ABSTRACT

In current situation, we come across various problems in traffic regulations in India

which can be solved with different ideas. Riding motorcycle/mopeds without
wearing helmet is a traffic violation which has resulted in increase in number of
accidents and deaths in India. Existing system monitors the traffic violations
primarily through CCTV recordings, where the traffic police have to look into the
frame where the traffic violation is happening, zoom into the license plate in case
rider is not wearing helmet. But this requires lot of manpower and time as the
traffic violations frequently and the number of people using motorcycles is
increasing day-by-day. What if there is a system, which would automatically look
for traffic violation of not wearing helmet while riding motorcycle/moped and if
so, would automatically extract the vehicles' license plate number. Recent research
have successfully done this work based on CNN, R-CNN, LBP, HoG, HaaR
features,etc. But these works are limited with respect to efficiency, accuracy or the
speed with which object detection and classification is done. In this research work,
a Non-Helmet Rider detection system is built which attempts to satisfy the
automation of detecting the traffic violation of not wearing helmet and extracting
the vehicles' license plate number. The main principle involved is Object Detection
using Deep Learning at three levels. The objects detected are person,
motorcycle/moped at first level using YOLOv2, helmet at second level using
YOLOv3, License plate at the last level using YOLOv2. Then the license plate
registration number is extracted using OCR (Optical Character Recognition). All
these techniques are subjected to predefined conditions and constraints, especially
the license plate number extraction part. Since, this work takes video as its input,
the speed of execution is crucial. We have used above said methodologies to build
a holistic system for both helmet detection and license plate number extraction.
 1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 MOTIVATION

Helmet reduces the chances of skull getting decelerated, hence sets the motion of
the head to almost zero. Cushion inside the helmet absorbs the impact of collision
and as time passes head comes to a halt. It also spreads the impact to a larger area,
thus safeguarding the head from severe injuries. More importantly it acts as a
mechanical barrier between head and object to which the rider came into contact.
Injuries can be minimized if a good quality full helmet is used. Traffic rules are
there to bring a sense of discipline, so that the risk of deaths and injuries can be
minimized significantly. However strict adherence to these laws is absent in
reality. Hence efficient and feasible techniques have to be created to overcome
these problems. Manual surveillance of traffic using CCTV is an existing
methodology. But here so many iterations have to be performed to attain the
objective and it demands a lot of human resource. Therefore, cites with millions of
population having so many vehicles running on the roads cannot afford this
inadequate manual method of helmet detection. So here we propose a methodology
for full helmet detection and license plate extraction using YOLOv2, YOLOv3 and
OCR. Basically helmet detection system involves following steps such as
collection of dataset, moving object detection, background subtraction, object
classification using neural networks.

1.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION

All over the world around 1.35 million lives are lost each year, 50 million people
are getting injured due to road accidents, according to a report titled “The Global
status report on road safety 2018” released by world health organization. It is very
hard to imagine that this burden is unevenly borne by motorcyclists, cyclists and
pedestrians. This report noted that a comprehensive action plan has to be set up in
order to save lives. Worrying fact is that India ranks number one as far as road
crash deaths are considered. Rapid urbanization, avoiding helmets, seat belts and
other safety measures while driving are some of the reasons behind this trend
according to analysis done by experts. In 2015 India signed Brasilia Declaration on
Road Safety, where India committed to reduce road crash deaths to 50 percent by
2020. Policy makers first have to acknowledge the problems that persist in India
before halving road crash deaths. When a two-wheeler meets with an accident, due
of sudden deceleration, the rider is thrown away from the vehicle. If head strikes
any object, motion of the head becomes zero, but with its own mass brain
continues to be in motion until the object hits inner part of the skull. Sometimes
this type of head injury may be fatal in nature. In such times helmet acts as life
savior

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT

The features for detection between full helmet and without helmet and circular
hough transform for detection between half helmet and without helmet. For
accuracy improvement of helmet detection PCA technique is used [14]. For
detecting license plate and extracting the characters several methods have been
used such as OCR, MobileNets and Inception-v3, Open ALPR.

2.LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Helmet presence classification with motorcycle detection and tracking

AUTHORS: John P Chiverton

Helmets are essential for the safety of a motorcycle rider, however, the
enforcement of helmet wearing is a time-consuming labour intensive task. A
system for the automatic classification and tracking of motorcycle riders with
and without helmets is therefore described and tested. The system uses support
vector machines trained on histograms derived from head region image data of
motorcycle riders using both static photographs and individual image frames
from video data. The trained classifier is incorporated into a tracking system
where motorcycle riders are automatically segmented from video data using
background subtraction. The heads of the riders are isolated and then classified
 using the trained classifier. Each motorcycle rider results in a sequence of
regions in adjacent time frames called tracks. These tracks are then classified as
a whole using a mean of the individual classifier results. Tests show that the
classifier is able to accurately classify whether riders are wearing helmets or not
on static photographs. Tests on the tracking system also demonstrate the
validity and usefulness of the classification approach.

2.2 Machine vision techniques for motorcycle safety helmet detection

AUTHORS: Rattapoom Waranusast, Nannaphat Bundon, Vasan Timtong

and Chainarong Tangnoi

Although motorcycle safety helmets are known for preventing head injuries, in
many countries, the use of motorcycle helmets is low due to the lack of police
power to enforcing helmet laws. This paper presents a system which automatically
detect motorcycle riders and determine that they are wearing safety helmets or not.
The system extracts moving objects and classifies them as a motorcycle or other
moving objects based on features extracted from their region properties using K-
Nearest Neighbor (KNN) classifier. The heads of the riders on the recognized
motorcycle are then counted and segmented based on projection profiling. The
system classifies the head as wearing a helmet or not using KNN based on features
derived from 4 sections of segmented head region. Experiment results show an
average correct detection rate for near lane, far lane, and both lanes as 84%, 68%,
and 74%, respectively.

2.3 Automatic detection of motorcyclists without helmet

AUTHORS: Romuere Silva, Kelson Aires, Thiago Santos, Kalyf Abdala,
Rodrigo Veras, Andr´e Soares

Motorcycle accidents have been rapidly growing throughout the years in

many countries. Due to various social and economic factors, this type of
vehicle is becoming increasingly popular. The helmet is the main safety
equipment of motorcyclists, but many drivers do not use it. If an motorcyclist
is without helmet an accident can be fatal. This paper aims to explain and
illustrate an automatic method for motorcycles detection and classification on
public roads and a system for automatic detection of motorcyclists without
helmet. For this, a hybrid descriptor for features extraction is proposed based
in Local Binary Pattern, Histograms of Oriented Gradients and the Hough
Transform descriptors. Traffic images captured by cameras were used. The
best result obtained from classification was an accuracy rate of 0.9767, and
the best result obtained from helmet detection was an accuracy rate of 0.9423.

