METHOD OF

UNDETERMINED
COEFFICIENTS

Presented by: Group 3

PAGAPULAAN, ROHAN S.
ASUNCION, KEYSLIE DION R.
BUELVA, ALEXANDER R.
FERNANDEZ, CAYMILLE D.
OLFINDO, NEIL JUSTINE T.
SAGUIDON, LENARD R.
TALA, YAMCIRE JOHN N.
ZUÑIGA, BRAYAN GERALD Z.

From:
BS-CHE 2A

Presented to:
PROF. JES ANDRE TRILLANA
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

1
In Exercises 1 through 35, obtain the general solution.

Problem 1 (p. 125: #1)

2 3 2
1. (𝐷 − 3𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 9𝑥 + 6𝑥
𝑛
● Homogeneous D - 𝑒𝑞 is
(D² - 3D + 2) y = 0
𝑛
● Auxillary 𝑒𝑞 is
(m² - 3m + 2) = 0
=(m - 2)(m - 1) = 0
m=1,2
● Complementary solution
yc = c₁ eˣ + c₂ e²ˣ

g(e) = 2x³ - gx² + x

YP = ax³ + bx² + cx + d
Y’P = 39x² + 2bx + c
YP’’ =6ax + 2b
● Putting y = yp 'n 1 we get
6ax + 2b - 3(3ax² + 2bx + c) +
2(ax³ + bx² + cx + d) = 2x³ - 9x² + 6x
= 2ax³ + (-9a + 2b)x²
+(6a - 6b + 2c)x + 2b - 3c + 2d

= 2x² - 9x² + 6x
● Equating the coefficient of same degree
2a = 2 a=1

- 9a + 2b = - 9

6a - 6b + 2c = 6, 2b - bc + 2d = 0
b = 0 → 6a + 2 c = 6

→ 2C = 0 = C=0
D=0

3
𝑦𝑃 = 𝑥
● The general solution:
𝑥 2𝑥 3
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 + 𝑥
Problem 2 (p. 125: #2)
2 𝑥
2. (𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 5𝑒 − 4𝑥
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

2
𝑚 +4=0
(m-2i)(m+2i)=0
𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 𝐶2𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)
𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑒 + 𝐶 + 𝐷𝑥
𝑥
𝑦𝑝' = 𝐵𝑒 + 𝐷
𝑥
𝑦𝑝'' = 𝐵𝑒
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝐵𝑒 +4𝐴 + 4𝐵𝑒 + 4𝐶 + 4𝐷𝑥 = 5𝑒 − 4𝑥
𝑥
𝑒 : 5B=5
B=1
X: 4D=-4
D=-1
𝑥
𝑦𝑝=𝑒 -x
𝑥
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 𝐶2𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) + 𝑒 − 𝑥
Problem 3 (p. 125: #3)
2 𝑥 2
3. (𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 5𝑒 − 4𝑥
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
2
𝑚 +4=0
2
𝑚 =− 4
𝑚 =± 2𝑖
● Recall that when the auxiliary equation has a complex conjugate solution
α𝑥 α𝑥
𝑦 = α ± β𝑖, 𝑦𝑐 is of the form 𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(β𝑥) + 𝐶2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(β𝑥). We see that
α = 0 and β = 2, thus

0(𝑥) 0(𝑥)
𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 𝐶2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)
𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 𝐶2𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)
𝑥 2
● Make a guess for the particular solution 𝑦𝑃. We see that 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑒 − 4𝑥 , thus
𝑥 2
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
● Since the ODE is of the second order, we differentiate the 𝑦𝑃 twice.
𝑥
𝑦𝑃' = 𝐴𝑒 + 2𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥
𝑦𝑃'' = 𝐴𝑒 + 2𝐵
● Plug the derivatives into the ODE and find its coefficients.
𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥 2
𝐴𝑒 + 2𝐵 + 4(𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷) = 5𝑒 − 4𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥 2
𝐴𝑒 + 2𝐵 + 4𝐴𝑒 + 4𝐵𝑥 + 4𝐶𝑥 + 4𝐷 = 5𝑒 − 4𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑥 2
5𝐴𝑒 + 4𝐵𝑥 + 4𝐶𝑥 + 2𝐵 + 4𝐷 = 5𝑒 − 4𝑥

We see that:
5𝐴 = 5 → 𝐴 = 1
4𝐵 =− 4 → 𝐵 =− 1
1
2𝐵 + 4𝐷 = 0 → 𝐵 + 2𝐷 = 0 → 2𝐷 = 1 → 𝐷 = 2
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

4𝐶 = 0 → 𝐶 = 0

𝑥 2 1
Thus, 𝑦𝑃 = 𝑒 − 𝑥 + 2
● Recall that the general solution is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃, thus
𝑥 2 1
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 𝐶2𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) + 𝑒 − 𝑥 + 2
Problem 4 (p. 125: #4)
2
4. (𝐷 + 𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
● Form the complementary solution 𝑦𝐶
2
(𝐷 + 𝐷)𝑦 = 0
2
(𝑚 + 𝑚) = 0
m (𝑚 + 1) = 0
m= 0,1
0(𝑥) −1(𝑥)
𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒
−(𝑥)
𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2𝑒
● Get the Particular solution 𝑦𝑃
f(x) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥)
𝑦𝑃' = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) − 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥)
𝑦𝑃'' =− 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) − 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥)

● Solve for the Values of A and B. Substitute 𝑦𝑃 into differential equation

2
(𝐷 + 𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
2
𝐷 𝑦 + 𝐷𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) / 𝑦𝑃'' + 𝑦𝑃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
− 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) − 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) + 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) − 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
(- A - B ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) + (A - B) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
sin (x) : - A - B = 1
cos (x) : A - B = 0
1
B=- 2
1
A = - 2
1 1
𝑦𝑃 =− 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) − 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥)
● Get the General Solution
y = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃
(−𝑥) 1 1
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2𝑒 − 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) − 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥)
Problem 5 (p. 125: #5)
2 𝑥
5. (𝐷 − 4𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑒
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
2
𝑚 − 4𝑚 + 4 = 0
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

2
(𝑚 − 2) =0
𝑚=2
2𝑥
𝑒
𝑦𝐶=(𝐶1+𝐶2𝑥)
𝑥
● Solve for 𝑦𝑃 when 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒
𝑥
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑒
● Since the ODE is of the second order, we differentiate the 𝑌𝑃 twice.
𝑥
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑒
𝑥
𝑦𝑃' = 𝐴𝑒
𝑥
𝑦𝑃'' = 𝐴𝑒
● Plug the derivatives into the ODE and find its coefficients.
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
(𝐴𝑒 − 4(𝐴𝑒 ) + 4(𝐴𝑒 ) = 𝑒
𝑥 𝑥
𝐴𝑒 = 𝑒
𝐴=1

𝑥
Thus, 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒
● Recall that the general solution is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃, thus
2𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 = (𝐶1 + 𝐶2𝑥)𝑒 +𝑒
2𝑥 𝑥
Answer: 𝑦 = (𝐶1 + 𝐶2𝑥)𝑒 +𝑒
Problem 6 (p. 125: #6)
2 2
6. (𝐷 − 3𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
2
𝑚 − 3 + 2=0
(m - 1)(m - 2) = 0
m= {1,2}

𝑥 2𝑥
𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒
● Now solve for the 𝑦𝑝
2
𝑦𝑝= A𝑥 +Bx+C
𝑦'𝑝 = 2Ax+B+0
𝑦''𝑝=2A+0
● Plug the derivatives into the ODE and find its coefficients.
2
= 2A−3(2Ax+B)+2(A𝑥 +Bx+C)
2
= 2A−6Ax−3B+2A𝑥 +2Bx+2C
2 2
= (2A)𝑥 −(6A+2B)x+(2A−3B+c) = 2𝑥 +Bx+1
A= 1
B= 3
C= 4
𝑥 2𝑥 2
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 + 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 4
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

Problem 7 (p. 125: #7)

𝑥
7. 𝑦'' − 3𝑦' − 4𝑦 = 6𝑒
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
2
𝑚 − 3𝑚 − 4=0
(m - 4)(m + 1) = 0
m= {4, -1}

4𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒
𝑥
● Make a guess for the particular solution 𝑦𝑃. We see that 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑒 , thus
𝑥
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑒
𝑥
● Comparing the terms of 𝑦𝑃 and 𝑦𝐶, we see that the exponential term 𝐴𝑒 does not
repeat, thus we let the term as is.

● Since the ODE is of the second order, we differentiate the 𝑌𝑃 twice.

𝑥
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑒
𝑥
𝑦𝑃' =𝐴𝑒
𝑥
𝑦𝑃'' =𝐴𝑒

● Plug the derivatives into the ODE and find its coefficients.
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝐴𝑒 - 3(𝐴𝑒 ) - 4(𝐴𝑒 ) = 6𝑒

𝑥 𝑥
-6𝐴𝑒 = 6𝑒

A=-1
𝑥
𝑦𝑃 = (− 1)𝑒
𝑥
𝑦𝑃 =− 𝑒
● Recall that the general solution is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃, thus
4𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 −𝑒
Problem 8 (p. 125: #8)
4𝑥
8. 𝑦'' − 3𝑦' − 4𝑦 = 5𝑒
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
2
𝑚 − 3𝑚 − 4 = 0
(𝑚 − 4)(𝑚 + 1) = 0
𝑚 = {4, − 1}

4𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒
4𝑥
● Make a guess for the particular solution 𝑦𝑃. We see that 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑒 , thus
4𝑥
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑒
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

4𝑥
● Comparing the terms of 𝑦𝑃 and 𝑦𝐶, we see that the exponential term 𝑒 repeats,
thus we multiply the involved term with 𝑥.
4𝑥
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑥𝑒
● Since the ODE is of the second order, we differentiate the 𝑌𝑃 twice.
4𝑥 4𝑥
𝑦𝑃' = 𝐴(4𝑥𝑒 +𝑒 )
4𝑥 4𝑥
𝑦𝑃' = 4𝐴𝑥𝑒 + 𝐴𝑒
4𝑥 4𝑥 4𝑥
𝑦𝑃'' = 4𝐴(4𝑥𝑒 + 𝑒 ) + 4𝐴𝑒
4𝑥 4𝑥
𝑦𝑃'' = 16𝐴𝑥𝑒 + 8𝐴𝑒
● Plug the derivatives into the ODE and find its coefficients.
4𝑥 4𝑥 4𝑥 4𝑥 4𝑥 4𝑥
16𝐴𝑥𝑒 + 8𝐴𝑒 − 12𝐴𝑥𝑒 − 3𝐴𝑒 − 4𝐴𝑥𝑒 = 5𝑒
4𝑥 4𝑥
5𝐴𝑒 = 5𝑒
𝐴=1

