Dual Band MIMO Antenna For 5G Smartphone Application

DESIGN OF A DUAL BAND MIMO ANTENNA
FOR 5G SMARTPHONE APPLICATION

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
DEEPAK.R REG.NO- 113016106019
DEEPANESH.G REG.NO- 113016106020
KARTHIK.K REG.NO- 113016106039
In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree
Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEEERING
in
ELECTRONIC AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
VEL TECH HIGH TECH Dr. RANGARAJAN Dr. SAKUNTHALA
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025
APRIL 2020
i
DESIGN OF A DUAL BAND MIMO ANTENNA
FOR 5G SMARTPHONE APPLICATION
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree
Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEEERING
in
ELECTRONIC AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
VEL TECH HIGH TECH Dr. RANGARAJAN Dr. SAKUNTHALA
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025
APRIL 2020
ii
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certificate that this project report “DESIGN OF A DUAL BAND MIMO

ANTENNA FOR 5G SMARTPHONE APPLICATION” is the bonafide
work of the following students
Who carried out the project work under my supervision certified further that to
the best of the knowledge the work reported here in does not form part of any
other project report or dissertation on the basics of which a degree or award was
conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr.N.DURAICHI M.E,Ph.D Dr.M.SURESH KUMAR M.E,Ph.D
Asst.professor Asst.professor
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Department of electronic and Department of electronic and
Communication Engineering communication Engineering
Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan
Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College
Avadi, Chennai-600062 Avadi, Chennai-600062
iii
CERTIFICATE OF EVALUATION
COLLEGE : VEL TECH HIGHTECH Dr.RANGARAJAN Dr.SAKUNTHALA
ENGINEERING COLLEGE,AVADI,CHENNAI-600 062.
BRANCH : ELECTRONIC AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SEMESTER : IV/VIII
NAME OF THE UNIVERSITY TITLE OF THE NAME OF THE

STUDENT NO PROJECT SUPERVISOR
DEEPAK.R 113016106019 DESIGN OF A Dr.M. SURESH

DUAL BAND KUMAR M.E,Ph.D
DEEPANESH.G 113016106020 MIMO ANTENNA
FOR 5G
KARTHIK.K 113016106039 SMARTPHONE
APPLICATION
The report of the project work submitted by the above students in partial
fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronic And
Communication Engineering of Anna University of Anna University was
evaluated and confirmed to be the reports of the work done by the above
students and then evaluated.
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
DATE:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to express our sincere thanks and heartfelt gratitude to our Founder &
Chairman Dr.Rangarajan, B.E(Elec).,M.S(AUTO).,D.Sc., and Vice
Chairman Dr. Sakunthala Rangarajan, M.B.B.S.,Vel Tech High Tech
Dr.Rangarajan Dr.Sakunthala Engineering College, for their constant support
and facilities provided by the institution.
We express our sincere thanks to our Principal Dr. E. KAMALANABAN, B.E.,

M.E., Ph.D., and Head of the Department Dr.N.DURAICHI M.E, Ph.D for
their constant encouragement and valuable assistance.
We take this opportunity to express our profound gratitude and deep regard to
our project guide Dr.M.SURESH KUMAR M.E, Ph.D Department of
Electronic and Communication Engineering for his guidance and constant
encouragement throughout the course of the project.
We also thank our parents ,various staff ,friends and all the good hearts for
rendering their valuable suggestions and ideas during the course of our project
thereby making it successful.
v
ABSTRACT
Dual band MIMO antenna for the 5G communication is proposed in this paper.
The proposed antenna consists of four antenna, it operating at 3300-3600Mand
4800-5000MHz. The antenna designed in this letter are different from traditional
5G antennas, the antenna of this paper is perpendicular to the edge of the system
circuit board, it can be applied to the popular full screen mobile phone.
According to the simulation result, reflection coefficient of the modulus is less
than -6db and the isolation is better than 12db over the band frequency of 3300-
3600MHz and4800-5000MHz, it will met the needs of future 5G application.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER TITLES PAGE NO