2.4 Helmet Detection on Motorcyclists Using Image Descriptors and

Classifiers

AUTHORS: Romuere Silva

Motorcycle accidents have been rapidly growing throughout the years in many
countries. Due to various social and economic factors, this type of vehicle is
becoming increasingly popular. The helmet is the main safety equipment of
motorcyclists, however many drivers do not use it. The main goal of helmet is to
protect the drivers head in case of accident. In case of accident, if the motorcyclist
does not use can be fatal. This paper aims to propose a system for detection of
motorcyclist without helmet. For this, we have applied the circular Hough
transform and the Histogram of Oriented Gradients descriptor to extract the image
attributes. Then, the MultiLayer Perceptron classifier was used and the obtained
results were compared with others algorithms. Traffic images were captured by
cameras from public roads and constitute a database of 255 images. Indeed, the
algorithm step regarding the helmet detection accomplished an accuracy rate of
91.37%.

2.5 Motorcyclist‟s Helmet Wearing Detection Using Image Processing

AUTHORS: Thepnimit Marayatr, Pinit Kumhom

Motorcycle accidents have been rapidly growing throughout the years in many
countries. Due to various social and economic factors, this type of vehicle is
becoming increasingly popular. The helmet is the main safety equipment of
motorcyclists but many drivers do not use it. If a motorcyclist is without helmet an
accident can be fatal. This paper presented an automatic method for vehicle
detection, motorcycles classification on public roads and a system for automatic
detection of motorcyclists without helmet. For processing, in first step, we detect
vehicles that moving real-time by extracting back ground out from front ground
using back subtraction then enhancing it using threshold and mathematical
morphology method. In the second step, we classify between motorcycle and other
vehicles. Area is applied for feature extraction and neural network is applied for
classification. In the final step, Hough transform is applied for detecting a helmet.
From the experimental results, the accuracy rates of the motorcycle classification
and helmet detection were 98.22% and 77%, respectively.
 3.SYSTEM ANALYSIS
3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM:

Existing system monitors the traffic violations primarily through CCTV recordings, where the
traffic police have to look into the frame where the traffic violation is happening, zoom into the
license plate in case rider is not wearing helmet. But this requires lot of manpower and time as
the traffic violations frequently and the number of people using motorcycles is increasing day-
by-day. What if there is a system, which would automatically look for traffic violation of not
wearing helmet while riding motorcycle/moped and if so, would automatically extract the
vehicles’ license plate number. Recent research have successfully done this work based on CNN,
R-CNN, LBP, HoG, HaaR features,etc. But these works are limited with respect to efficiency,
accuracy or the speed with which object detection and classification is done

3.2PROPOSED SYSTEM:

In this project we are detecting whether two wheeler rider wearing helmet or not,
if he is not wearing helmet then we are extracting number plate of that two
wheeler. To extract number plate we have YOLO CNN model with some train and
test images and if you want to add some other images then send those images to
us so we can include those images in YOLO model with annotation to extract
number plate of those new images.

To implement above technique we are following or implemented below modules

1) First image will be upload to the application and the using YOLOV2 we will
check whether image contains person with motor bike or not, if YOLO
model detect both person and motor bike then we will proceed to step 2.
2) In this module we will use YOLOV3 model to detect whether object wear
helmet or not, if he wear helmet then application will stop hear itself. If
rider not wear helmet then application proceed to step 3.
3) In this module we will extract number plate data using python tesseract
OCR API. OCR will take input image and then extract vehicle number from
it.
3.3 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

• System : Pentium IV 2.4 GHz.

• Hard Disk : 40 GB.
• Floppy Drive : 1.44 Mb.
• Monitor : 15 VGA Colour.
• Mouse : Logitech.
• Ram : 512 Mb.

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

• Operating System: Windows

• Coding Language: Python 3.7

3.4 SYSTEM STUDY

FEASIBILITY STUDY

The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business

proposal is put forth with a very general plan for the project and some cost
estimates. During system analysis the feasibility study of the proposed system is
to be carried out. This is to ensure that the proposed system is not a burden to
the company. For feasibility analysis, some understanding of the major
requirements for the system is essential.

Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are

 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY
 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
 SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY

This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the system will
have on the organization. The amount of fund that the company can pour into the
research and development of the system is limited. The expenditures must be
justified. Thus the developed system as well within the budget and this was
achieved because most of the technologies used are freely available. Only the
customized products had to be purchased.

TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is, the
technical requirements of the system. Any system developed must not have a high
demand on the available technical resources. This will lead to high demands on the
available technical resources. This will lead to high demands being placed on the
client. The developed system must have a modest requirement, as only minimal or
null changes are required for implementing this system.

SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by the
user. This includes the process of training the user to use the system efficiently.
The user must not feel threatened by the system, instead must accept it as a
necessity. The level of acceptance by the users solely depends on the methods that
are employed to educate the user about the system and to make him familiar with
it. His level of confidence must be raised so that he is also able to make some
constructive criticism, which is welcomed, as he is the final user of the system.
 4.SYSTEM DESIGN

SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM

IDE Python libraries Vehicle Number Plate Detection

DETECT NUMBER FROM IMAGE

RESULT

DATA-FLOW DIAGRAM
UML DIAGRAMS

UML stands for Unified Modeling Language. UML is a standardized

general-purpose modeling language in the field of object-oriented software
engineering. The standard is managed, and was created by, the Object
Management Group.
The goal is for UML to become a common language for creating models of
object oriented computer software. In its current form UML is comprised of two
major components: a Meta-model and a notation. In the future, some form of
method or process may also be added to; or associated with, UML.
The Unified Modeling Language is a standard language for specifying,
Visualization, Constructing and documenting the artifacts of software system, as
well as for business modeling and other non-software systems.
The UML represents a collection of best engineering practices that have
proven successful in the modeling of large and complex systems.
 The UML is a very important part of developing objects oriented software
and the software development process. The UML uses mostly graphical notations
to express the design of software projects.

GOALS:
The Primary goals in the design of the UML are as follows:
1. Provide users a ready-to-use, expressive visual modeling Language so that
they can develop and exchange meaningful models.
2. Provide extendibility and specialization mechanisms to extend the core
concepts.
3. Be independent of particular programming languages and development
process.
4. Provide a formal basis for understanding the modeling language.
5. Encourage the growth of OO tools market.
6. Support higher level development concepts such as collaborations,
frameworks, patterns and components.
7. Integrate best practices.