4𝑥
Thus, 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥𝑒
● Recall that the general solution is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃, thus
4𝑥 −𝑥 4𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 + 𝑥𝑒
4𝑥 −𝑥
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝑒 (𝐶1 + 𝑥) + 𝐶2𝑒
Problem 9 (p. 125: #9)
2 2𝑥
9. (𝐷 − 4)𝑦 = 8𝑒 − 12
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
m²-4 = 0
m² = 4
m=±2
● Complementary Function
−2𝑥 −2𝑥
Yc = C₁𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒
● By method of undetermined coefficient for particular solution The particular
solution for
(D-4)=-12
8 in the form Yo = 9.
2𝑥
● the particular solution for (D²-4)y = 8𝑒 - 12
2𝑥
● is in the form Yp2 = x𝑎2𝑒
Yp = Yp₁ (x) + Y𝑝2 (x)
2𝑥
Yp = a₁ + x𝑒 𝑎2
𝑑 2𝑥 2𝑥 𝑑
Yp’ = 0 +[ x 𝑑𝑢 𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑑𝑢
(x)]

-> By product rule

𝑑𝑢𝑣 𝑢𝑑𝑣 𝑣𝑑𝑢
( 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑢
+ 𝑑𝑢
)
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

2𝑥 2𝑥
𝑦𝑃' =[ x 𝑒 (2) + 𝑒 (1)] 𝑎2

2𝑥 2𝑥
𝑦𝑃' =[2 x 𝑒 + 𝑒 ] 𝑎2

2𝑥
𝑦𝑃' = [ 𝑒 + (2𝑥 + 1)] 𝑎2

2𝑥 𝑑 𝑑 2𝑥
𝑦𝑃'' = [ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
(2𝑥 + 1) + (2𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
(𝑒 ) ]𝑎2

2𝑥 2𝑥
𝑦𝑃'' = [ 𝑒 (2(1) + 0) + (2𝑥 + 1) 𝑒 (2) ]𝑎2

2𝑥 2𝑥
𝑦𝑃'' = [4 𝑒 + 4 𝑒 ]𝑎2
● put Yp and Yp" in given
2𝑥
(D²-4)y=8𝑒 -12

2𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥
[4𝑒 +4x𝑒 ]-4 [4a₁ +4𝑎2𝑒 ]= 8𝑒 - 12
2𝑥 2𝑥
4𝑎2𝑒 - 4a = 8𝑒 - 12
● Equate both sides
-4a₁ = -12

a₁ = 3

4𝑎2= 8
𝑎2 = 2
2𝑥
𝑦𝑃 = 2x𝑒 +3

−2𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝐶₁𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 + 2𝑥𝑒 +3
Problem 10 (p. 125: #10)
2 −𝑥
10. (𝐷 − 𝐷 − 2)𝑦 = 1 − 2𝑥 − 9𝑒
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
2
𝑚 −𝑚−2=0
(𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 + 2) = 0
𝑚 = {− 1, 2}

−𝑥 2𝑥
Thus, 𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒
−𝑥
● Make a guess for the particular solution 𝑦𝑃. We see that 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − 2𝑥 − 9𝑒 ,
thus

−𝑥
𝑦𝑝=A+Bx+C𝑒
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

−𝑥
𝑦𝑝=A+Bx+Cx𝑒
● Since the ODE is of the second order, we differentiate the 𝑌𝑃 twice.
−𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝑝’=B-Cx𝑒 -C𝑒
−𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝑝’’=Cx𝑒 +2C𝑒
● Plug the derivatives into the ODE and find its coefficients.
−𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥
Cx𝑒 +2C𝑒 -(B-Cx𝑒 -C𝑒 )-2(A+Bx+Cx𝑒 )=1 − 2𝑥 − 9𝑒
−𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥
Cx𝑒 +2C𝑒 -B+Cx𝑒 +C𝑒 − 2𝐴 − 2𝐵𝑥 − 2𝐶𝑥𝑒 = 1 − 2𝑥 − 9𝑒

We see that:
−𝑥
𝑒 : 2C+C=-9
3C=-9
C=-3
X: -2B=-2
B=1
-2A-1=1
-2A=2
A=-1

−𝑥
Thus, 𝑦𝑝 =− 1 + 𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑒
● Recall that the general solution is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃, thus
−𝑥 2𝑥
Answer: 𝑦 = (𝐶1 − 3𝑥)𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 +𝑥−1
Problem 11 (p. 125: #11)
11. 𝑦'' − 4𝑦' + 3𝑦 = 20𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
2
𝑚 − 4𝑚 + 3 = 0
(𝑚 − 3)(𝑚 − 1) = 0
𝑚 = {3, 1}

𝑥 3𝑥
Thus, 𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒
● Make a guess for the particular solution 𝑦𝑃. We see that 𝑓(𝑥) = 20𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥), thus
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
● Since the ODE is of the second degree, we differentiate the 𝑌𝑃 twice.
𝑦𝑃' =− 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
𝑦𝑃'' =− 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) − 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
● Plug the derivatives into the ODE and find its coefficients.
− 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) − 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) − 4[− 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)]
+ 3[𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)] = 20𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
4𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) − 4𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 2𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 2𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) = 20𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

We see that:
− 4𝐵 + 2𝐴 = 20 → − 𝐴 − 2𝐵 = 10
4𝐴 + 2𝐵 = 0

By elimination of 2𝐵:
5𝐴 = 10 → 𝐴 = 2
4(2) + 2𝐵 = 0 → 𝐵 =− 4

Thus, 𝑦𝑃 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)

● Recall that the general solution is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃, thus
𝑥 3𝑥
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
Problem 12 (p. 125: #12)
12. 𝑦'' − 4𝑦' + 3𝑦 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
● Form the complementary solution 𝑦𝐶
𝑦'' − 4𝑦' + 3𝑦 = 0
2
(𝑚 − 4𝑚 + 3) = 0
(𝑚 − 1) (𝑚 − 3) = 0
m= 1, 3
1(𝑥) 3(𝑥)
𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒
𝑥 3𝑥
𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒
● Get the Particular solution 𝑦𝑃
f(x) = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) + 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥)
𝑦𝑃' =− 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) + 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥)
𝑦𝑃'' =− 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) − 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥)

● Solve for the Values of A and B. Substitute 𝑦𝑃 into differential equation

𝑦'' − 4𝑦' + 3𝑦 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)

(− 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) − 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥)) − 4(− 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) + 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥)) + 3(𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) + 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥)) = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
− 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) − 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) + 4𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) − 4𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) + 3𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) + 3𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
2𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) + 2𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) + 4𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) − 4𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
(2𝐴 − 4𝐵) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) + (4𝐴 + 2𝐵) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)

sin (x) : 4A + 2B = 4 (1)

A = 2B + 1
cos (x) : 2𝐴 − 4𝐵 = 2 (2)
1
A=- 2
B+1
● Compare Equation (1) and (2)
1
A=- 2
B+1
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

1
2B + 1 = - 2
B+1
1
2B + 2
B =0
B=0
Put in Equation (1)
A = 2(0) + 1
A = 1
𝑦𝑃 = (1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) + (0) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥)
𝑦𝑃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥)
● Get the General Solution
y = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃
𝑥 3𝑥
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥)
Problem 13 (p. 125: #13)
13. 𝑦'' + 2𝑦' + 𝑦 = 7 + 75𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
2
𝑚 + 2𝑚 + 1 = 0
2
(𝑚 + 1) =0
𝑚 =− 1
−𝑥
𝑒
𝑦𝐶=(𝐶1+𝐶2𝑥)
● Solve for 𝑦𝑃 when 𝑓(𝑥) = 7 + 75𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)
𝑛

𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴
1

𝐴=7
75 2 2
particular integration: 𝑦𝑃 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) (𝐷 =− 𝑎 )
2𝐷 +2𝐷+1
1
𝑦𝑃 =75 −4+2𝐷+1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)
2
1
𝑦𝑃 =75 −4+2𝐷+1
𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)
2
2𝐷+3 2𝐷+3
rationalise: = 2 = 25
−4(2) −9
2𝐷+3
𝑦𝑃 =75 25 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)
2

𝑦𝑃 =3[2(2𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)]
2

𝑦𝑃 =− 12𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 9𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)
2

𝑦𝑃 =7 − 12𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 9𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)
2

● Recall that the general solution is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃, thus

−𝑥
𝑦 = (𝐶1 + 𝐶2𝑥)𝑒 + 7 − 12𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 9𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)
−𝑥
Answer: 𝑦 = (𝐶1 + 𝐶2𝑥)𝑒 + 7 − 12𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 9𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)
Problem 14 (p. 125: #14)
2 3𝑥
14. (𝐷 + 4𝐷 + 5)𝑦 = 50𝑥 + 13𝑒
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

−𝑏±√𝑏 ²− 4𝑎𝑐
= (2𝑎)
−4±√16− 20
= (2)
−4±√−4
= (2)
−4±2𝑖
= (2)
−4−2𝑖 −4+2𝑖
= (2)
= (2)
= -2+i = -2-i
−2𝑥 −2𝑥
𝑦𝑐 = C₁𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

● Now solve for the 𝑦𝑝

3𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑒
3𝑥
𝑦'𝑝 = 𝐴+3C𝑒
3𝑥
𝑦''𝑝 = 9C𝑒

● Plug the derivatives into the ODE and find its coefficients
3𝑥 3𝑥 3𝑥
=9C𝑒 + 4(A + 3C𝑒 ) + 5(Ax + B + C𝑒 )
3𝑥 3𝑥 3𝑥
=9C𝑒 + 4A + 12C𝑒 + 5Ax + 5B + 5C𝑒
3𝑥
=(5A)x + (4A + 5B) + 5Ax + 5B + 5C𝑒
A= 10
B= -8
C= ½

−2𝑥 3𝑥
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝐶₁𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + 10𝑥 − 8 + ½𝑒
Problem 15 (p. 125: #15)
2
15. (𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
2
𝑚 +1=0
2
𝑚 = -1
m=± 𝑖

α = 0β = 1

𝑦𝐶=𝐶1sin(x)+𝐶2cos(x)

● Make a guess for the particular solution 𝑦𝑃. We see that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥), thus

𝑦𝑃= Asin(x)+Bsin(x)
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

● We see that the particular solution 𝑦𝑃 has a similar term as 𝑦𝐶, so we multiply
the particular solution by ‘x’ to avoid this.

𝑦𝑃= Axcos(x)+Bxsin(x)

● Since the ODE is of the second order, we differentiate 𝑦𝑃 twice.