NO
ABSTRACT vi
LIST OF TABLE ix
LIST OF FIGURE X
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General information 1
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 2
3 ANTENNA DESIGN 8
3.1 Need of antenna 8
3.2 Antenna parameters 10
3.2.1 Antenna gain 10
3.2.2 Antenna efficiency 11
3.2.3 Effective area 11
3.2.4 Directivity 11
3.2.5 Path loss 12
3.2.6 Input impedance 14
3.2.7 Return loss 14
3.2.8 Radiation pattern 15
3.2.9 Beam width 16
3.3 Patch Antenna Feeding 18
Techniques
3.3.1 Introduction 18
3.3.2 Analysis of a microstrip 19
Patch antenna operation
3.3.3 Feeding techniques 23
vii
3.3.4 Advantage and disadvantage 28
Of microstrip antennas
3.4 Antenna parameters 30
3.5 Microstrip slot antenna 32
3.6 Objectives of thesis 33
3.7 Existing system 34
4 HARDWARE TOOL 57
4.1 Overall hardware description 57
4.2 Designing process 60
4.3 Design equation 64
4.4 Calculation of resonant frequency 64

65
5 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
65
5.1 HFSS software
66
5.2 Design procedure
5.3Fractal antenna designed with
First Indenting iteration 76
5.4Fractal antenna designed with

second Indenting iteration 77
5.5 Fractal design 77
5.6 Implementation of blending and cutting of 78
antenna fabrication process.
5.7 Instruments used while fabricating 79
5.8 Antenna measurement system 82
6 RESULT 85
7 CONCLUSION 89
viii
LIST OT TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE NO

4.1 Design parameters and corresponding values 60
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES TITLES PAGE NO
3.1 Structure of a MPA 18
3.2 Side view of a MPA 18
3.3 Physical and effective length of MPA 20
3.4 MPA with microstrip feed line 21
3.5 Geometry of microstrip feed line 24
3.6 Geometry of coaxial probe feed patch antenna 25
3.7 Geometry of aperture coupled microstrip patch 26

antenna
3.8 Geometry of proximity coupled microstrip 27

patch antenna
3.9 Geometry of coplanar waveguide feed 27
3.10 Microstrip slot antenna structure 33
3.11 Geometry of a Vivaldi antenna 39
3.12 Model geometry 40
4.1 Overall hardware tool 57
4.2 Layout of the fractal slot antenna with 58

dielectric loading
4.3(a) Fractal slot loop antenna 58
4.3(b) Dielectric loaded fractal slot loop antenna 58
4.4 Initial copper plate 61
4.5 First indentation factor analysis of antenna 62
x
4.6 Second indentation factor analysis of antenna 62
4.7 Antenna after loading dielectric resonator 63
4.8 Final minkowski antenna design 63
4.9 Generation of mokowski fractal island 64
5.1 First iteration 77
5.2 Second iteration 77
5.3 PCB cutter 80
5.4 Over unit 80
5.5 Etching unit 81
6.1 Prototype of fabricated band antenna 85
6.2 Xy plot 86
6.3 Radiation pattern 87
6.4 3D Polar plot 88
xi
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS
PIFA Printed planer F-Antenna
UWB Ultra Wide Band
SAR Specific Absorption Rate
HAC Hearing Aid Compatibility
CSRR Complementary Split-Ring Resonators
MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
WWAN Wireless Wide Area Network
MPA Microstrip Patch Antenna
xii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL INFORMATION:
Today’s mobile communication systems demand increased bandwidth for
voice and data applications. Also with most systems supporting multiple
wireless standards it is imperative to employ antennas which can cover these
bands. Multiband antennas cater to these needs by radiating at specific discrete
frequencies only. However, primary design constraints of such antennas include
maintaining gain and radiation pattern purity over different frequencies. A large
number of research papers have been focused on designing multiband antennas
of which the most popular techniques are etching slots on the radiating patch or
the ground plane. Care has to be taken while etching slots on the patch as it
reduces the effective radiation aperture resulting in lower gain values. Stacking
of patch is another common technique to introduce multiple bands but at the cost
of increase real estate.
1
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURES SURVEY
2.1 Switchable Quad-Band Antennas for Cognitive Radio Base Station