1.Data Dataset

The dataset used in this paper is from Helmet image Dataset . This step was done
by the original owners of the dataset. And the composition of the
dataset.understand the relationship among different features. A plot of the core
features and the entire dataset.The dataset is further split into 2/3 for training and
1/3 for testing the algorithms. Furthermore, in order to obtain a representative
sample, each class in the full dataset is represented in about the right proportion in
both the training and testing datasets. The various proportions of the training and
testing datasets used in the paper.

2.Data Preprocessing

The data which was collected might contain missing values that may lead to
inconsistency. To gain better results data need to be preprocessed so as to improve
the efficiency o the algorithm. The outliers have to be removed and also variable
conversion need to be done. In order to overcoming these issues we use map
function.

The first task in helmet identification is to detect a moving vehicle. It is the first
step before performing more sophisticated functions such as tracking or
categorization of vehicles. Rather than immediately processing the entire video,
the example starts by obtaining an initial video frame in which the moving objects
are segmented from the background. Processing only the initial few frames helps to
take the steps required to process the video. The foreground detector needs a
certain number of video frames to initialize the Gaussian mixture model. The
foreground segmentation process is not perfect and often includes undesirable
noise. Next, we will find bounding boxes of each connected component
corresponding to a moving vehicle. Generally, more than one blob is detected
apart from moving vehicles such as pedestrians, trees, dogs and other small
noises. All the blobs that consist of less than n number of pixels are discarded (in
our case n is 150 pixels). This way, we only remain with the moving vehicle. But
there are a lot of gaps in the blob, that is, it is not one coherent blob. We use the
morphological opening to remove the noise and to fill gaps in the detected objects
which makes the blob more coherent. Once the blob is found, the raw image is
extracted that is hidden behind the blob.

CNN Algorithm
To demonstrate how to build a convolutional neural network based water level
classifier, we shall build a 6 layer neural network that will identify and separate
one water level from other. This network that we shall build is a very small
network that we can run on a CPU as well. Traditional neural networks that are
very good at doing image classification have many more parameters and take a lot
of time if trained on normal CPU. However, our objective is to show how to build
a real-world convolutional neural network using TENSORFLOW.

Neural Networks are essentially mathematical models to solve an optimization

problem. They are made of neurons, the basic computation unit of neural networks.
A neuron takes an input (say x), do some computation on it (say: multiply it with a
variable w and adds another variable b) to produce a value (say; z= wx+b). This
value is passed to a non-linear function called activation function (f) to produce the
final output(activation) of a neuron. There are many kinds of activation functions.
One of the popular activation function is Sigmoid. The neuron which uses sigmoid
function as an activation function will be called sigmoid neuron. Depending on the
activation functions, neurons are named and there are many kinds of them like
RELU, TanH.

If you stack neurons in a single line, it’s called a layer; which is the next building
block of neural networks. See below image with layers
To predict water level class multiple layers operate on each other to get best match
layer and this process continues till no more improvement left.

USE CASE DIAGRAM:

A use case diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of

behavioral diagram defined by and created from a Use-case analysis. Its purpose is
to present a graphical overview of the functionality provided by a system in terms
of actors, their goals (represented as use cases), and any dependencies between
those use cases. The main purpose of a use case diagram is to show what system
functions are performed for which actor. Roles of the actors in the system can be
depicted.

CLASS DIAGRAM:

In software engineering, a class diagram in the Unified Modeling Language

(UML) is a type of static structure diagram that describes the structure of a system
by showing the system's classes, their attributes, operations (or methods), and the
relationships among the classes. It explains which class contains information.

SEQUENCE DIAGRAM:

A sequence diagram in Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a kind of interaction

diagram that shows how processes operate with one another and in what order. It is
a construct of a Message Sequence Chart. Sequence diagrams are sometimes called
event diagrams, event scenarios, and timing diagrams.

ACTIVITY DIAGRAM:

Activity diagrams are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise activities

and actions with support for choice, iteration and concurrency. In the Unified
Modeling Language, activity diagrams can be used to describe the business and
operational step-by-step workflows of components in a system. An activity
diagram shows the overall flow of control.

MODULES:
1.Upload Image
Here we Upload dataset of helmet dataset from kaggle site.

2. Detect Motor Bike & Person

The frame chosen is given as input to YOLOv2 object detection model, where the
classes to be detected are „Motorbike‟, „Person‟. At the output, image with
required class detection along with confidence of detection through bounding box
and probability value is obtained.

With the help of functions given by Image AI library, only the detected objects are
extracted and stored as separate images and named with class name and image
number in order. For example, it will be saved as motorcycle-1, motorcycle-2, etc.
… if extracted object is motorcycle or person-1, person-2, etc.… if extracted image
is of person. The details of these extracted images which is stored in a dictionary
which can be later used for further processing.

3. Detect Helmet

Once the person-motorcycle pair is obtained, the person images is given as input to
helmet detection model. While testing the helmet detection model, some false
detections were observed. So, the person image was cropped to get only top one-
fourth portion of image.This ensures that false detection cases are eliminated as
well as avoid cases leading to wrong results when the rider is holding helmet in
hand while riding or keeping it on motorcycle while riding instead of wearing.

4.Exit
 5.SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT

What is Python :-
Below are some facts about Python.

Python is currently the most widely used multi-purpose, high-level programming language.

Python allows programming in Object-Oriented and Procedural paradigms. Python programs

generally are smaller than other programming languages like Java.

Programmers have to type relatively less and indentation requirement of the language,
makes them readable all the time.

Python language is being used by almost all tech-giant companies like – Google, Amazon,
Facebook, Instagram, Dropbox, Uber… etc.

The biggest strength of Python is huge collection of standard library which can be used for the
following –

 Machine Learning
 GUI Applications (like Kivy, Tkinter, PyQt etc. )
 Web frameworks like Django (used by YouTube, Instagram, Dropbox)
 Image processing (like Opencv, Pillow)
 Web scraping (like Scrapy, BeautifulSoup, Selenium)
 Test frameworks
 Multimedia

Advantages of Python :-

Let’s see how Python dominates over other languages.

1. Extensive Libraries

Python downloads with an extensive library and it contain code for various purposes like
regular expressions, documentation-generation, unit-testing, web browsers, threading,
databases, CGI, email, image manipulation, and more. So, we don’t have to write the
complete code for that manually.