𝑦𝑃= Axcos(x)+Bxsin(x)

𝑦𝑃’= Acos(x) - Axsin(x) + Bsin(x) + Bxcos(x)

𝑦𝑃’’=-Asin(x)-Asin(x)-Axcos(x)+Bcos(x)+Bcos(x)-Bxsin(x)

𝑦𝑃’’=-2Asin(x)-Axcos(x) + 2Bcos(x) - Bxsin(x)

● Plug in 𝑦𝑃 and its derivatives into the ODE. Find the coefficients.

-2Asin(x)-Axcos(x) + 2Bcos(x) - Bxsin(x)+Axcos(x)+Bxsin(x)=sin(x)

-2Asin(x)+2Bcos(x)=sin(x)

1
Thus, making 𝑦𝑃 = 2
x sin (x)

● Recall that the general solution is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃, thus

1
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + 𝐶2𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 2
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
Problem 16 (p. 125: #16)
2 2𝑥
16. (𝐷 − 4𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑒
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
2
𝑚 − 4𝑚 + 4 = 0
2
(𝑚 − 2) = 0
𝑚=2

● Recall that when the auxiliary equation has a repeated real root, the general
𝑚𝑥 𝑚𝑥
complementary solution is of the form 𝑦𝑐 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑥𝑒 , thus
2𝑥 2𝑥
𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑥𝑒
2𝑥
● Make a guess for the particular solution 𝑦𝑃. We see that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 , thus
2𝑥
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑒
2𝑥
● By comparison of terms both 𝑦𝐶 and 𝑦𝑃 contain the exponential terms 𝑒 thus
2
we multiply it by 𝑥
2 2𝑥
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑥 𝑒
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

● Since the ODE is of the second order, we differentiate 𝑦𝑃 twice.

2𝑥 2 2𝑥
𝑦𝑃' = 𝐴(2𝑥𝑒 + 2𝑥 𝑒 )
2𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥 2 2𝑥
𝑦𝑃'' = 𝐴(2𝑒 + 4𝑥𝑒 + 4𝑥𝑒 + 4𝑥 𝑒 )
2𝑥 2𝑥 2 2𝑥
𝑦𝑃'' = 2𝐴𝑒 + 8𝐴𝑥𝑒 + 4𝐴𝑥 𝑒
● Plug in 𝑦𝑃 and its derivatives into the ODE. Find the coefficients.
2𝑥 2𝑥 2 2𝑥 2𝑥 2 2𝑥 2 2𝑥 2𝑥
2𝐴𝑒 + 8𝐴𝑥𝑒 + 4𝐴𝑥 𝑒 − 8𝐴𝑥𝑒 − 8𝐴𝑥 𝑒 + 4𝐴𝑥 𝑒 =𝑒
2𝑥 2𝑥
2𝐴𝑒 =𝑒
1
𝐴= 2

1 2 2𝑥
Thus, 𝑦𝑃 = 2
𝑥𝑒
● Recall that the general solution is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃, thus
2𝑥 2𝑥 1 2 2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑥𝑒 + 2
𝑥𝑒
2𝑥 1 2
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝑒 (𝐶1 + 𝐶2𝑥 + 2
𝑥)
Problem 17 (p. 125: #17)
2 −𝑥
17. (𝐷 − 1)𝑦 = 𝑒 [2𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)]
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
D²-1=0
(D - 1)(D + 1) = 0
D = - 1 ,1
● Complementary Function

−𝑥 𝑥
Yc. f = C₁𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒
𝑥
Yp = 𝑒 [2 sin x + 4 cos x]/ F(D)
F(D) = D² - 1
𝑎𝑥
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 1
we know that 𝐹(𝐷)
= 𝑒 𝐹(𝐷+𝑎)
−𝑥 −𝑥
2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 4𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
→Yp = (𝐷²−1)
+
(𝐷²−1)
−𝑥 1 −𝑥 1
Yp = 2𝑒 ( (𝐷−1)²−1)
) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 +4𝑒 ( (𝐷−1)²−1) )cos x

𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑥)
we know when 𝐹(𝐷)
OR 𝐹(𝐷)

We put + D² = -a²
−𝑥 1 −𝑥 1
→ 2𝑒 ( 𝐷²+1−2𝐷−1
)sinx + 4𝑒 ( 𝐷²+1−2𝐷−1 )cos x
−𝑥 1 −𝑥 1
2𝑒 (𝐷²−2𝐷)
(sin x) + 4𝑒 (𝐷²−2𝐷)
(cos x)
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

−𝑥 1 −𝑥 1
2𝑒 (−1−2𝐷)
(sin x) + 4𝑒 (−1−2𝐷)
(cos x)

−𝑥 (1−2𝑑) (1−2𝑑)
= (-2𝑒 ) (1+2𝐷)(1−2𝐷)
(sin x) - 4 e-ˣ (1+2𝐷)(1−2𝐷)
(cos x)

−𝑥 (1−2𝑑) −𝑥 (1−2𝑑)
= (2 𝑒 ) (1+4 𝐷² )
(sin x) - 4 𝑒 (1+4 𝐷²)
(cos x)
−𝑥 (1−2𝑑) −𝑥 (1−2𝑑)
= 2𝑒 (1−4(−1) )
(sin x) 4 𝑒 (1−4(−1))
(cos x)
−𝑥
2𝑒 4 −𝑥
= 5
(1-2D)sin x - 5
𝑒 (1-2D)(cos x)
2 −𝑥 4 −𝑥
= 5
𝑒 (sin x - 2D sin x) - 5
𝑒 (cos x - 2D cos x)
2 −𝑥 4 −𝑥 4 −𝑥 𝑑 8 2𝑥 𝑑
= 5
𝑒 sin x - 5
𝑒 cos x + 5
𝑒 𝑑𝑥 (sin x) + 5 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 (cos x)
2 −𝑥 4 −𝑥 4 −𝑥 8 −𝑥
= 5
𝑒 sin x - 5
𝑒 cos x + 5 𝑒 cos x + 5 𝑒 sin x
−𝑥
Yp= - 2𝑒 sin x

−𝑥 𝑥 −𝑥
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝐶₁𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 − 2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Problem 18 (p. 125: #18)
2 𝑥
18. (𝐷 − 1)𝑦 = 8𝑥𝑒
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
2
𝑚 -1=0
(m-1)(m+1)=0
−𝑥 𝑥
𝑦𝐶= 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦𝑝=Ax𝑒 +B𝑒
2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦𝑝=A𝑥 𝑒 +B𝑥𝑒
2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦𝑝’=A𝑥 𝑒 +2A𝑥𝑒 +B𝑥𝑒 +B𝑒
2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦𝑝’’=A𝑥 𝑒 +4A𝑥𝑒 +2A𝑒 +B𝑥𝑒 +2B𝑒
2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
A𝑥 𝑒 +4A𝑥𝑒 +2A𝑒 +B𝑥𝑒 +2B𝑒 -A𝑥 𝑒 -B𝑥𝑒 =8𝑥𝑒
𝑥
𝑥𝑒 :4A=8
A=2
𝑥
𝑒 :2A+2B=0
4+2B=0
2B=-4
B=-2
2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦𝑝=2𝑥 𝑒 -2𝑥𝑒
● Recall that the general solution is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃, thus
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

−𝑥 𝑥 2
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝑒 (𝐶2 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑥)
Problem 19 (p. 125: #19)
3
19. (𝐷 − 𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑥
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
3
𝑚 −𝑚=0
2
𝑚(𝑚 − 1) = 0
𝑚(𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 − 1) = 0
𝑚 = {0, − 1, 1}

−𝑥 𝑥
Thus, 𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2𝑒 + 𝐶3𝑒
● Make a guess for the particular solution 𝑦𝑃. We see that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥, thus
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
● Comparing the terms of 𝑦𝑃 and 𝑦𝐶, we see that a constant term reoccurs (𝐵 and
𝐶1) thus, we multiply the whole equation by x.
2
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥
● Since the ODE is of the third order, we differentiate 𝑦𝑃 thrice.
𝑦𝑃' = 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
𝑦𝑃'' = 2𝐴
𝑦𝑃''' = 0
● Plug in 𝑦𝑃 and its derivatives into the ODE. Find the coefficients.
0 − 2𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵 = 𝑥

We see that
1
− 2𝐴 = 1 → 𝐴 =− 2
− 𝐵 = 0→𝐵 = 0

1 2
Thus, 𝑦𝑃 =− 2
𝑥
● Recall that the general solution is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃, thus
−𝑥 𝑥 1 2
Answer. 𝑦 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2𝑒 + 𝐶3𝑒 − 2
𝑥
Problem 20 (p. 125: #20)
3 2
20. (𝐷 − 𝐷 + 𝐷 − 1)𝑦 = 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
𝑚𝑥
Let y = 𝑒 be trial solution
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
m³-m²+m-1=0
m²(m-1)+1(m-1)=0
(m-1) (m²+1)=0
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

m = 1, ≠ i
● Complementary Function
𝑥
C₁𝑒 + (𝐶2sinx + 𝐶3cosx)
C₁,𝐶2, 𝐶3 are constant
● since sin x present in C.F

YP = x (A sin x + B cosx)
𝑦𝑝’ = (A sin x + B cos x) + x( A cos x- B sin x)
𝑦𝑝’’ = 2(A cos x- B sin x) + x(-A sin x - B cos x)
𝑦𝑝’’’ = 3 (-A sin x - B cos x) +x(-A cos x + B sin x)

● Since Yp is the solution of the given equation so

( D³- D² + D - 1) y - 4sin x

3 (-A sin x - B cos x) + x(-A cos x + B sin x)

-2 (A cos x - B sin x) - x(-A sin x - B cos x)
+ (A sin x + B cos x) + x (A cos x - B sn x)

Sin x(-3A +2B + A ) + cos x (-3B-2A+B)

= 4 sin x

● Compare both sides

-3A + 2B + A = 4, I. C - 2A + 2B = 4
-3B - 2A + B = 0, I.C - 2A- 2B = 0
A-B = -2
A+B = 0
A = -1, B=1

Yp= x(-sin x+ cos x)