Applications
In this paper, a switchable multi-band two radiator element is introduced
and optimized to offer a sectored radiation pattern in four frequency bands: 800–
900 MHz (B1), 1.7–2.5 GHz (B2), 3.3–3.6 GHz (B3), and 5.1–5.9 GHz (B4),
used for GSM, PCS, WCDMA, WiFi and WiMAX systems. This quad-band two
radiator architecture is “arrayable” because the radiating elements for each
frequency bands can be readjusted along its E plane. Its two element array will
be presented to demonstrate the possibility of beam width narrowing and beam
tilting along its E plane, as desired by base stations. Furthermore, this quad-band
antenna geometry has a compact form factor and high scalability to incorporate
additional frequency bands in the future. Design and measurement results for the
quad- band antenna element are first introduced, followed by a description of
the system level requirement and the design process of the quad-band array.
A Widely Tunable Compact Patch Antenna

A tunable patch antenna made of a slotted rectangular patch loaded by a number
of posts close to the patch edge. The posts are short circuited to the ground plane
via a set of PIN diode switches. A compact tunable rectangular patch antenna
with slots etched in the patch in order to reduce its size and increase the tuning
range.. Thin posts are placed at selected positions near the edge and each can be
short circuited to the ground plane through an electronically controlled PIN
diode. Tunability is achieved by the appropriate selection of the posts to be
shorted.
2
Switched-Band Vivaldi Antenna
A novel switched band Vivaldi antenna. To demonstrate its functionality,
the proposed antenna shows reconfiguration between a single wideband mode
(1.0–3.2 GHz) and three narrowband modes. Potentially, it can be designed to
cover a very wide bandwidth and can have a very wide range of frequency
reconfiguration. To achieve switched band properties, eights ring slots which
form filters were inserted to the antenna. The overall operating band can be
switched by coupling each ring slot into the slot edges through the gaps
controlled by means of PIN diode switches, which stop or pass the edge current
to obtain frequency reconfiguration capability. A Vivaldi antenna has been
chosen as a basic structure due to the fact that it can operate over wide
bandwidth. In addition, it also has a well defined radiation mechanism where
most of the current flow is at the edge of the tapered slot. These characteristic
help in designing a wideband-narrowband reconfiguration.
Vivaldi Antenna With Integrated Switchable Band Pass Resonator

A Vivaldi antenna that allows better control of the narrow operating
bands. By incorporating only a single pair of slot resonators, six different narrow
frequency bands can be switched within the wideband range, double the number
reported in. To achieve switched band properties, the proposed approach
reconfigures the operating band by varying the electrical length of the slot
resonators by means of PIN diode switches.
A Frequency-Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna Using Switchable Slotted

Ground Structure
Novel frequency-reconfigurable antenna with the capability to switch
between UWB, narrowband, and dual-band modes. The proposed antenna has
five different switchable states: 2.95–10.92 GHz in UWB mode; 2.24–2.72,
3
3.32– 3.79, and 5.15–5.9 GHz in narrowband mode; and 2.11–2.8 and 5.14–5.9
GHz in dual-band mode. A circular monopole antenna has been chosen as a basic
structure due to the fact that it can operate over wide bandwidth and has good
radiation characteristics. The configuration of the proposed UWB monopole
antenna. The antenna is constructed on an FR4 substrate with the relative
permittivity.
Printed -PIFA for Penta-Band WWAN Operation in the Mobile Phone