2. Extensible

As we have seen earlier, Python can be extended to other languages. You can write some
of your code in languages like C++ or C. This comes in handy, especially in projects.

3. Embeddable

Complimentary to extensibility, Python is embeddable as well. You can put your Python
code in your source code of a different language, like C++. This lets us add scripting
capabilities to our code in the other language.

4. Improved Productivity

The language’s simplicity and extensive libraries render programmers more productive than
languages like Java and C++ do. Also, the fact that you need to write less and get more
things done.

5. IOT Opportunities

Since Python forms the basis of new platforms like Raspberry Pi, it finds the future bright for
the Internet Of Things. This is a way to connect the language with the real world.

6. Simple and Easy

When working with Java, you may have to create a class to print ‘Hello World’. But in
Python, just a print statement will do. It is also quite easy to learn, understand, and code.
This is why when people pick up Python, they have a hard time adjusting to other more
verbose languages like Java.
7. Readable

Because it is not such a verbose language, reading Python is much like reading English.
This is the reason why it is so easy to learn, understand, and code. It also does not need
curly braces to define blocks, and indentation is mandatory. This further aids the
readability of the code.

8. Object-Oriented

This language supports both the procedural and object-oriented programming paradigms.
While functions help us with code reusability, classes and objects let us model the real
world. A class allows the encapsulation of data and functions into one.

9. Free and Open-Source

Like we said earlier, Python is freely available. But not only can you download Python for
free, but you can also download its source code, make changes to it, and even distribute it. It
downloads with an extensive collection of libraries to help you with your tasks.

10. Portable

When you code your project in a language like C++, you may need to make some changes
to it if you want to run it on another platform. But it isn’t the same with Python. Here, you
need to code only once, and you can run it anywhere. This is called Write Once Run
Anywhere (WORA). However, you need to be careful enough not to include any system-
dependent features.

11. Interpreted

Lastly, we will say that it is an interpreted language. Since statements are executed one by
one, debugging is easier than in compiled languages.
Any doubts till now in the advantages of Python? Mention in the comment section.
Advantages of Python Over Other Languages

1. Less Coding

Almost all of the tasks done in Python requires less coding when the same task is done in
other languages. Python also has an awesome standard library support, so you don’t have to
search for any third-party libraries to get your job done. This is the reason that many people
suggest learning Python to beginners.

2. Affordable

Python is free therefore individuals, small companies or big organizations can leverage the
free available resources to build applications. Python is popular and widely used so it gives
you better community support.

The 2019 Github annual survey showed us that Python has overtaken Java in the most
popular programming language category.

3. Python is for Everyone

Python code can run on any machine whether it is Linux, Mac or Windows. Programmers
need to learn different languages for different jobs but with Python, you can professionally
build web apps, perform data analysis and machine learning, automate things, do web
scraping and also build games and powerful visualizations. It is an all-rounder programming
language.

Disadvantages of Python

So far, we’ve seen why Python is a great choice for your project. But if you choose it, you
should be aware of its consequences as well. Let’s now see the downsides of choosing
Python over another language.
1. Speed Limitations

We have seen that Python code is executed line by line. But since Python is interpreted, it
often results in slow execution. This, however, isn’t a problem unless speed is a focal point
for the project. In other words, unless high speed is a requirement, the benefits offered by
Python are enough to distract us from its speed limitations.

2. Weak in Mobile Computing and Browsers

While it serves as an excellent server-side language, Python is much rarely seen on

the client-side. Besides that, it is rarely ever used to implement smartphone-based
applications. One such application is called Carbonnelle.
The reason it is not so famous despite the existence of Brython is that it isn’t that secure.

3. Design Restrictions

As you know, Python is dynamically-typed. This means that you don’t need to declare the
type of variable while writing the code. It uses duck-typing. But wait, what’s that? Well, it
just means that if it looks like a duck, it must be a duck. While this is easy on the
programmers during coding, it can raise run-time errors.

4. Underdeveloped Database Access Layers

Compared to more widely used technologies like JDBC (Java DataBase

Connectivity) and ODBC (Open DataBase Connectivity), Python’s database access layers
are a bit underdeveloped. Consequently, it is less often applied in huge enterprises.

5. Simple

No, we’re not kidding. Python’s simplicity can indeed be a problem. Take my example. I
don’t do Java, I’m more of a Python person. To me, its syntax is so simple that the verbosity
of Java code seems unnecessary.

This was all about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Python Programming Language.

History of Python : -
What do the alphabet and the programming language Python have in common? Right, both start
with ABC. If we are talking about ABC in the Python context, it's clear that the programming
language ABC is meant. ABC is a general-purpose programming language and programming
environment, which had been developed in the Netherlands, Amsterdam, at the CWI (Centrum
Wiskunde &Informatica). The greatest achievement of ABC was to influence the design of
Python.Python was conceptualized in the late 1980s. Guido van Rossum worked that time in a
project at the CWI, called Amoeba, a distributed operating system. In an interview with Bill
Venners1, Guido van Rossum said: "In the early 1980s, I worked as an implementer on a team
building a language called ABC at Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica (CWI). I don't know how
well people know ABC's influence on Python. I try to mention ABC's influence because I'm indebted
to everything I learned during that project and to the people who worked on it."Later on in the
same Interview, Guido van Rossum continued: "I remembered all my experience and some of my
frustration with ABC. I decided to try to design a simple scripting language that possessed some of
ABC's better properties, but without its problems. So I started typing. I created a simple virtual
machine, a simple parser, and a simple runtime. I made my own version of the various ABC parts
that I liked. I created a basic syntax, used indentation for statement grouping instead of curly braces
or begin-end blocks, and developed a small number of powerful data types: a hash table (or
dictionary, as we call it), a list, strings, and numbers."

What is Machine Learning : -

Before we take a look at the details of various machine learning methods, let's start by
looking at what machine learning is, and what it isn't. Machine learning is often categorized
as a subfield of artificial intelligence, but I find that categorization can often be misleading at
first brush. The study of machine learning certainly arose from research in this context, but
in the data science application of machine learning methods, it's more helpful to think of
machine learning as a means of building models of data.

Fundamentally, machine learning involves building mathematical models to help understand

data. "Learning" enters the fray when we give these models tunable parameters that can be
adapted to observed data; in this way the program can be considered to be "learning" from
 the data. Once these models have been fit to previously seen data, they can be used to predict
and understand aspects of newly observed data. I'll leave to the reader the more philosophical
digression regarding the extent to which this type of mathematical, model-based "learning" is
similar to the "learning" exhibited by the human brain.Understanding the problem setting in
machine learning is essential to using these tools effectively, and so we will start with some
broad categorizations of the types of approaches we'll discuss here.