𝑥
Answer: Y= C₁𝑒 + (𝐶2sinx + 𝐶3cos x) + x( -sin x + cos x)
Where C₁,𝐶2, 𝐶3 are constant
Problem 21 (p. 125: #21)
3 2 −𝑥
21. (𝐷 + 𝐷 − 4𝐷 − 4)𝑦 = 3 𝑒 − 4𝑥 − 6
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
3 2
𝑚 + 𝑚 − 4𝑚 + 4 = 0
3 2
(𝑚 -4m)+(𝑚 + 4) = 0
(m+1)(m+2)(m-2)=0
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

m={-1,-2,2}
2𝑥 −2𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝐶= 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 + 𝐶3𝑒
−𝑥
𝑦𝑝=𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
−𝑥
𝑦𝑝=𝐴𝑥𝑒 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
−𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝑝’=− 𝐴𝑥𝑒 + 𝐴𝑒 +𝐵
−𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝑝’’=𝐴𝑥𝑒 − 2𝐴𝑒
−𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝑝’’’=− 𝐴𝑥𝑒 + 3𝐴𝑒
−𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥
− 𝐴𝑥𝑒 + 3𝐴𝑒 +𝐴𝑥𝑒 − 2𝐴𝑒 -4(− 𝐴𝑥𝑒 + 𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵)-4(
−𝑥
𝐴𝑥𝑒 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)
−𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥
− 𝐴𝑥𝑒 + 3𝐴𝑒 +𝐴𝑥𝑒 − 2𝐴𝑒 + 4𝐴𝑥𝑒 − 4𝐴𝑒 − 𝐵-
−𝑥
4𝐴𝑥𝑒 − 4𝐵𝑥 − 4𝐶
−𝑥
𝑒 : 3A-2A-4A=3
-3A=3
A=-1
X: -4B=-4
B=1
4(1)-4C=6
-4C=6-4
1
C=- 2
−𝑥 1
𝑦𝑝=-𝑥𝑒 + 𝑥- 2
2𝑥 −2𝑥 −𝑥 1
Answer. 𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 + (𝐶3− 𝑥)𝑒 +𝑥− 2

Problem 22 (p. 125: #22)

4 2
22. (𝐷 − 1)𝑦 = 7𝑥
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
4
𝑚 −1=0
2 2
(𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 − 1) = 0
2
(𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 + 1) = 0
𝑚 = {± 𝑖, 1, − 1}
● Recall that when the auxiliary equation has a complex conjugate solution
α𝑥 α𝑥
𝑦 = α ± β𝑖, 𝑦𝑐 is of the form 𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(β𝑥) + 𝐶2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(β𝑥). We see that
α = 0 and β = 1, thus
𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 𝐶2𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + 𝐶3𝑒 + 𝐶4𝑒
2
● Make a guess for the particular solution 𝑦𝑃. We see that 𝑓(𝑥) = 7𝑥 , thus
2
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
● Since the ODE is of the fourth order, we differentiate 𝑦𝑃 four times.
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

𝑦𝑃' = 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
𝑦𝑃'' = 2𝐴
𝑦𝑃''' = 0
(4)
𝑦𝑃 =0
● Plug in 𝑦𝑃 and its derivatives into the ODE. Find the coefficients.
2 2
0 − (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶) = 7𝑥
2 2
− 𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵𝑥 − 𝐶 = 7𝑥

We see that
− 𝐴 = 7 → 𝐴 =− 7
𝐵, 𝐶 = 0

2
Thus, 𝑦𝑃 =− 7𝑥
● Recall that the general solution is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃, thus
𝑥 −𝑥 2
Answer. 𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 𝐶2𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + 𝐶3𝑒 + 𝐶4𝑒 − 7𝑥
Problem 23 (p. 125: #23)
4 −𝑥
23. (𝐷 − 1)𝑦 = 𝑒
● Form the complementary solution 𝑦𝐶
4
(𝐷 − 1)𝑦 = 0
4
(𝑚 − 1) = 0
2
(𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 + 1) (𝑚 − 1) = 0
m= 1, -1, ±i
1(𝑥) −1(𝑥)
𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 + 𝐶3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) + 𝐶4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥)
(𝑥) (−𝑥)
𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 + 𝐶3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) + 𝐶4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥)
● Get the Particular solution 𝑦𝑃
−𝑥
f(x) = 𝑒
−𝑥
Since our homogenous solution already consist of 𝑒 , we must multiply that
term by an additional x, so
−𝑥
f(x) = 𝑥𝑒
−𝑥
𝑦𝑃 = A 𝑥𝑒
−𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝑃' = 𝐴𝑒 − A 𝑥𝑒
−𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝑃'' = − 2𝐴𝑒 + 𝐴 𝑥𝑒
−𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝑃'" = 3𝐴𝑒 − 𝐴 𝑥𝑒
−𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝑃"" = − 4𝐴𝑒 + 𝐴 𝑥𝑒
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

● Solve for the Value of A. Substitute 𝑦𝑃 into differential equation

4 −𝑥
(𝐷 − 1)𝑦 = 𝑒
4 −𝑥
𝐷 𝑦 − 𝑦 =𝑒
−𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥
− 4𝐴𝑒 + 𝐴 𝑥𝑒 − 𝐴 𝑥𝑒 =𝑒
−𝑥 −𝑥
−4𝐴𝑒 𝑒
−𝑥 = −𝑥
−4𝑒 4𝑒
1
A =− 4
1 −𝑥
𝑦𝑃 = − 4
𝑥𝑒
● Get the General Solution
y = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃
(𝑥) (−𝑥) 1 −𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 + 𝐶3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) + 𝐶4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) − 4
𝑥𝑒
(𝑥) 1 (−𝑥)
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 + (𝐶2 − 4
𝑥)𝑒 + 𝐶3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) + 𝐶4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥)
Problem 24 (p. 125: #24)
2 2
24. (𝐷 − 1)𝑦 = 10 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥)
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
2
(𝑚 − 1) = 0
(𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 − 1) =0
𝑚 = 1, − 1
𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝐶=(𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 )
● Solve for 𝑦𝑃 when 𝑓(𝑥) = 10𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)
2
Use 𝑠𝑖𝑛 x=½ (1-cos2x) identity
𝑓(𝑥) = 5 − 5𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝐵
● Since the ODE is of the second order, we differentiate the 𝑌𝑃 twice.
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝐵
𝑦𝑃' = 2𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)
𝑦𝑃'' =− 4𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)
● Plug the derivatives into the ODE and find its coefficients.
(4𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)) − (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 𝐵) = 5 − 5𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
cos2x: − 5𝐴 = 5
𝐴=1
−𝐵=5
𝐵 =− 5

Thus, 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) − 5
● Recall that the general solution is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃, thus
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) − 5
𝑥 𝑥
Answer: 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) − 5
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

Problem 25 (p. 125: #25)

2 2
25. (𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 12 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥)
● This works because the LHS is a linear operator applied to the desired solution y
● (D2+1)Use the trigonometric identity

cos(2x)≡2cos2(x)−1

cos2(x)≡cos(2x)+12

● As a result, the RHS is secretly 6(cos(2x)+1) and so, your problem is this:

(D2+1)y=6(cos(2x)+1)

● Let’s break this into two parts:

(D2+1)y=6cos(2x)

(D2+1)y=6cos(2x)

(D2+1)y=6

cos(2x)=−4cos(2x)+cos(2x)

=−3cos(2x)

● We can apply a coefficient of (−2) to get the right RHS:

(D2+1)(−2)cos(2x)=(−2)×(−3cos(2x))

= 6cos(2x)

● Next, we solve #2:

(D2+1)y=6

● Note that y≡6 is already a solution, since d21dx2=0.

Finally, putting these together:

(D2+1)(−2cos(2x)+6)=6(cos(2x)+1)

● To get the general solution, since this DE is linear, we add the general solution to
the homogeneous DE, to get:

Answer: 𝑦 =− 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 6 + 𝐶1𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 𝐶2𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)

Problem 26 (p. 125: #26)
2 2
26. (𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥)
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶

2
𝑚 +4=0
m = ±2 i

α = 0β = 2

𝑦𝐶=𝐶1𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) + 𝐶2𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)

2
● Make a guess for the particular solution 𝑦𝑃. We see that 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥), thus

2 2
𝑦𝑃=A𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) + B𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥)

● Since the ODE is of the second order, we differentiate 𝑦𝑃 twice.

2 2
𝑦𝑃=A𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) + B𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥)

𝑦𝑃'=2Asin(x)cos(x) - 2Bsin(x)cos(x)

2 2 2 2
𝑦𝑃'’= -2A(𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) - 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥)) + 2B(𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) - 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥))

● Plug in 𝑦𝑃 and its derivatives into the ODE. Find the coefficients.

2 2 2 2 2 2 2
-2A(𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) - 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥)) + 2B(𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) - 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥)) + 4(A𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) + B𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥))=4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥)

2 2 2 2 2 2 2
-2A𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥)+2A𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥)+2B𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) - 2B 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) + 4A𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) + 4B𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥)=4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥)

2 2 2 2 2
2A𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) + 2B𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) + 2A𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) + 2B 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) = 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥)

1
Thus making 𝑦𝑃 = 2
(1 - x sin(2x))

● Recall that the general solution is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃, thus

1
Answer: y=𝐶1𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) + 𝐶2𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 2
(1 - x sin(2x))
Problem 27 (p. 125: #27)
27. 𝑦'' − 3𝑦' − 4𝑦 = 16𝑥 − 50 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
2
𝑚 − 3𝑚 − 4 = 0
(𝑚 − 4)(𝑚 + 1) = 0
𝑚 = {4, − 1}
4𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

● Make a guess for the particular solution 𝑦𝑃. We see that 𝑓(𝑥) = 16𝑥 − 50𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥),
thus
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)
● Since the ODE is of the second order, we differentiate 𝑦𝑃 twice.
𝑦𝑃' = 𝐴 − 2𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) + 2𝐷 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)
𝑦𝑃'' =− 4𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) − 4𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)
● Plug in 𝑦𝑃 and its derivatives into the ODE. Find the coefficients.
− 4𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) − 4𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) − 3[𝐴 − 2𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) + 2𝐷 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)]
− 4[𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)] = 16𝑥 − 50 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)

− 4𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) − 4𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) − 3𝐴 + 6𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) − 6𝐷 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)]

− 4𝐴𝑥 − 4𝐵 − 4𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) − 4𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) = 16𝑥 − 50 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)

− 8𝐶 − 6𝐷 =− 50 → 8𝐶 + 6𝐷 = 50
6𝐶 − 8𝐷 = 0

By elimination:
4[4𝐶 + 3𝐷] = [25]4 → 16𝐶 + 12𝐷 = 100
3[3𝐶 − 4𝐷] = [0]3 → 9𝐶 − 12𝐷 = 0

25𝐶 = 100 → 𝐶 = 4
9(4) − 12𝐷 = 0 → 𝐷 = 3

− 4𝐴 = 16 → 𝐴 =− 4
− 3(− 4) − 4𝐵 = 0 → 12 − 4𝐵 = 0 → 𝐵 = 3

Thus, 𝑦𝑃 =− 4𝑥 + 3 + 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)