A small-size printed planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) operated at its one-
eighth wavelength (lambda/8) mode as the fundamental resonant mode for
achieving WWAN (wireless wide area network) operation in the mobile phone
is presented. The proposed PIFA has a simple structure of comprising two
radiating strips of length about lambda/8 at 900 MHz and is fed using a coupling
feed. Compared to the traditional PIFA using a direct feed, the coupling feed
greatly decreases the very large input impedance seen at the lambda/8 mode for
the traditional PIFA and results in successful excitation of the lambda/8 mode
for the proposed PIFA. Two lambda/8 modes are generated by the two radiating
strips and occur at close frequencies at about 900 MHz to form a wide lower
band to cover GSM850/900 operation. The two radiating strips also generate two
higher-order modes or lambda/4 modes at about 1900 MHz to form a wide upper
band for GSM1800/1900/UMTS operation. Penta-band WWAN operation is
hence achieved, yet the proposed PIFA only occupies a small printed area of
15times31 mm2 or 465 mm2 on the system circuit board of the mobile phone,
which is about the smallest for the internal uniplanar printed antenna capable of
penta-band operation that have been reported. Details of the proposed PIFA are
presented. The specific absorption rate (SAR) and hearing aid compatibility
(HAC) results for the proposed PIFA are also analyzed.Authors: Chih-Hua
Chang ; Dept. of Electr. Eng., Nat. Sun Yat-Sen Univ., Kaohsiung ; Kin-Lu
Wong
4
Design and Characterization of Miniaturized Patch Antennas Loaded With
Complementary Split-Ring Resonators
An investigation into the design of compact patch antennas loaded with

complementary split-ring resonators(CSRRs) and reactive impedance surface
(RIS) is presented in this study. The CSRR is incorporated on the patch as a
shunt LC resonator providing a low resonance frequency and the RIS is realized
using the two-dimensional metallic patches printed on a metal-grounded
substrate. Both the meta-resonator (CSRR) and the meta-surface (RIS) are able
to miniaturize the antenna size. By changing the configuration of the CSRRs,
multi-band operation with varied polarization states can be obtained. An
equivalent circuit has been developed for the CSRR-loaded patch antennas to
illustrate their working principles. Six antennas with different features are
designed and compared, including a circularly-polarized antenna, which
validate their versatility for practical applications. These antennas are fabricated
and tested. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulation.
High-gain dual-WLAN-band dual-loop antennas for MIMO access-points

A high-gain, three-antenna system suitable to be concealed inside wireless
access points for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) applications in the
WLAN 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz bands is presented. The MIMO antenna system is
composed of three dual-loop antennas occupying a moderate size of 10 × 20 ×
40 mm3. Each dual-loop antenna further comprises a large outer loop and a small
inner loop, both operating at 1.0-wavelength resonant mode and sharing
common antenna feeding and grounding portions. In addition, the antennas are
placed in a sequential, rotating arrangement on a ground plane with an equal
inclination angle of 120° to form a symmetrical multiple-antenna structure.
Good impedance matching for outer and inner loops over the 2.4 and 5.2/5.8
GHz bands can easily be achieved by tuning the widths of feeding and grounding
5
portions and a small gap therein between. The results show that well port
isolation can be obtained together with high-gain, directional radiation
characteristics. Calculated envelope correlation is less than 0.007 within the
bands of interest. Details of a design prototype are described and discussed in
the paper.
Authors:
Saou-Wen Su ; Network Access Strategic Bus. Unit, Lite-On Technol. Corp.,

Chungho, Taiwan ; Fa-Shian Chang
Multiband Printed Monopole Slot Antenna for WWAN Operation in