Categories Of Machine Leaning :-

At the most fundamental level, machine learning can be categorized into two main types:
supervised learning and unsupervised learning.

Supervised learning involves somehow modeling the relationship between measured features
of data and some label associated with the data; once this model is determined, it can be used
to apply labels to new, unknown data. This is further subdivided into classification tasks
and regression tasks: in classification, the labels are discrete categories, while in regression,
the labels are continuous quantities. We will see examples of both types of supervised
learning in the following section.

Unsupervised learning involves modeling the features of a dataset without reference to any
label, and is often described as "letting the dataset speak for itself." These models include
tasks such as clustering and dimensionality reduction. Clustering algorithms identify distinct
groups of data, while dimensionality reduction algorithms search for more succinct
representations of the data. We will see examples of both types of unsupervised learning in
the following section.

Need for Machine Learning

Human beings, at this moment, are the most intelligent and advanced species on earth
because they can think, evaluate and solve complex problems. On the other side, AI is still in
its initial stage and haven’t surpassed human intelligence in many aspects. Then the question
is that what is the need to make machine learn? The most suitable reason for doing this is,
“to make decisions, based on data, with efficiency and scale”.
 Lately, organizations are investing heavily in newer technologies like Artificial Intelligence,
Machine Learning and Deep Learning to get the key information from data to perform
several real-world tasks and solve problems. We can call it data-driven decisions taken by
machines, particularly to automate the process. These data-driven decisions can be used,
instead of using programing logic, in the problems that cannot be programmed inherently.
The fact is that we can’t do without human intelligence, but other aspect is that we all need
to solve real-world problems with efficiency at a huge scale. That is why the need for
machine learning arises.

Challenges in Machines Learning :-

While Machine Learning is rapidly evolving, making significant strides with cybersecurity
and autonomous cars, this segment of AI as whole still has a long way to go. The reason
behind is that ML has not been able to overcome number of challenges. The challenges that
ML is facing currently are −

Quality of data − Having good-quality data for ML algorithms is one of the biggest
challenges. Use of low-quality data leads to the problems related to data preprocessing and
feature extraction.

Time-Consuming task − Another challenge faced by ML models is the consumption of time

especially for data acquisition, feature extraction and retrieval.

Lack of specialist persons − As ML technology is still in its infancy stage, availability of

expert resources is a tough job.

No clear objective for formulating business problems − Having no clear objective and
well-defined goal for business problems is another key challenge for ML because this
technology is not that mature yet.

Issue of overfitting & underfitting − If the model is overfitting or underfitting, it cannot be

represented well for the problem.
 Curse of dimensionality − Another challenge ML model faces is too many features of data
points. This can be a real hindrance.

Difficulty in deployment − Complexity of the ML model makes it quite difficult to be

deployed in real life.

Applications of Machines Learning :-

Machine Learning is the most rapidly growing technology and according to researchers we are in the
golden year of AI and ML. It is used to solve many real-world complex problems which cannot be
solved with traditional approach. Following are some real-world applications of ML −

 Emotion analysis

 Sentiment analysis

 Error detection and prevention

 Weather forecasting and prediction

 Stock market analysis and forecasting

 Speech synthesis

 Speech recognition

 Customer segmentation

 Object recognition

 Fraud detection

 Fraud prevention

 Recommendation of products to customer in online shopping

How to Start Learning Machine Learning?

Arthur Samuel coined the term “Machine Learning” in 1959 and defined it as a “Field of
study that gives computers the capability to learn without being explicitly
programmed”.
And that was the beginning of Machine Learning! In modern times, Machine Learning is one
of the most popular (if not the most!) career choices. According to Indeed, Machine Learning
Engineer Is The Best Job of 2019 with a 344% growth and an average base salary
of $146,085 per year.
But there is still a lot of doubt about what exactly is Machine Learning and how to start
learning it? So this article deals with the Basics of Machine Learning and also the path you
can follow to eventually become a full-fledged Machine Learning Engineer. Now let’s get
started!!!

How to start learning ML?

This is a rough roadmap you can follow on your way to becoming an insanely talented
Machine Learning Engineer. Of course, you can always modify the steps according to your
needs to reach your desired end-goal!

Step 1 – Understand the Prerequisites

In case you are a genius, you could start ML directly but normally, there are some
prerequisites that you need to know which include Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus,
Statistics, and Python. And if you don’t know these, never fear! You don’t need a Ph.D.
degree in these topics to get started but you do need a basic understanding.

(a) Learn Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus

Both Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus are important in Machine Learning. However,
the extent to which you need them depends on your role as a data scientist. If you are more
focused on application heavy machine learning, then you will not be that heavily focused on
maths as there are many common libraries available. But if you want to focus on R&D in
Machine Learning, then mastery of Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus is very
important as you will have to implement many ML algorithms from scratch.

(b) Learn Statistics

Data plays a huge role in Machine Learning. In fact, around 80% of your time as an ML
expert will be spent collecting and cleaning data. And statistics is a field that handles the
collection, analysis, and presentation of data. So it is no surprise that you need to learn it!!!
Some of the key concepts in statistics that are important are Statistical Significance,
Probability Distributions, Hypothesis Testing, Regression, etc. Also, Bayesian Thinking is
also a very important part of ML which deals with various concepts like Conditional
Probability, Priors, and Posteriors, Maximum Likelihood, etc.

(c) Learn Python

Some people prefer to skip Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus and Statistics and learn
them as they go along with trial and error. But the one thing that you absolutely cannot skip
is Python! While there are other languages you can use for Machine Learning like R, Scala,
etc. Python is currently the most popular language for ML. In fact, there are many Python
libraries that are specifically useful for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning such
as Keras, TensorFlow, Scikit-learn, etc.
So if you want to learn ML, it’s best if you learn Python! You can do that using various
online resources and courses such as Fork Python available Free on GeeksforGeeks.