● Recall that the general solution is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃, thus
4𝑥 −𝑥
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 + 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) − 4𝑥 + 3
Problem 28 (p. 125: #28)
3
28. (𝐷 − 3𝐷 − 2)𝑦 = 100 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)
● Linear non- homogeneous with constant coefficients

form of (an D" +...+a, D+ 𝑎0) y = g(x)

(D3-3D-2)y=0
D3-3D-2=0
(D+1) (D-2)=0

● Zero Factor Principle:

If ab=0 then a=0 b = 0
D+1=0 D= -1
0-2:0 D= 2

● Solutions
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

D=-1 multiplicity of 2 D=2

D=-1 multiplicity of 2 D=2
● For non repeated real root D, the general solution takes the form :
𝐷𝑥
y = C₁𝑒
● For real root D with multiplicity of 2, the general solution takes the form:
𝐷𝑥 𝐷𝑥
y = C₁𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒
−𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶2𝑒 + 𝐶3x𝑒
● General Solution form:
Y= Y₁ + 𝑌2 +...Yn-1 + Yn
● Where Y₁, 𝑌2… Yn-1, Yn are linearly independent solutions of the equation.
2𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥
Y= C₁𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 + 𝐶3x𝑒
= 𝑦'’’ - 3y’ - 2y = 100 sin2x
● For the non- homogeneous part
g(x) = 100 sin 2x
● Assume a solution of the form:
y= 𝑎0 sin( 2x )+ 𝑎1 cos (2x)
= ((𝑎0sin 2x + 𝑎1cos 2x))’’’ - 3((𝑎0cos 2x))’ - 2
(𝑎0 sin (2x) +𝑎1 cos 2x))=100 sin 2x
-8𝑎0cos 2x + 8𝑎1 sin 2x - 3(𝑎0cos 2x 2-2𝑎1sin 2x)
● Simplify
-14𝑎0cos(2x) - 2𝑎0sin (2x) + 14𝑎1 sin (2x) -2𝑎1cos (2x) =100 sin 2x
𝑎0= -1 𝑎1=7
● Plug the parameter solutions into
y= 𝑎0sin (2x) + 𝑎1 cos (2x)
y= (-1) sin (2x) + 7cos (2x)
y= - sin (2x) = 7 cos (2x)
2𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥
Answer: Y= C₁𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 + 𝐶3x𝑒 - sin (2x) + 7 cos (2x)
2𝑥 −𝑥
29. 𝑦'' + 4𝑦' + 3𝑦 = 15 𝑒 + 𝑒
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
2
𝑚 + 4𝑚 + 3 = 0
(m+1)(m+3)=0
m={-1,-3}
−𝑥 −3𝑥
𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒
2𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵𝑒
2𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝑝 =𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵𝑥𝑒
2𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝑝' =2𝐴𝑒 − 𝐵𝑥𝑒 + 𝐵𝑒
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

2𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝑝'' =4𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵𝑥𝑒 − 2𝐵𝑒
2𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 2𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 2𝑥 −𝑥
4𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵𝑥𝑒 − 2𝐵𝑒 +4(2𝐴𝑒 − 𝐵𝑥𝑒 + 𝐵𝑒 )+3(𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵𝑥𝑒 )=
2𝑥 −𝑥
15 𝑒 +𝑒
2𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 2𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 2𝑥 −𝑥
4𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵𝑥𝑒 − 2𝐵𝑒 +8𝐴𝑒 − 4𝐵𝑥𝑒 + 4𝐵𝑒 +3𝐴𝑒 + 3𝐵𝑥𝑒 =
2𝑥 −𝑥
15 𝑒 +𝑒

2𝑥
𝑒 : 15A=15
A=1
−𝑥
𝑒 :2B=1
1
B= 2

2𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝑝 =𝑒 + 𝑥𝑒
−𝑥 −3𝑥 2𝑥 1 −𝑥
Answer: 𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 +𝑒 + 2
𝑥𝑒
Problem 30 (p. 125: #30)
𝑥
30. 𝑦'' − 𝑦 = 𝑒 − 4
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
2
𝑚 −1=0
(𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 − 1) = 0
𝑚 = {− 1, 1}

−𝑥 𝑥
Thus, 𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒
𝑥
● Make a guess for the particular solution 𝑦𝑃. We see that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 − 4
𝑥
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵
𝑥
● Comparing the terms of 𝑦𝐶 and 𝑦𝑃 we see that an exponential term, 𝑒 , reoccurs,
thus we multiply the term by x.
𝑥
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑥𝑒 + 𝐵
● Since the ODE is of the second order, we differentiate 𝑦𝑃 twice.
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦𝑃' = 𝐴(𝑥𝑒 + 𝑒 )
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦𝑃'' = 𝐴(𝑥𝑒 + 2𝑒 )
● Plug in 𝑦𝑃 and its derivatives into the ODE. Find the coefficients.
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝐴(𝑥𝑒 + 2𝑒 ) − (𝐴𝑥𝑒 + 𝐵) = 𝑒 − 4
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝐴𝑥𝑒 + 2𝐴𝑒 − 𝐴𝑥𝑒 − 𝐵 = 𝑒 − 4
𝑥 𝑥
2𝐴𝑒 − 𝐵 = 𝑒 − 4

We see that
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

1
2𝐴 = 1 → 𝐴 = 2
− 𝐵 =− 4 → 𝐵 = 4

1 𝑥
Thus, 𝑦𝑃 = 2
𝑥𝑒 + 4
● Recall that the general solution is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃, thus
−𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥
Answer. 𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 + 2
𝑥𝑒 + 4
Problem 31 (p. 125: #31)
−𝑥
31. 𝑦'' − 𝑦' − 2𝑦 = 6𝑥 + 6𝑒
● Form the complementary solution 𝑦𝐶
𝑦'' − 𝑦' − 2𝑦 = 0
2
(𝑚 − 𝑚 − 2) = 0
(𝑚 − 2) (𝑚 + 1) = 0
m= -1,2
−1(𝑥) 2(𝑥)
𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒
−(𝑥) 2𝑥
𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒
● Get the Particular solution 𝑦𝑃
−𝑥
Since our homogenous solution already consist of 𝑒 , we must multiply that
term by an additional x, so

−𝑥
f(x) = 6𝑥 + 6𝑒
−𝑥
f(x) = 6𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑒
−𝑥
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥𝑒
−𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝑃' = 𝐴 − 𝐶𝑥𝑒 + 𝐶𝑒
−𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝑃'' = 𝐶𝑥𝑒 − 2𝐶𝑒

● Solve for the Values of A, B and C. Substitute 𝑦𝑃 into differential equation

−𝑥
𝑦'' − 𝑦' − 2𝑦 = 6𝑥 + 6𝑒
−𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥
𝐶𝑥𝑒 − 2𝐶𝑒 − (𝐴 − 𝐶𝑥𝑒 + 𝐶𝑒 ) − 2(𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥𝑒 ) = 6𝑥 + 6𝑒
−𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥
𝐶𝑥𝑒 − 2𝐶𝑒 − 𝐴 + 𝐶𝑥𝑒 − 𝐶𝑒 − 2𝐴𝑥 − 2𝐵 − 2𝐶𝑥𝑒 = 6𝑥 + 6𝑒
−𝑥 −𝑥
− 3𝐶𝑒 − 2𝐴𝑥 − 2𝐵 − 𝐴 = 6𝑥 + 6𝑒
−𝑥
𝑒 : -3C= 6
C = -2
x : -2A = 6
A=-3
0
𝑥 : - 2B - A = 0
-2B - (-3) = 0
-2B = -3
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

3
B= 2
3 −𝑥
𝑦𝑃 =− 3𝑥 + 2
− 2𝑥𝑒
● Get the General Solution
y = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃
−𝑥 2𝑥 3 −𝑥
Answer: = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 + 2
− 3𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑒
Problem 32 (p. 125: #32)
32. 𝑦'' + 6𝑦' + 13𝑦 = 60 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 26
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
2
(𝑚 + 6𝑚 + 13) = 0
𝑚 =− 3 + 2𝑖, − 3 − 2𝑖
−3𝑥 −3𝑥
𝑦𝐶=𝐶1𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 𝐶2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)
● Solve for 𝑦𝑃 when 𝑓(𝑥) = 60 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 26
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶
● Since the ODE is of the second order, we differentiate the 𝑌𝑃 twice.
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦𝑃' =− 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑦𝑃'' =− 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
● Plug the derivatives into the ODE and find its coefficients.
(− 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + 6(− 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) + 13(𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶) = 60𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 26
cosx: 12𝐴 = 60
𝐴=5
sinx: 12 𝐵 = 0 𝐵 =− 12
13𝐶 = 26 C=2
Thus, 𝑦𝑝 = 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 12𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2
● Recall that the general solution is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃, thus
−3𝑥 −3𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 𝐶2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 12𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2
−3𝑥 −3𝑥
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 𝐶2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 12𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2
Problem 33 (p. 125: #33)
3 2
33. (𝐷 − 3𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 6 + 80 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)
● The characteristic equation is

D3−3D2+4=0

=D3+D2−4D2+4=0

=D2(D+1)−4(D2−1)=0

=(D+1)[D2−4(D−1)]=0

=(D+1)(D2−4D+4)=0

=(D+1)(D−2)2=0
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

=D=−1,2,2

● Complementary function

yc=c1e−x+(c2+xc3)e2x

1
yp= 3 2 +(6+80cos2x)
𝐷 −3𝐷 +4

1 1
= 3 2 (6)+ 3 2 +(80cos2x)
𝐷 −3𝐷 +4 𝐷 −3𝐷 +4

1 80
= 3 2 (6)+ 2 2 +(cos2x)
(0) −3(0) +4 𝐷(𝐷 )−3𝐷 +4

3 80
=2 2 2 (cos2x)
𝐷(−2 )−3(−2) +4

3 80
=2 −4𝐷+16
(cos2x)

3 20
= 2 + −𝐷+4 (cos2x)

3 20
=2+ 4−𝐷
(cos2x)

3 20(4+𝐷)
=2+ 2 (cos2x)
16−𝐷

3 20(4+𝐷)
=2+ 2 (cos2x)
16−(−2)

3 20(4+𝐷)
=2+ 20
(cos2x)

3
= 2 +(4+D)(cos2x)

3
= 2 +4cos2x−2sin2x

● General solution

−𝑥 2𝑥 3
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 + (𝐶2 + 𝑥𝑥)𝑒 + 2
+ 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)
Problem 34 (p. 126: #34)
3 4𝑥
34. (𝐷 + 𝐷 − 10)𝑦 = 29𝑒
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
3
𝑚 + m - 10 = 0
We divide the LCD’s of the last term and first term then we check each one by
using synthetic division to find one of the roots.
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

±1,±2,±5,±10
±1

Check positive 2 by using synthetic division

2 1 0 1 -10
2 4 10
==========
1 2 5 0

Because the equation ends with a zero, this means that 2 is one of the roots.