theLaptop Computer
A multiband printed monopole slot antenna promising for operating as an
internal antenna in the thin-profile laptop computer for wireless wide area
network (WWAN) operation is presented. The proposed antenna is formed by
three monopole slots operated at their quarter-wavelength modes and arranged
in a compact planar configuration. A step-shaped microstrip feedline is applied
to excite the three monopole slots at their respective optimal feeding position,
and two wide operating bands at about 900 and 1900 MHz are obtained for
the antenna to cover all the five operating bands of
GSM850/900/1800/1900/UMTS for WWAN operation. The antenna is
easily printed on a small-size FR4 substrate and shows a length of 60 mm only
and a height of 12 mm when mounted at the top edge of the system ground plane
or supporting metal frame of the laptop display. Details of the proposed
antenna are presented and studied
Authors:
Kin-Lu Wong ; Dept. of Electr. Eng., Nat. Sun Yat-Sen Univ., Kaohsiung ; Li-
Chun Lee
6
Planar Compact Slot Antenna With Multi-Band Operation for IEEE
802.16m Application
Anovel multiband designof planar slot antenna with compact operation f
or IEEE 802.16m WiMAX system is proposed. With the use of C- and inverted
L-shaped slots, multi resonant modes close to 2.6/3.5/5.5 GHz bands can be
excited to meet the specifications of WiMAX system (IEEE 802.16m). The
obtained impedance bandwidth across these operating bands can reach about
525/743/813 MHz for the 2.6/3.5/5.5 GHz bands, respectively. We derive more
than 10% reduction in antenna size and gain compact operation only from 32 14
0.8 antenna dimension. The measured peak gains and total radiation efficiencies
are about 3.0/4.3/5.2 dBi and 88/95/97% for the 2.6/3.5/5.5 GHz bands,
respectively, with nearly omni-directional pattern in the -plane.
Authors:
Jui-Han Lu ; Dept. of Electron. Commun. Eng., Nat. Kaohsiung Marine Univ.,

Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Bing-Jhang Huang
Compact UWB Printed Slot Antenna With Extra Bluetooth, GSM, and GPS
Bands
A noval compact ultrawideband (UWB)printed slot antenna with
three extra bands for various wireless applications is presented. The low-
profile antenna consists of an octagonal-shaped slot fed by a beveled and
stepped rectangular patch for covering the UWB band (3.1-10.6 GHz). By
attaching three inverted U-shaped strips at the upper part of the slot in the
ground, additional triple linear polarized bands can be realized
covering GPS (1520-1590 MHz), part of GSM (1770-1840 MHz),
and Bluetooth(2385-2490 MHz). Simulated and measured results are presented
and compared, which shows that the antenna has a stable radiation pattern both
at the triple and the whole of the UWB bands.
7
CHAPTER 3
ANTENNA DESIGN
3.1. Need of Antennas

In each and every case, the transmitters and receivers involved require
antennas, even if some are hidden like inside laptop computers equipped with
Wi-Fi, or inside radio. According to the IEEE standards definition of terms for
antennas, antenna is basically defined as the means of transmitting and
receiving radio waves. It can also be defined as the transitional structure
between the free space and the guiding space. Antennas a required by any radio
receiver or transmitter to couple its electrical connection to the electromagnetic
field. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves which carry signals through the
air or through space, at the speed of light. Radio transmitters and receivers are
used to convey signals/ information in the systems including broadcast radio,
Wi-Fi, point to point communication links and many remote controlled
devices.
Types of Antennas
Antennas are classified into many types which are described below:
On the basis of radiation:
Omni-directional antenna: Also called as weakly directional antennas