Step 2 – Learn Various ML Concepts

Now that you are done with the prerequisites, you can move on to actually learning ML
(Which is the fun part!!!) It’s best to start with the basics and then move on to the more
complicated stuff. Some of the basic concepts in ML are:
 (a) Terminologies of Machine Learning

 Model – A model is a specific representation learned from data by applying some machine learning
algorithm. A model is also called a hypothesis.
 Feature – A feature is an individual measurable property of the data. A set of numeric features can
be conveniently described by a feature vector. Feature vectors are fed as input to the model. For
example, in order to predict a fruit, there may be features like color, smell, taste, etc.
 Target (Label) – A target variable or label is the value to be predicted by our model. For the fruit
example discussed in the feature section, the label with each set of input would be the name of the
fruit like apple, orange, banana, etc.
 Training – The idea is to give a set of inputs(features) and it’s expected outputs(labels), so after
training, we will have a model (hypothesis) that will then map new data to one of the categories
trained on.
 Prediction – Once our model is ready, it can be fed a set of inputs to which it will provide a predicted
output(label).

(b) Types of Machine Learning

 Supervised Learning – This involves learning from a training dataset with labeled data using
classification and regression models. This learning process continues until the required level of
performance is achieved.
 Unsupervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data and then finding the underlying structure
in the data in order to learn more and more about the data itself using factor and cluster analysis
models.
 Semi-supervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data like Unsupervised Learning with a
small amount of labeled data. Using labeled data vastly increases the learning accuracy and is also
more cost-effective than Supervised Learning.
 Reinforcement Learning – This involves learning optimal actions through trial and error. So the next
action is decided by learning behaviors that are based on the current state and that will maximize the
reward in the future.
Advantages of Machine learning :-

1. Easily identifies trends and patterns -

Machine Learning can review large volumes of data and discover specific trends and patterns that
would not be apparent to humans. For instance, for an e-commerce website like Amazon, it serves to
understand the browsing behaviors and purchase histories of its users to help cater to the right
products, deals, and reminders relevant to them. It uses the results to reveal relevant advertisements
to them.

2. No human intervention needed (automation)

With ML, you don’t need to babysit your project every step of the way. Since it means giving machines
the ability to learn, it lets them make predictions and also improve the algorithms on their own. A
common example of this is anti-virus softwares; they learn to filter new threats as they are recognized.
ML is also good at recognizing spam.

3. Continuous Improvement

As ML algorithms gain experience, they keep improving in accuracy and efficiency. This lets them make
better decisions. Say you need to make a weather forecast model. As the amount of data you have
keeps growing, your algorithms learn to make more accurate predictions faster.

4. Handling multi-dimensional and multi-variety data

Machine Learning algorithms are good at handling data that are multi-dimensional and multi-variety,
and they can do this in dynamic or uncertain environments.

5. Wide Applications

You could be an e-tailer or a healthcare provider and make ML work for you. Where it does apply, it
holds the capability to help deliver a much more personal experience to customers while also targeting
the right customers.
Disadvantages of Machine Learning :-

1. Data Acquisition

Machine Learning requires massive data sets to train on, and these should be inclusive/unbiased, and
of good quality. There can also be times where they must wait for new data to be generated.

2. Time and Resources

ML needs enough time to let the algorithms learn and develop enough to fulfill their purpose
with a considerable amount of accuracy and relevancy. It also needs massive resources to
function. This can mean additional requirements of computer power for you.

3. Interpretation of Results

Another major challenge is the ability to accurately interpret results generated by the algorithms. You
must also carefully choose the algorithms for your purpose.

4. High error-susceptibility

Machine Learning is autonomous but highly susceptible to errors. Suppose you train an algorithm with
data sets small enough to not be inclusive. You end up with biased predictions coming from a biased
training set. This leads to irrelevant advertisements being displayed to customers. In the case of ML,
such blunders can set off a chain of errors that can go undetected for long periods of time. And when
they do get noticed, it takes quite some time to recognize the source of the issue, and even longer to
correct it.

Python Development Steps : -

Guido Van Rossum published the first version of Python code (version 0.9.0) at alt.sources in February
1991. This release included already exception handling, functions, and the core data types of list, dict,
str and others. It was also object oriented and had a module system.
Python version 1.0 was released in January 1994. The major new features included in this release
were the functional programming tools lambda, map, filter and reduce, which Guido Van Rossum
never liked.Six and a half years later in October 2000, Python 2.0 was introduced. This release
 included list comprehensions, a full garbage collector and it was supporting unicode.Python flourished
for another 8 years in the versions 2.x before the next major release as Python 3.0 (also known as
"Python 3000" and "Py3K") was released. Python 3 is not backwards compatible with Python 2.x. The
emphasis in Python 3 had been on the removal of duplicate programming constructs and modules,
thus fulfilling or coming close to fulfilling the 13th law of the Zen of Python: "There should be one --
and preferably only one -- obvious way to do it."Some changes in Python 7.3:

 Print is now a function

 Views and iterators instead of lists
 The rules for ordering comparisons have been simplified. E.g. a heterogeneous list cannot be
sorted, because all the elements of a list must be comparable to each other.
 There is only one integer type left, i.e. int. long is int as well.
 The division of two integers returns a float instead of an integer. "//" can be used to have the "old"
behaviour.
 Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit

Purpose :-

We demonstrated that our approach enables successful segmentation of intra-retinal layers—even

with low-quality images containing speckle noise, low contrast, and different intensity ranges
throughout—with the assistance of the ANIS feature.

Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose

programming. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a design
philosophy that emphasizes code readability, notably using significant whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports
multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and
procedural, and has a large and comprehensive standard library.

 Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need to
compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
 Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the
interpreter directly to write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse
code is part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition of
code. Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say
something about how much code you have to scan, read and/or understand to
troubleshoot problems or tweak behaviors. This speed of development, the ease with
which a programmer of other languages can pick up basic Python skills and the huge
standard library is key to another area where Python excels. All its tools have been quick to
implement, saved a lot of time, and several of them have later been patched and updated
by people with no Python background - without breaking.

Modules Used in Project :-

Tensorflow

TensorFlow is a free and open-source software library for dataflow and differentiable
programming across a range of tasks. It is a symbolic math library, and is also used
for machine learning applications such as neural networks. It is used for both research and
production at Google.‍

TensorFlow was developed by the Google Brain team for internal Google use. It was
released under the Apache 2.0 open-source license on November 9, 2015.

Numpy

Numpy is a general-purpose array-processing package. It provides a high-performance

multidimensional array object, and tools for working with these arrays.

It is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. It contains various features
including these important ones:

 A powerful N-dimensional array object

 Sophisticated (broadcasting) functions
 Tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code
 Useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities
Besides its obvious scientific uses, Numpy can also be used as an efficient multi-dimensional
container of generic data. Arbitrary data-types can be defined using Numpy which allows Numpy to
seamlessly and speedily integrate with a wide variety of databases.