We now then use the quotient as our new equation and use the quadratic
formula to find the remaining roots.

2
𝑚 - 2m + 5 = 0

m=-1± 2𝑖

α=− 1 β= 2

2𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝐶=𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) + 𝐶3𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)

4𝑥
● Make a guess for the particular solution 𝑦𝑃. We see that 𝑓(𝑥) = 29𝑒

4𝑥
𝑦𝑃=𝐴𝑒

● Since the ODE is of the third order, we differentiate 𝑦𝑃 thrice.

4𝑥
𝑦𝑃=𝐴𝑒
4𝑥
𝑦𝑃'=4𝐴𝑒
4𝑥
𝑦𝑃'’=16𝐴𝑒
4𝑥
𝑦𝑃'’’=64𝐴𝑒

● Plug in 𝑦𝑃 and its derivatives into the ODE. Find the coefficients.

4𝑥 4𝑥 4𝑥 4𝑥
64𝐴𝑒 + 4𝐴𝑒 - 10(𝐴𝑒 ) = 29𝑒

4𝑥 4𝑥
58𝐴𝑒 = 29𝑒
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

1 1 4𝑥
A= 2 𝑦𝑃= 2 𝑒

● Recall that the general solution is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃, thus

2𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 1 4𝑥
Answer:𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) + 𝐶3𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 2
𝑒
Problem 35 (p. 126: #35)
3 2 −𝑥
35. (𝐷 + 𝐷 − 4𝐷 − 4)𝑦 = 8𝑥 + 8 + 6𝑒
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
3 2
𝑚 + 𝑚 − 4𝑚 − 4 = 0
By grouping of terms, we see that:
2 2
𝑚(𝑚 − 4) + (𝑚 − 4) = 0
2
(𝑚 − 4)(𝑚 + 1) = 0
(𝑚 + 2)(𝑚 − 2)(𝑚 + 1) = 0
𝑚 = {− 2, 2, − 1}

2𝑥 −𝑥 −2𝑥
𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 + 𝐶3𝑒
−𝑥
● Make a guess for the particular solution 𝑦𝑃. We see that 𝑓(𝑥) = 8𝑥 + 8 + 6𝑒
−𝑥
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑒
−𝑥
However, we see that the exponential term, 𝑒 repeats on both 𝑦𝐶 and 𝑦𝑃 thus
we multiply it by 𝑥. The particular solution is now of the form:
−𝑥
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥𝑒
● Since the ODE is of the third order, we differentiate 𝑦𝑃 thrice.
−𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝑃' = 𝐴 + 𝐶𝑒 − 𝐶𝑥𝑒
−𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝑃'' = 𝐶𝑥𝑒 − 2𝐶𝑒
−𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝑃''' = 3𝐶𝑒 − 𝐶𝑥𝑒
● Plug in 𝑦𝑃 and its derivatives into the ODE. Find the coefficients.
−𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥
3𝐶𝑒 − 𝐶𝑥𝑒 + 𝐶𝑥𝑒 − 2𝐶𝑒 − 4𝐴 − 4𝐶𝑒 + 4𝐶𝑥𝑒
−𝑥 −𝑥
− 4𝐴𝑥 − 4𝐵 − 4𝐶𝑥𝑒 = 8𝑥 + 8 + 6𝑒
−𝑥 −𝑥
− 3𝐶𝑒 − 4𝐴 − 4𝐴𝑥 − 4𝐵 = 8𝑥 + 8 + 6𝑒

− 4𝐴 = 8 → 𝐴 =− 2
− 4𝐴 − 4𝐵 = 8 → − 4(− 2) − 4𝐵 = 8 → 𝐵 = 0
− 3𝐶 = 6 → 𝐶 =− 2

−𝑥
Thus, 𝑦𝑝 =− 2𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑒
● Recall that the general solution is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃, thus
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

2𝑥 −𝑥 −2𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 + 𝐶3𝑒 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑒
2𝑥 −𝑥 −2𝑥
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝑒 (𝐶2 − 2𝑥) + 𝐶3𝑒 − 2𝑥

1
In Exercises 36 through 44, find the particular solution indicated

Problem 36 (p. 126: #36)

2 2𝑥
36. (𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 10𝑒 ; when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦' = 0

● Form the complementary solution 𝑦𝐶

2
(𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 0
2
(𝑚 + 1) = 0
m= ± i
𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥)

● Get the Particular solution 𝑦𝑃

2𝑥
f(x) = 10𝑒
2𝑥
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑒
2𝑥
𝑦𝑃' = 2𝐴𝑒
2𝑥
𝑦𝑃'' = 4𝐴𝑒

● Solve for the Value of A. Substitute 𝑦𝑃 into differential equation

2 2𝑥
(𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 10𝑒
2 2𝑥
𝐷 𝑦 + 𝑦 = 10𝑒
2𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥
4𝐴𝑒 + 𝐴𝑒 = 10𝑒
2𝑥 2𝑥
5𝐴𝑒 = 10𝑒
A=2
2𝑥
𝑦𝑃 = 2𝑒
● Get the General Solution
y = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃
2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) + 2𝑒
● Solve for 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 using initial conditions
𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦' = 0
2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) + 2𝑒
2(0)
0 = 𝐶1𝑐𝑜𝑠 (0) + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (0) + 2𝑒
0 = 𝐶1 + 2
𝐶1 = −2
2𝑥
𝑦' = − 𝐶1𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) + 4𝑒
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

2(0)
0 = − 𝐶1𝑠𝑖𝑛 (0) + 𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (0) + 4𝑒
0 = 𝐶2 + 4
𝐶2 = −4
2𝑥
𝑦 =− 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) + 2𝑒
2𝑥
𝑦 = 2𝑒 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥)
2𝑥
Answer: 𝑦 = 2 ( 𝑒 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥))
Problem 37 (p. 126: #37)
2
37. (𝐷 − 4)𝑦 = 2 − 8𝑥; when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦' = 5
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
2
(𝑚 − 4)𝑦 = 0
(𝑚 + 2)(𝑚 − 2) = 0
−2𝑥 2𝑥
𝑦𝐶=𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒
● Solve for 𝑦𝑃 when 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − 8𝑥
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥
● Since the ODE is of the second order, we differentiate the 𝑌𝑃 twice.
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥
𝑦𝑃' = 𝐴
𝑦𝑃'' = 0
● Plug the derivatives into the ODE and find its coefficients.
4(𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥) = 2 − 8𝑥
4𝐴 = 2
1
𝐴= 2
4𝐵 = 8𝑥
𝐵 = 2𝑥
1
Thus, 𝑦𝑝 = 2 + 2𝑥
● Recall that the general solution is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃, thus
−2𝑥 2𝑥 1
𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 + 2 + 2𝑥
● Apply initial conditions and solve for 𝐶1and 𝐶2
−2(0) 2(0) 1
0 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 + 2 + 2(0)
−2(0) 2(0)
5 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 +2
Solve for 𝐶1 in terms of 𝐶2:
1
0 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 2
1
0 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 2
1
𝐶1 =− 𝐶2 − 2
Solve for 𝐶2 by using eqn of 𝐶1 :
5 =− 2𝐶1 + 2𝐶2 + 2
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

1
5 =− 2(− 𝐶2 − 2
) + 2𝐶2 + 2
5 = 4𝐶2 + 3
2 = 4𝐶2
1
𝐶2 = 2
Solve for 𝐶1using the value of 𝐶2:
1 1
𝐶1 =− ( 2 ) − 2
𝐶1=-1
● Substitute the constants into the equation
−2𝑥 1 2𝑥 1
𝑦 =− 𝑒 + 2
𝑒 + 2 + 2𝑥
−2𝑥 1 2𝑥 1
Answer: 𝑦 = − 𝑒 + 2
𝑒 + 2 + 2𝑥
Problem 38 (p. 126: #38)
2
38. (𝐷 + 3𝐷)𝑦 =− 18𝑥; when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦' = 5
2
● Find Yc by solving (𝐷 + 3𝐷)𝑦 = 0;
● Solve with quadratic formula
2
−(−3)±√(−3) −4.1.0
= 𝐷1, 2 = 2.1
= √(-3)^2-4.1.0 = 3
−(−3)±3
= 𝐷1, 2 = 2.1
● Separate the solution
−(−3)+3
=𝐷1 = 2.1
=3
−(−3)−3
=𝐷2 = 2.1
=0
=
● Find Yp
● y''(x)-3y'(x)=-18x
● For the non-homogeneous part g(x) = - 18c assume a solution of the form: x = a_{0} * x
^ 2 +212
2 2
=((𝑎0𝑥 + 𝑎_1𝑥))'' − 3((𝑎0𝑥 + 𝑎_1𝑥)' =− 18
● Simplify it
2
=((𝑎0𝑥 + 𝑎1𝑥))'' = 2𝑎0
2
=2𝑎0 − 3((𝑎0𝑥 + 𝑎_1𝑥)' =− 18
2
● Solve 2𝑎0 − 3((𝑎0𝑥 + 𝑎_1𝑥)' =− 18: 𝑎0𝑎1
● expand
= 0 = 2𝑎 0 − 3𝑎1 \ − 18 =− 6𝑎0
= 𝑎0 = 3, \: 𝑎1 = 2
2
● Plug the parameter solutions into 𝑦 = 𝑎0𝑥 + 𝑎1𝑥
2
= 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2𝑥
3𝑥 0 2
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑒 + 𝑐2𝑒 + 3𝑥 + 2𝑥
30 0 2
0= 𝑐1𝑒 + 𝑐2𝑒 + 3𝑥(0) + 2(0)
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

=0

Problem 39 (p. 126: #39)

2 −3𝑥
39. (𝐷 + 4𝐷 + 5)𝑦 = 10𝑒 ; when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 4, 𝑦' = 0
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
2
𝑚 + 4m + 5 = 0
2
− 5 + 𝑚 + 4𝑚 + 5 = 0 − 5
2
𝑚 + 4𝑚 =− 5
2 4 2 4 2
𝑚 + 4𝑚 + ( 2 ) =− 5 + ( 2 )
2
𝑚 + 4𝑚 + 4 =− 5 + 4
2
(𝑚 + 2) =− 1
− 2 + 𝑚 + 2 =± 𝑖 − 2
𝑚 =− 2 ± 𝑖