which radiate and receive more or less in all directions.
Directional antenna: Also called as beam antennas which radiate and receive
in a particular direction. A directional antenna is intended to maximize its
coupling to the electromagnetic field in the direction of the other station or to
cover a particular sector.
8
Wire Antennas: These types of antennas are familiar to layman as these
antennas are seen every where like on automobiles, buildings, Ships, air craft.
Aperture Antennas: These antennas are more familiar to the layman today
than in the past because of the increasing demand for more sophisticated form
of antennas and also for utilization of higher frequencies. These are more useful
in spacecraft and aircraft applications as they can be easily mounted on them.
Microstrip Antennas: These antennas have use in space applications,
government and commercial applications. They consist of metallic patch on
grounded substrate. These antennas are mounted on the surface of high
performance aircraft, spacecraft, satellites,missiles.
Array Antennas: To get the required radiation characteristics, which is not
possible with single antenna, then an aggregate of radiating elements called
array are used. The arrangement of the arrays should be such that the radiation
adds up to give maximum radiation in a particular direction or directions and
minimum in other directions.
On the basis of Polarization:
Linearly polarized antenna: If the antenna is transmitting /receiving in the
vertical E direction then it is called vertically polarized antenna. If the antenna
is transmitting/receiving in the horizontal E direction then it is called
horizontally polarized antenna.
Circularly polarized antenna: If the antenna is able to transmit/receive E field
vectors of any orientation, then antenna is said to be circularly polarized antenna.
The major requirement in the present wireless world is to have the size of
antenna as small as possible, so out the available structures when application in
terms of WLAN is considered; the microstrip antennas serve as the most
optimum choice.
9
3.2ANTENNA PARAMETERS
3.2.1 ANTENNA GAIN
Gain is a measure of the ability of the antenna to direct the input power
into radiation in a particular direction and is measured at the peak radiation
intensity. Consider the power density radiated by an isotropic antenna with input
2
power P0 at a distance R which is given by S= P0/4πR . An isotropic antenna
radiates equally in all directions, and its radiated power density S is found by
2
dividing the radiated power by the area of the sphere 4πR . An isotropic radiator
is considered to be 100% efficient. The gain of an actual antenna increases the
power density in the direction of the peak radiation.
Gain is achieved by directing the radiation away from other parts of the
radiation sphere. In general, gain is defined as the gain-biased pattern of the
antenna.
10
3.2.2 ANTENNA EFFICIENCY
The surface integral of the radiation intensity over the radiation sphere
divided by the input power P0 is a measure of the relative power radiated by the
antenna, or the antenna efficiency.
Where Pr is the radiated power. Material losses in the antenna or reflected power
due to poor impedance match reduce the radiated power.
3.2.3 EFFECTIVE AREA

Antennas capture power from passing waves and deliver some of it to
the terminals. Given the power density of the incident wave and the effective
area of the antenna, the power delivered to the terminals is the product.
For an aperture antenna such as a horn, parabolic reflector, or flat-plate

array, effective area is physical area multiplied by aperture efficiency. In
general, losses due to material, distribution, and mismatch reduce the ratio of the
effective area to the physical area. Typical estimated aperture efficiency for a
parabolic reflector is 55%. Even antennas with infinitesimal physical areas, such
as dipoles, have effective areas because they remove power from passing waves.
3.2.4 DIRECTIVITY
Directivity is a measure of the concentration of radiation in the direction
of the maximum.
11
Directivity and gain differ only by the efficiency, but directivity is easily
estimated from patterns. Gain directivity times efficiency must be measured. The
average radiation intensity can be found from a surface integral over the
radiation sphere of the radiation intensity divided by 4π, the area of the sphere
in steradians:
This is the radiated power divided by the area of a unit sphere. The
radiation intensity
U(θ,φ) separates into a sum of co- and cross-polarization components:
Both co- and cross-polarization directivities can be defined:
3.2.5 PATH LOSS

We combine the gain of the transmitting antenna with the effective area of
the receiving antenna to determine delivered power and path loss. The power
density at the receiving antenna is given by equation 1.2 and the received power
12
is given by equation 1.4. By combining the two, we obtain the path loss as given
below.
Antenna 1 transmits, and antenna 2 receives. If the materials in the antennas are
linear and isotropic, the transmitting and receiving patterns are identical . When
we consider antenna 2 as the transmitting antenna and antenna 1 as the receiving
antenna, the path loss is
We make quick evaluations of path loss for various units of distance R and for
frequency fin megahertz using the formula
where KU depends on the length units as shown in table 1.1
13
3.2.6 INPUT IMPEDANCE
The input impedance of an antenna is defined as “the impedance presented
by an antenna at its terminals or the ratio of the voltage to the current at the pair
of terminals or the ratio of the appropriate components of the electric to magnetic
fields at a point”. Hence the impedance of the antenna can be written as given
below.
where Zin is the antenna impedance at the terminals
Rin is the antenna resistance at the terminals
Xin is the antenna reactance at the terminals
The imaginary part, Xin of the input impedance represents the power stored in
the near field of the antenna. The resistive part, Rin of the input impedance
consists of two components, the radiation resistance R rand the loss resistance
RL. The power associated with the radiation resistance is the power actually
radiated by the antenna, while the power dissipated in the loss resistance is lost
as heat in the antenna itself due to dielectric or conducting losses.
3.2.7 RETURN LOSS