Pandas

Pandas is an open-source Python Library providing high-performance data manipulation and

analysis tool using its powerful data structures. Python was majorly used for data munging
and preparation. It had very little contribution towards data analysis. Pandas solved this
problem. Using Pandas, we can accomplish five typical steps in the processing and analysis
of data, regardless of the origin of data load, prepare, manipulate, model, and analyze.
Python with Pandas is used in a wide range of fields including academic and commercial
domains including finance, economics, Statistics, analytics, etc.

Matplotlib

Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library which produces publication quality figures in a

variety of hardcopy formats and interactive environments across platforms. Matplotlib can
be used in Python scripts, the Python and IPython shells, the Jupyter Notebook, web
application servers, and four graphical user interface toolkits. Matplotlib tries to make easy
things easy and hard things possible. You can generate plots, histograms, power spectra, bar
charts, error charts, scatter plots, etc., with just a few lines of code. For examples, see
the sample plots and thumbnail gallery.

For simple plotting the pyplot module provides a MATLAB-like interface, particularly when
combined with IPython. For the power user, you have full control of line styles, font
properties, axes properties, etc, via an object oriented interface or via a set of functions
familiar to MATLAB users.

Scikit – learn

Scikit-learn provides a range of supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms via a

consistent interface in Python. It is licensed under a permissive simplified BSD license and is
 distributed under many Linux distributions, encouraging academic and commercial use.
Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose

programming. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a design
philosophy that emphasizes code readability, notably using significant whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports
multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and
procedural, and has a large and comprehensive standard library.

 Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need to
compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
 Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the
interpreter directly to write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse
code is part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition of
code. Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say
something about how much code you have to scan, read and/or understand to
troubleshoot problems or tweak behaviors. This speed of development, the ease with
which a programmer of other languages can pick up basic Python skills and the huge
standard library is key to another area where Python excels. All its tools have been quick to
implement, saved a lot of time, and several of them have later been patched and updated
by people with no Python background - without breaking.

Install Python Step-by-Step in Windows and Mac :

Python a versatile programming language doesn’t come pre-installed on your computer

devices. Python was first released in the year 1991 and until today it is a very popular high-
level programming language. Its style philosophy emphasizes code readability with its
notable use of great whitespace.
The object-oriented approach and language construct provided by Python enables
programmers to write both clear and logical code for projects. This software does not come
pre-packaged with Windows.

How to Install Python on Windows and Mac :

There have been several updates in the Python version over the years. The question is how to
install Python? It might be confusing for the beginner who is willing to start learning Python but
this tutorial will solve your query. The latest or the newest version of Python is version 3.7.4 or
in other words, it is Python 3.
Note: The python version 3.7.4 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier devices.

Before you start with the installation process of Python. First, you need to know about
your System Requirements. Based on your system type i.e. operating system and based
processor, you must download the python version. My system type is a Windows 64-bit
operating system. So the steps below are to install python version 3.7.4 on Windows 7 device
or to install Python 3. Download the Python Cheatsheet here.The steps on how to install Python
on Windows 10, 8 and 7 are divided into 4 parts to help understand better.

Download the Correct version into the system

Step 1: Go to the official site to download and install python using Google Chrome or any other web
browser. OR Click on the following link: https://www.python.org
Now, check for the latest and the correct version for your operating system.

Step 2: Click on the Download Tab.

Step 3: You can either select the Download Python for windows 3.7.4 button in Yellow Color
or you can scroll further down and click on download with respective to their version. Here,
we are downloading the most recent python version for windows 3.7.4
Step 4: Scroll down the page until you find the Files option.

Step 5: Here you see a different version of python along with the operating system.

• To download Windows 32-bit python, you can select any one from the three options:
Windows x86 embeddable zip file, Windows x86 executable installer or Windows x86 web-
based installer.
•To download Windows 64-bit python, you can select any one from the three options: Windows
x86-64 embeddable zip file, Windows x86-64 executable installer or Windows x86-64 web-
based installer.
Here we will install Windows x86-64 web-based installer. Here your first part regarding which
version of python is to be downloaded is completed. Now we move ahead with the second part
in installing python i.e. Installation
Note: To know the changes or updates that are made in the version you can click on the Release
Note Option.

Installation of Python
Step 1: Go to Download and Open the downloaded python version to carry out the installation
process.

Step 2: Before you click on Install Now, Make sure to put a tick on Add Python 3.7 to PATH.
Step 3: Click on Install NOW After the installation is successful. Click on Close.

With these above three steps on python installation, you have successfully and correctly
installed Python. Now is the time to verify the installation.
Note: The installation process might take a couple of minutes.

Verify the Python Installation

Step 1: Click on Start
Step 2: In the Windows Run Command, type “cmd”.

Step 3: Open the Command prompt option.

Step 4: Let us test whether the python is correctly installed. Type python –V and press Enter.

Step 5: You will get the answer as 3.7.4

Note: If you have any of the earlier versions of Python already installed. You must first
uninstall the earlier version and then install the new one.

Check how the Python IDLE works

Step 1: Click on Start
Step 2: In the Windows Run command, type “python idle”.

Step 3: Click on IDLE (Python 3.7 64-bit) and launch the program
Step 4: To go ahead with working in IDLE you must first save the file. Click on File > Click
on Save

Step 5: Name the file and save as type should be Python files. Click on SAVE. Here I have
named the files as Hey World.
Step 6: Now for e.g. enter print

6.TESTING

Software testing is a critical element of software quality assurance and represents the
ultimate reviews of specification, design and coding. Testing presents an interesting anomaly of
the software. During earlier definition and development phases, it was attempted to build
software from abstract concept to a tangible implementation.
The testing phase involves the testing of the developed system using various set data.
Presentation of test data plays a vital role in system testing. After preparing the test data the
system under study was tested using test data. While testing the system by using test data errors
were found and corrected. A series of tests were performed for the proposed system before the
system was ready for implementation. The various types of testing done on the system are:

 Unit Testing
 Integration Testing
 User Acceptance Testing
 System Testing

6.1 Unit Testing

Unit testing focuses verification effort on the smallest unit of software design, the
module. It comprises the set of test performed by the programmer prior to integration of the unit
into larger system. The testing was carried out during the coding stage itself. In this step each
module is found to be working satisfactorily as regards to the expected output from the module.
Each form is treated as a unit and tested thoroughly for bugs. The following is a
list of some of the test cases :
1) In the login form, if a member does not enter a value for userId and password, then the user is
prompted with the error message “userId and password should not be blank”.
2) In the login form, if a member enters wrong values for userId and password, then the user is
prompted with the error message “Invalid userId and password. Try again.”.
3) In book Entry screen and new student, teacher screen, all the fields should have a value.
Otherwise, the user is prompted with an appropriate error messages.
4) In book transactions form, member id, book no,. issue date, and return date are mandatory. If
not provided, then the system will prompt the user with the error message “Fields should not be
blank”.
6.2 Integration Testing

Integration testing is a systematic technique for constructing the program structure

while at the same time conducting tests to uncover error associated within the interface. The
objective is to take unit tested modules and build a program structure that has been dictated by
design. All modules are combined in this step. The entire program is tested as whole. And chaos
in interfaces may usually result. A set of errors is encountered in such a case.