α =− 2 β=1

−2𝑥 −2𝑥
𝑦𝐶=𝐶1𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 𝐶2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
−3𝑥
● Make a guess for the particular solution 𝑦𝑃. We see that 𝑓(𝑡) = 10𝑒 , thus
−3𝑥
𝑦𝑃=A𝑒
● Since the ODE is in the second order, differentiate 𝑥𝑝 to the second order
−3𝑥
𝑦𝑃=A𝑒
−3𝑥
𝑦𝑃’=-3A𝑒
−3𝑥
𝑦𝑃’’=9A𝑒

● Plug in 𝑦𝑝 and its derivatives in the ODE and find the coefficients.
−3𝑥 −3𝑥 −3𝑥 −3𝑥
9A𝑒 + 4(-3A𝑒 ) + 5(A𝑒 ) = 10𝑒

−3𝑥 −3𝑥
2A𝑒 = 10𝑒

−3𝑥
A=5 𝑦𝑃=5𝑒
● The general solution is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃, thus,
−2𝑥 −2𝑥 −3𝑥
y=𝐶1𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 𝐶2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + 5𝑒
'
● Since we have the initial conditions 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 4, 𝑦 = 0, we must determine
the values of 𝐶1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶2 that satisfies it. From the general solution, it follows that:

' −2𝑥 −2𝑥 −3𝑥

𝑦 =𝐶1𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 𝐶2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + 5𝑒

' −2𝑥 −2𝑥 −2𝑥 −2𝑥

𝑦 = 𝐶1[− 2𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) − 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)] + 𝐶2[− 2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)]
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

−2(0) −2(0) −3(0)

4 = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0) + 𝐶2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(0) + 5𝑒

4 = 𝐶1+5

𝐶1= -1

−2(0) −2(0) −20 −2(0)

0= -1 [− 2𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0) − 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(0)] + 𝐶2[− 2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(0) + 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0)]

0=-1 (-2) + 𝐶2

𝐶2= -2

● Thus, the particular solution of the ODE is

−2𝑥 −2𝑥 −3𝑥

Answer:𝑦 =− 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) − 2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + 5𝑒
Problem 40 (p. 126: #40)
2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
40. 2 +4 𝑑𝑡
+ 5𝑥 = 10; when 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑑𝑡
=0
𝑑𝑡
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑥𝐶
2
− 5 + 𝑚 + 4𝑚 + 5 = 0 − 5
2
𝑚 + 4𝑚 =− 5
2 4 2 4 2
𝑚 + 4𝑚 + ( 2 ) =− 5 + ( 2 )
2
𝑚 + 4𝑚 + 4 =− 5 + 4
2
(𝑚 + 2) =− 1
− 2 + 𝑚 + 2 =± 𝑖 − 2
𝑚 =− 2 ± 𝑖
● Recall that when the auxiliary equation has a complex conjugate solution
α𝑥 α𝑥
𝑦 = α ± β𝑖, 𝑦𝑐 is of the form 𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(β𝑥) + 𝐶2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(β𝑥). We see that
α =− 2 and β = 1, thus:

−2𝑡 −2𝑡
𝑥𝑐 = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡) + 𝐶2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡)

● Make a guess for the particular solution 𝑦𝑃. We see that 𝑓(𝑡) = 10, thus
𝑥𝑃 = 𝐴
● Comparing the terms of 𝑥𝑝 and 𝑥𝑐, we see that there is no repetition.
● Since the ODE is in the second order, differentiate 𝑥𝑝 to the second order.
𝑥𝑝' = 0
𝑥𝑝'' = 0
● Plug in 𝑥𝑝 and its derivatives in the ODE and find the coefficients.
0 + 4(0) + 5𝐴 = 10
𝐴=2
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

Thus, 𝑥𝑃 = 2
● The general solution is of the form 𝑥 = 𝑥𝐶 + 𝑥𝑃, thus,
−2𝑡 −2𝑡
𝑥 = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡) + 𝐶2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡) + 2
𝑑𝑥
● Since we have the initial conditions 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑑𝑡
= 0, we must determine
the values of 𝐶1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶2 that satisfies it. From the general solution, it follows that:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 −2𝑡 𝑑 −2𝑡
𝑑𝑡
= 𝐶1 𝑑𝑡
[𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡)] + 𝐶2 𝑑𝑡
[𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡)]
𝑑𝑥 −2𝑡 −2𝑡 −2𝑡 −2𝑡
𝑑𝑡
= 𝐶1[− 2𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡) − 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡)] + 𝐶2[− 2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡) + 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡)]

Imposing the initial conditions, we get:

−2(0) −2(0)
0 = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0) + 𝐶2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(0) + 2
0 = 𝐶1 + 2
𝐶1 =− 2

−2(0) −2(0) −20 −2(0)

0 =− 2[− 2𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0) − 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(0)] + 𝐶2[− 2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(0) + 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0)]
0 =− 2[− 2] + 𝐶2
0 = 4 + 𝐶2
𝐶2 =− 4
● Thus, the particular solution of the ODE is
−2𝑡 −2𝑡
𝑥 =− 2𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡) − 4𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡) + 2
−2𝑡 −2𝑡
Answer: 𝑥 = 2[1 − 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡) − 2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡)]
Problem 41 (p. 126: #41)
2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
41. 2 +4 𝑑𝑡
+ 5𝑥 = 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡); when 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑑𝑡
=0
𝑑𝑡

● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶

m²+ 4m + 5=0
m = -2 ± i
● Complementary function
−2𝑡
𝑥𝐶 = 𝑒 (C₁ cos (t) + 𝑐2​sin(t))
● Assume particular solution of the form:
𝑥𝑝(t) = (D cos(t) + C sin (t))
● Substitute 𝑥𝑝(t) into original equation and solve for C and D
First and second derivatives of 𝑥𝑝(t) :
𝑑𝑥 𝑝
𝑑𝑡
= C cos (t) - D sin (t)
𝑑𝑥2 𝑝
𝑑𝑡2
= -C sin (t) - D cos (t)

(-C sin (t) - D cos (t)) + 4( C cos (t) - D sin (t) + 5 (C sin (t) + D cos (t))
● Combine like terms
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

(5C - D) sin (t) + (4C +5D)cos (t) = 8 sin(t)

● Equations of coefficients
5C -D = 8
4C + 5D = 0

Solving for C and D

5C -D =8
4C + 5D = 0

C=1, D=-1
𝑥𝑝(t) = sin (t) - cos (t)
𝑑𝑥
● Use the initial conditions x(0) = 0 and 𝑑𝑡
=0

A + sin(0) - cos(0) = 0
A - 1=0
A=1

● Differentiate x(t) with respect to t and substitute t = 0

𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
= -2A + B +1 = 0
B=1
● Recall that the general solution is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃, thus

2𝑡 2𝑡
` Answer: 𝑥 = (1 + 𝑒 )𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡) − (1 − 𝑒 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡)

Problem 42 (p. 126: #42)

2
42. 𝑦'' + 9𝑦 = 81𝑥 + 14 𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝑥); when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦' = 3
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
2
(𝑚 + 9) = 0
m=3𝑖
𝑦𝑐 =𝐶1𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥) + 𝐶2𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑥)
2
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝑥) + 𝐶𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝑥)
𝑦𝑝’=2Ax-4Bsin(4x)+4Ccos(4x)
𝑦𝑝’’=2A-16Bcos(4x)-16Csin(4x)
2
2A-16Bcos(4x)-16Csin(4x)+9(𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝑥) + 𝐶𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝑥))=
2
81𝑥 + 14 𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝑥)
2
2A-16Bcos(4x)-16Csin(4x)+9𝐴𝑥 + 9𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝑥) + 9𝐶𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝑥)=
2
81𝑥 + 14 𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝑥)
2
𝑥 : 9A=81
A=9
sin(4x): -16C+9C=0
C=0
cos(4x):-16B+9B=14
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

-7B=14
B=-2

2
𝑦𝑝 =9𝑥 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝑥)
2
y=𝐶1𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥) + 𝐶2𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑥)+9𝑥 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝑥)
2
y=𝐶1𝑐𝑜𝑠(3(0)) + 𝐶2𝑠𝑖𝑛(3(0))+9(0) − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(4(0))
Y=𝐶1+0+0-2
𝐶1=2
3=-3𝐶1𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑥) + 3𝐶2𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥)+18𝑥 + 8𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝑥)
3=3𝐶1𝑠𝑖𝑛(3(0)) + 3𝐶2𝑐𝑜𝑠(3(0))+18(0) + 8𝑠𝑖𝑛(4(0))
3=3𝐶2
1 = 𝐶2
2
Answer: 𝑦 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑥) + 9𝑥 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝑥)
Problem 43 (p. 126: #43)
3 2 𝑥
43. (𝐷 + 4𝐷 + 9𝐷 + 10)𝑦 =− 24𝑒 ; when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦' =− 4, 𝑦'' = 10
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
3 2
𝑚 + 4𝑚 + 9𝑚 + 10 = 0

Using the rational roots test:

𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 10 ±10,±5,±2,±1
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 1
= ±1
=± 10, ± 5, ± 2, ± 1

Testing − 2:

−2 1 4 9 10

−2 −4 − 10

1 2 5 0

We see that 𝑚 =− 2 is a solution. From the products above, we see that

2
𝑚 + 2𝑚 + 5 = 0 is also a factor. Thus, solving:
2
𝑚 + 2𝑚 =− 5
2 2 2 2 2
𝑚 + 2𝑚 + ( 2 ) =− 5 + ( 2 )
2
(𝑚 + 1) =− 4
𝑚 + 1 =± 2𝑖

𝑚 =− 1 ± 2𝑖

● Recall that when the auxiliary equation has a complex conjugate solution
α𝑥 α𝑥
𝑦 = α ± β𝑖, 𝑦𝑐 is of the form 𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(β𝑥) + 𝐶2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(β𝑥). We see that
α =− 1 and β = 2, thus
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

−2𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) + 𝐶3𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)
𝑥
● Make a guess for the particular solution 𝑦𝑃. We see that 𝑓(𝑥) =− 24𝑒 , thus
𝑥
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑒
● Since the ODE is of the third order, we differentiate 𝑦𝑃 thrice.
𝑥
𝑦𝑃' = 𝑦𝑃'' = 𝑦𝑃''' = 𝐴𝑒

● Plug in 𝑦𝑃 and its derivatives into the ODE. Find the coefficients.
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝐴𝑒 + 4𝐴𝑒 + 9𝐴𝑒 + 10𝐴𝑒 =− 24𝑒
24𝐴 =− 24
𝐴 =− 1