It is a parameter which indicates the amount of power that is “lost” to the
load and does not return as a reflection. Hence the RL is a parameter to indicate
how well the matching between the transmitter and antenna has taken place.
Simply put it is the S11 of an antenna. A graph of s11 of an antenna vs frequency
is called its return loss curve. For optimum working such a graph must show a
dip at the operating frequency and have a minimum dB value at this frequency.
14
3.2.8 RADIATION PATTERN
The radiation pattern of an antenna is a plot of the far-field radiation
properties of an antenna as a function of the spatial co-ordinates which are
specified by the elevation angle (θ) and the azimuth angle (φ). More specifically
it is a plot of the power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle which is
nothing but the radiation intensity. It can be plotted as a 3D graph or as a 2D
polar or Cartesian slice of this 3D graph. It is an extremely parameter as it shows
the antenna’s directivity as well as gain at various points in space.
1.20 Beamwidth
15
3.2.9 BEAMWIDTH:
Beam width of an antenna is easily determined from its 2D radiation
pattern and is also a very important parameter. Beam width is the angular
separation of the half-power points of the radiated pattern. The way in which
beam width is determined is shown in figure
16
3.2.10 POLARISATION:
Polarization is defined as the orientation of the electric field

of an electromagnetic wave. Polarization is in general described by an ellipse.
Two special cases of elliptical polarization are linear polarization and circular
polarization. The initial polarization of a radio wave is determined by the
antenna. With linear polarization the electric field vector stays in the same plane
all the time. Vertically polarized radiation is somewhat less affected by
reflections over the transmission path. Omni directional antennas always have
vertical polarization. With horizontal polarization, such reflections cause
variations in received signal strength. Horizontal antennas are less likely to pick
up man-made interference, which ordinarily is vertically polarized. In circular
polarization the electric field vector appears to be rotating with circular motion
about the direction of propagation, making one full turn for each RF cycle. This
rotation may be right hand or left hand. Choice of polarization is one of the
design choices available to the RF system designer.
17
3.3PATCH ANTENNA FEEDING TECHNIQUES:
3.3.1 Introduction to Microstrip Patch Antennas(MPAs):
In high performance point to point and point to multipoint application

where size, weight, cost, performance, ease of installation are constraints, low
profile antenna is very much required. To meet these requirements, microstrip
antenna is preferred. Microstrip antenna is currently one of the fastest growing
segments in the telecommunications industry that promise to become the
preferred medium of telecommunications in the future. The basic configuration
of a microstrip antenna is a metallic patch printed on a thin, grounded dielectric
substrate. The thickness of the dielectric substrate “h” is usually 0 .003λ ≤ h ≤
0.05λandthethicknessofpatch “t” above the substrate is much less than λ
(where λ is the free space wavelength). The microstrip antenna radiates
relatively broad beam broadside to the plane of the substrate. End-fire radiation
can also be accomplished by judicious mode selection. For a rectangular patch,
the length L of the element is usually λ/3 <L<λ/2 and the dielectric constants
of the substrates are usually in the range of 2.2 ≤ ε ≤ 12.
Figure 3.1: Structure of a MPA
Figure 3.2: Side View of a MPA

