty Management
✔ Management of Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies
✔ Incident Response System
✔ Strengthening of Safety and Security for Transportation of POL tankers
✔ Management of Biological Disaster
✔ Management of Tsunami
✔ Role of NGOs in Disaster Management
✔ Urban Flooding
✔ Management of Dead in the Aftermath of Disaster
✔ Plan to counter threats to Municipal Water Supply and Water Reservoirs

95
 National Action Plan on Climate Change
1) National Solar Mission
2) National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
3) National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency
4) National Mission for Sustaining The Himalayan
Ecosystem
5) National Water Mission
6) National Mission for Green India
7) National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
8) National Mission for Strategic Knowledge on Climate
Change
96
 Disaster Management Institutions
❑ There are six National Level Institution,
National Disaster Management Authority(NDMA).
National Executive committee(NEC).
National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)
National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)
National Civil Defence College (NCDC), Nagpur
National Fire Service College (NFSC), Nagpur
❑ There are two State Level Institution,
State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA).
State Executive Committee(SEC).
❑ There are one District Level Institution,
District Disaster Management Authority(DDMA).

97
National Disaster Management Authority
Lay down policies on disaster management;
Approve the National Plan;
Approve plans prepared by the Ministries or Departments of
the Government of India in accordance with the National
Plan;
Lay down guidelines to be followed by the State Authorities
in drawing up the State Plan;
Lay down guidelines to be followed by the different
Ministries or Departments of the Government of India for the
purpose of integrating the measures for prevention of
disaster or the mitigation of its effects in their development
plans and projects;
98
National Disaster Management Authority
Coordinate the enforcement and implementation of the
policy and plan for disaster management;
Recommend provision of funds for the purpose of mitigation;
Provide such support to other countries affected by major
disasters as may be determined by the Central Government;
Take such other measures for the prevention of disaster, or
the mitigation, or preparedness and capacity building for
dealing with the threatening disaster situation or disaster as it
may consider necessary;
Lay down broad policies and guidelines for the functioning of
the National Institute of Disaster Management.

99
Structure of National Disaster Management

100
 National Executive Committee
A National Executive Committee is constituted under
Section 8 of DM Act, 2005 to assist the National
Authority in the performance of its functions.
NEC may as and when it considers necessary constitute
one or more sub-committees for the efficient discharge
of its functions.
NEC has been given the responsibility to act as the
coordinating and monitoring body for disaster
management, to prepare a National Plan, monitor the
implementation of National Policy etc. vide section 10 of
the DM Act.
101
National Institute of Disaster Management

102
 National Disaster Response Force
The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) has been constituted under Section 44 of the DM Act,
2005 by up-gradation/conversion of eight standard battalions of Central Para Military Forces i.e. two
battalions each from Border Security Force (BSF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), Central Industrial
Security Force (CISF) and Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) to build them up as a specialist force to
respond to disaster or disaster like situations.

103
 National Civil Defence College
The first Disaster Management Training Institution of the
country was founded on 29th April 1957 at Nagpur as the
Central Emergency Relief Training Institute (CERTI) to support
the Emergency Relief Organization of the Government of
India.
This Institute organized advanced and specialist training for
revenue officials responsible for Disaster Relief Operations
against any natural or manmade disaster.
CERTI was renamed as National Civil Defence College on 1st
April 1968. NCDC is mandated for conducting training courses
for various groups of stakeholders.

104
 National Fire Service College
The National Fire Service College was established
in 1956 as a sub- ordinate establishment of
Ministry of Home Affairs with the aim of
providing training to the Fire Officers of the
country in advanced techniques of fire fighting
and rescue, and creating uniformity in the Fire
Service organizations and their management
across the country.

105
 National Projects
1) National Earthquake Risk Mitigation Project (NERMP)
2) National Building Code (NBC)
3) National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project
4) Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project (ICZMP)
5) National Flood Risk Mitigation Project (NFRMP)
6) National Landslide Risk Mitigation Project (NLRMP)
7) Drought Mitigation Measures
8) Forest Fire Management
9) Chemical Disasters Mitigation
10) Prevention of Disasters in Mines
11) Epidemic Control Measures
12) Measures taken for Rail Safety
13) Road Safety Measure
14) Early Warning and Response

106
 Role of Government
a) State Govt.:-
In the context of federal set-up of India, the responsibility to
formulate the Governments response to a natural calamity is
essentially that of the concerned State Government.
Most of the States have Relief Commissioners under the
Department of Disaster Management, who are incharge of
the relief measures in the wake of natural disasters.
At the state level, the State Relief Commissioner supervises
and controls relief operations through Collectors or Deputy
Commissioners, who are the main functionaries to
coordinate the relief operation at district level.

107
 Role of Government
b) District Govt.:-
A District is sub-divided into sub-divisions and Tehsils or
Talukas.
The head of a sub-division is called the Sub-Divisional Officer
while the head of a Tehsil is generally known as the Tehsildar.
Contact with the individual villages is through the village
Officer or Patwari who has one or more villages in his charge.
The entire hierarchy right from the Central Government to
the District level is connected by means of a
telecommunication system.

108
 Role of Government
c) National Govt.:-
The National in the Ministry of Home Affairs functions 24×7 to
monitor the disaster or disaster like situation.
During the south west monsoon, daily situation reports are
prepared based on the feed back received from the affected
States and concerned Central Ministries and organizations, and
are sent to all concerned.
During the calamities of severe nature, special situation reports
are also prepared and issued to all concerned.
It also developed a branch called National Disaster Response
Force (NDRF).
The main task of NDRF is to provide specialist response in case of
disasters.
109
 Role of Non Government
For large relief agencies & NGOs, the main response is to provide material
relief & rescue operation during times of disaster including medical relief.
This is followed by a longer period of reconstruction activities of the
physical infrastructure like roads, houses, community buildings, drinking
water facilities etc. & continuation of medical aid.
For small & localized NGOs, initial response is in the form of rescue &
material relief.
Most of larger India agencies stay back in disaster prone areas for disaster
mitigation, long-term development of the people of area & especially for
disaster preparedness before next disaster strikes.
Local NGOs, who also participate in relief & reconstruction activities
during times of disaster, revert back to their usual pre-disaster activities
after initial phase.

110