𝑥
Thus, 𝑦𝑃 =− 𝑒
● Recall that the general solution is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃, thus
−2𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) + 𝐶3𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) − 𝑒
Problem 44 (p. 126: #44)
−𝑥
44. 𝑦" + 2𝑦' + 5𝑦 = 8𝑒 ; when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦' = 8
● Form the complementary solution 𝑦𝐶
𝑦" + 2𝑦' + 5𝑦 = 0
2
𝑚 + 2𝑚 + 5 = 0
2
−𝑏 ± √(𝑏 ) − 4 𝑎𝑐)
𝑚 = 2𝑎
2
−2 ± √(2 ) − 4 (1)(5))
𝑚 = 2(1)
−2 ± √(4 − 20)
𝑚 = 2
−2 ± √(−16)
𝑚 = 2
−2 ± 4𝑖
m= 2
m = − 1 ± 2𝑖
−𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥)
● Get the Particular solution 𝑦𝑃
−𝑥
f(x) = 𝑒
−𝑥
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑒
−𝑥
𝑦𝑃' = − 𝐴𝑒
−𝑥
𝑦𝑃'' = 𝐴𝑒
● Solve for the Value of A. Substitute 𝑦𝑃 into differential equation
−𝑥
𝑦" + 2𝑦' + 5𝑦 = 8𝑒
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

−𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥
𝐴𝑒 + 2(− 𝐴𝑒 ) + 5(𝐴𝑒 ) = 8𝑒
−𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥
𝐴𝑒 − 2𝐴𝑒 + 5𝐴𝑒 = 8𝑒
−𝑥 −𝑥
4𝐴𝑒 = 8𝑒
A=2
−𝑥
𝑦𝑃 = 2𝑒
● Get the General Solution
y = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃
−𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥) + 2𝑒
● Solve for 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 using initial conditions
𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦' = 8
−𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥) + 2𝑒
−0 −0 −0
0 = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2(0)) + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2(0)) + 2𝑒
0 = 𝐶1 + 2
𝐶1 = −2
−𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦' =− 2𝐶1𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥) − 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥) + 2𝐶2𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥) − 𝐶2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥) − 2𝑒
−0 −0 −0 −0 −0
8 =− 2𝐶1𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2(0)) − 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2(0)) + 2𝐶2𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2(0)) − 𝐶2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2(0)) − 2𝑒
8= − 𝐶1 + 2𝐶2 − 2
8= − (− 2) + 2𝐶2 − 2
8 = 2𝐶2
𝐶2 = 4
−𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦 =− 2𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥) + 4 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥) + 2𝑒
−𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦 = 2𝑒 + 4 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥) − 2𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥)
−𝑥
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝑒 (2 + 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥) − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥))

1
(p. 126) In Exercises 45 through 48, obtain from the particular solution indicated, the
value of 𝑦 and the value of 𝑦' at 𝑥 = 2.
Problem 45 (p. 126: #45)
45. 𝑦'' + 2𝑦' + 𝑦 = 𝑥; at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 =− 3, and at 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 =− 1
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
2
(𝑚 + 2𝑚 + 1) = 0
(𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 + 1) = 0
−𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝐶=𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑥𝑒
● Solve for 𝑦𝑃 when 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
● Since the ODE is of the second order, we differentiate the 𝑌𝑃 twice.
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
𝑦𝑃' = 𝐴
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

𝑦𝑃'' = 0
● Plug the derivatives into the ODE and find its coefficients.
0 + 2𝐴 + (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵) = 𝑥
𝐴=𝑥
𝐵 =− 2
Thus, 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 − 2
● Recall that the general solution is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃, thus
−𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑥𝑒 +𝑥−2
−𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑥𝑒 +𝑥−2
● Solve for constants
When x=0, y=-3
0 0
− 3 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2(0)𝑒 + 0 − 2
𝐶1 =− 1
When x=1, y=-1
−1 −1
− 1 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2(1)𝑒 +1−2
1
𝐶2 =− 𝑒
Thus
−𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦 =− 𝑒 − 𝑥𝑒 + 𝑥 − 2
● Obtain particular solution using y(2) and y’(2)
−2 −2
𝑦(2) =− 𝑒 − 2𝑒 + 2 − 2
𝑦 = 1. 595
−2 −2
𝑦'(2) =− 𝑒 − 2𝑒 +1
𝑦" = 0. 865

Problem 46 (p. 126: #46)

46. 𝑦'' + 2𝑦' + 𝑦 = 𝑥; at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 =− 2, 𝑦' = 2
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
2
(𝑚 + 2𝑚 + 1) = 0
(𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 + 1) = 0
−𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦𝐶=𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑥𝑒
● Solve for 𝑦𝑃 when 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − 8𝑥
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
● differentiate the 𝑌𝑃 twice.
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
𝑦𝑃' = 𝐴
𝑦𝑃'' = 0
● Plug the derivatives into the ODE
0 + 2𝐴 + (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵) = 𝑥
𝐴=𝑥
𝐵 =− 2
Thus, 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 − 2
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

● Recall that the general solution is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃, thus

−𝑥 −𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑥𝑒 +𝑥−2
−(0) −(0)
− 2 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2(0)𝑒 + (0) − 2
=0

Problem 47 (p. 126: #47)

47. 4𝑦'' + 𝑦 = 2; 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = π, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦' = 1
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
2
4𝑚 + 1 = 0

2
4𝑚 = -1

2 1
𝑚 =− 4

𝑖
m=± 2

1
α=0 β= 2

1 1
𝑦𝐶=𝐶1sin( 2 x) + 𝐶2cos( 2 x)

● Make a guess for the particular solution 𝑦𝑃. We see that 𝑓(𝑥) = 2, thus

𝑦𝑃=A

● Since the ODE is of the second order, we differentiate 𝑦𝑃 twice.

𝑦𝑃=A
𝑦𝑃'=0
𝑦𝑃''=0

● Plug in 𝑦𝑃 and its derivatives into the ODE. Find the coefficients.

4(0) + A = 2

A=2 𝑦𝑃= 2

● Recall that the general solution is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃, thus

1 1
y = 𝐶1sin( 2 x) + 𝐶2cos( 2 x) + 2
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

' 1 1
𝑦 = 2 𝐶1cos( 2 x)

● From the boundary conditions, 𝑦(0) = 0 and 𝑦'(0) = 1, find the value of 𝐶1 and
𝐶2 that provides a particular solution

1 1
y = 𝐶1sin( 2 x) + 𝐶2cos( 2 x) + 2

' 1 1 1 1
𝑦 = 2 𝐶1cos( 2 x) - 2
𝐶2sin( 2 x)

Plugging in the boundary conditions

1 1
0=𝐶1sin( 2 π) + 𝐶2cos( 2 π) + 2

𝐶2 = - 2

1 1 1 1
1= 2
𝐶1cos( 2 π) - 2
(− 2)sin( 2 π)

𝐶2=0

● Plug in y(2) and y’(2) to get the desired values.

Answer: y = -0.7635, 𝑦' = 0. 3012

Problem 48 (p. 126: #48)
2
48. 2𝑦'' − 5𝑦' − 3𝑦 =− 9𝑥 − 1; at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑦' = 0
● Solve the associated homogeneous D.E (auxiliary equation) which gives us 𝑦𝐶
2
2𝑚 − 5𝑚 − 3 = 0
3 2 5 3 3
2
+𝑚 − 2
𝑚− 2
= 0+ 2
2 5 5 1 2 3 5 1 2
𝑚 − 2
𝑚 + (− 2
× 2
) = 2 + (− 2 × 2
)
5 2 49
(𝑚 − 4
) = 16
5 5 7 5
4
+𝑚 − 4
=± 4 + 4
1
𝑚= {3, − 2 }

1
3𝑥 −2𝑥
𝑦𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒
2
● Make a guess for the particular solution 𝑦𝑃. We see that 𝑓(𝑥) =− 9𝑥 − 1, thus
2
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
● Since the ODE is of the second order, we differentiate 𝑦𝑃 twice.
𝑦𝑃' = 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
𝑦𝑃'' = 2𝐴
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

● Plug in 𝑦𝑃 and its derivatives into the ODE. Find the coefficients.
2 2
4𝐴 − 10𝐴𝑥 − 5𝐵 − 3𝐴𝑥 − 3𝐵𝑥 − 3𝐶 =− 9𝑥 − 1

− 3𝐴 =− 9
− 10𝐴 − 3𝐵 = 0
4𝐴 − 5𝐵 − 3𝐶 =− 1

𝐴=3
− 10(3) − 3𝐵 = 0 → − 3𝐵 = 30 → 𝐵 =− 10
4(3) − 5(− 10) − 3𝐶 =− 1 → 12 + 50 + 1 = 3𝐶 → 63 → 𝐶 = 21

2
Thus, 𝑦𝑃 = 3𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 21
● Recall that the general solution is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐶 + 𝑦𝑃, thus
1
3𝑥 −2𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 + 3𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 21
● From the boundary conditions, 𝑦(0) = 1 and 𝑦'(0) = 0, find the value of 𝐶1 and
𝐶2 that provides a particular solution.
1
3𝑥 −2𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 + 3𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 21
1
3𝑥 1 −2𝑥
𝑦' = 3𝐶1𝑒 − 2
𝐶2𝑒 + 6𝑥 − 10

Plugging in the boundary conditions

1
3(0) − 2 (0) 2
1 = 𝐶1𝑒 + 𝐶2𝑒 + 3(0) − 10(0) + 21
1 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 21
𝐶1 + 𝐶2 =− 20

1
3(0) 1 − 2 (0)
0 = 3𝐶1𝑒 − 2
𝐶2𝑒 + 6(0) − 10
1
2 ×3𝐶1 − 2
𝐶2 = 10× 2

By elimination, we see that

𝐶1 + 𝐶2 =− 20
6 − 𝐶2 = 20

𝐶1 = 0
𝐶1 =− 20

1
−2𝑥 2
Thus, the particular solution is 𝑦 =− 20𝑒 + 3𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 21

● Plug in y(2) and y’(2) to get the desired values.

1
− 2 (2) 2
𝑦(2) =− 20𝑒 + 3(2) − 10(2) + 21
METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
GROUP
1
3 | BS-CHE 2A | DIFFEQUA | PROF. JES ANDRE TILLANA
2
Rainville, E.D., & Bedient, P.E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations (Sixth Edition). Macmillan Publishing Company.
F. Trench, W. (2000). Elementary differential equations. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

−1
𝑦(2) =− 20𝑒 + 13
Answer. 𝑦(2) = 5. 64
1
−2𝑥
𝑦' = 10𝑒 + 6𝑥 − 10
1
− 2 (2)
𝑦'(2) = 10𝑒 + 6(2) − 10
−1
𝑦'(2) = 10𝑒 + 2
Answer. 𝑦'(2) = 5. 68