The integration testing can be carried out using two methodologies:

# Top Down Integration

# Bottom Up Integration

The first one is done where integration is carried out by addition of major modules to minor
modules. While Bottom Up integration follows combination of smaller ones to larger one. Here,
Bottom Up Integration is followed. Even though correction was difficult because the isolation of
causes is complicated by the vastness of the entire program, all the errors found in the system
were corrected and then forwarded to the next testing steps.
The navigation among all the screens have been thoroughly verified so that the user
of the system can move from one form to another form.
The connectivity between the forms and the database has been checked. In case of any
malfunctions, the user will be informed about the problem.
6.3 User Acceptance Testing
 User acceptance of a system is the key factor for the success of any system. The
system under consideration was tested for users acceptance by constantly keeping in touch with
the perspective system user at the time of developing and making changes wherever required.
This is done with the regards to the following points:
A system may be defined as a set of instructions combined in the same form and directed to
some purpose.
Before any development is undertaken certain specifications are prepared which
objectively describe the application system. The System specifications are made after consulting
the end user managers of the relevant departments.
Software to be developed is planned on the basis of requirement of the user. The problem
definition statement description of present situation and goal to be achieved by news system.
The success of system depends on how accurately a problem is defined,
thoroughly investigated carried out through choice of solution. User need identification and
analysis that are concerned with what the uses needs rather than what he/she wants. System
explains how to perform specific activities or task, which does what and what.

6.4 System Testing

Testing the behavior of the whole software/system as defined in software

requirements specification(SRS) is known as system testing, its main focus is to verify that the
customer requirements are fulfilled.
System testing is done after integration testing is complete. System testing should
test functional and non functional requirements of the software. The test types followed in
system testing differ from organization to organization.
The project is executed and tested on the machines that satisfy the given hardware and
software requirements. It was executed successfully with the specified hardware and operating system.

4.5 Test Cases

USER REQUIREMENTS:

1. Home

Home:

Use case ID Helmet Detection And License Plate Recognition Using Cnn

Use case Name Home button

Description Display home page of application

Primary actor User

Precondition User must open application

Post condition Display the Home Page of an application

Frequency of Use case Many times

Alternative use case N/A

Use case Diagrams

Attachments N/A
7.SCREENSHOTS
 8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

Conclusion
A Non-Helmet Rider Detection system is developed where a video file is taken as
input. If the motorcycle rider in the video footage is not wearing helmet while
riding the motorcycle, then the license plate number of that motorcycle is
extracted and displayed. Object detection principle with YOLO architecture is
used for motorcycle, person, helmet and license plate detection. OCR is used for
license plate number extraction if rider is not wearing helmet. Not only the
characters are extracted, but also the frame from which it is also extracted so that
it can be used for other purposes. All the objectives of the project is achieved
satisfactorily.
FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

Our project can be linked with the traffic cameras and with some
modifications it can be used to detect helmets in the real time system.
Further more we can merge the algorithm of automated license plate
detection and make a system which generates challans for those who don’t
wear helmets.
 9.References

1. J.Chiverton, “Helmet Presence Classification with Motorcycle Detection And

Tracking”,IET Intelligent Transport Systems,Vol. 6, Issue 3, pp. 259–269, March
2012.

2. Rattapoom Waranusast, Nannaphat Bundon, Vasan Timtong and Chainarong

Tangnoi, “Machine Vision techniques for Motorcycle Safety Helmet Detection”,
28th International Conference on Image and Vision Computing New Zealand, pp
35-40, IVCNZ 2013.

3. Romuere Silva, Kelson Aires, Thiago Santos, Kalyf Abdala, Rodrigo Veras, Andr
´e Soares, “Automatic Detection Of Motorcyclists without Helmet”, 2013 XXXIX
Latin America Computing Conference (CLEI).IEEE,2013.

4. Romuere Silva, “Helmet Detection on Motorcyclists Using Image Descriptors

and Classifiers”, 27th SIBGRAPI Conference on Graphics, Patterns and
Images.IEEE, 2014.

5. Thepnimit Marayatr, Pinit Kumhom, “Motorcyclist‟s Helmet Wearing Detection

Using Image Processing”, Advanced Materials Research Vol 931- 932,pp. 588-
592,May-2014.

6. Amir Mukhtar, Tong Boon Tang, “Vision Based Motorcycle Detection using
HOG features”, IEEE International Conference on Signal and Image Processing
Applications (ICSIPA).IEEE, 2015.

7. Abu H. M. Rubaiyat, Tanjin T. Toma, Masoumeh Kalantari-Khandani,

“Automatic Detection of Helmet Uses for Construction Safety”, IEEE/WIC/ACM
International Conference on Web Intelligence Workshops(WIW).IEEE, 2016.

8. XINHUA JIANG “A Study of Low-resolution Safety Helmet Image Recognition

Combining Statistical Features with Artificial Neural Network”.ISSN: 1473-804x
9. Kunal Dahiya, Dinesh Singh, C. Krishna Mohan, “Automatic Detection of Bike-
riders without Helmet using Surveillance Videos in Real-time”, International joint
conference on neural network(IJCNN). IEEE, 2016.

10. Maharsh Desai, Shubham Khandelwal, Lokneesh Singh, Prof. Shilpa Gite,
“Automatic Helmet Detection on Public Roads”, International Journal of
Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT), Volume 35 Number 5- May 2016,
ISSN: 2231-5381

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

To identify two-wheeler riders who are not wearing helmets, the system uses
machine learning and image processing algorithms. The system recognises moving
objects in a scene using a video of traffic on a public road as its input. To
determine if the moving item is a two-wheeler, a machine learning classifier is
deployed. In the event that the rider is not wearing a helmet, the licence plate is
presented as the output.