18
3.3.2 Analysis of a Microstrip Patch Antenna Operation
The preferred models for the analysis of Microstrip patch antennas are the
transmission line model, cavity model, and full wave model (which include
primarily integral equations/Moment Method). Basically the transmission-
line model represents the microstrip antenna by two slots, separated by a low-
impedance Zc transmission line of length L.
(A) Fringing Effect
Because the dimensions of the patch are finite along the length and width, the
fields at the edges of the patch undergo fringing. This is illustrated along the
length for the two radiating slots of the microstrip antenna. The same applies
along the width. The amount of fringing is a function of the dimensions of the
patch and the height of the substrate. For the principal E-plane (xy-plane)
fringing is a function of the ratio of the length of the patch L to the height h of
the substrate (L/h) and the dielectric constant of the substrate. Since for
microstrip antennas L/ h >>1, fringing is reduced; however, it must be taken
into account because it influences the resonant frequency of the antenna. The
same applies for the width. Fringing makes the microstrip line look wider
electrically compared to its physical dimensions. Since some of the waves
travel in the substrate and some in air, an effective dielectric constant εreff is
introduced to account for fringing and the wave propagation in the line. For a
line with air above the substrate, the effective dielectric constant has values in
the range of 1<<εreff <εr. For most applications where the dielectric constant
of the substrate is much greater than unity (εr >>1), the value of will be closer
to the value of the actual dielectric constant of the substrate. The effective
dielectric constant is also a function of frequency. According to it, as the
frequency of operation increases, most of the electric field lines concentrate in
the substrate. Therefore the microstrip line behaves more like a homogeneous
line of one dielectric (only the substrate), and the effective dielectric constant
19
approaches the value of the dielectric constant of the substrate.The effective
dielectric value of the substrate
(B)Effective Length, Resonant Frequency and Effective Width
Because of the fringing effects, electrically the patch of the microstrip

antenna looks greater than its physical dimensions. For the principal E-plane
(xy-plane), this is demonstrated. Where the dimensions of the patch along its
length have been extended on each end by a distance ΔL, which is a function
of the effective dielectric constant and the width-to-height ratio (W/h). A very
popular and practical approximate relation for the normalized extension of the
length is
(a) top view
(b) side view
Figure 3.3: physical and effective length of MPA
20
Since the length of the patch has been extended by ΔL on each side,
the effective length of the patch is now (L=λ/2 for dominant TM010 mode
with no fringing)
𝐿eff= 𝐿+2Δ𝐿 (1.3)
For the dominant TM010 mode, the resonant frequency of the

microstrip antenna is the function of length. Usually it is given by
1
(fr)010= (1.4)
2𝐿√∊𝑟 √𝜇𝑜𝜖𝑜
Where V0 is the speed of light in the free space
(B) Design Procedure
In the typical design procedure of rectangular Microstrip patch antenna,

three essential parameters are:
Frequency of operation (Fr): The resonant frequency of the antenna
must be selected appropriately. The antenna designed should be useful for the
wireless communication system. The frequency range is approximately 890
MHz to 5.85 GHz.
Dielectric constant of the substrate (εr): The dielectric constant of
substrate (εr) material plays an important role in the patch antenna design. A
substrate with a high dielectric constant reduces the dimensions of the antenna
but it also affects the antenna performance. So, there is a trade-off between size
and performance of patch antenna.
Figure 3.4: MPA with microstrip feed line
21
Height of dielectric substrate (h): For the Microstrip patch antenna to
be used in communication systems, it is essential that the antenna is not bulky.
Hence, the height of the dielectric substrate should be less. After the proper
selection of above three parameters, the next step is to calculate the radiating
patch width and length.
Step 1: Calculation of Width (W)
For an efficient radiator, practical width that leads to good radiation

efficiencies is
𝐶
W= 𝜀 +1
2𝑓0 √ 𝑟
2
Step 2: Calculation of Effective Dielectric Coefficient (εr):
The effective dielectric constant can be bettered from equation (1.1)

1
𝜀𝑟 +1 𝜀𝑟 −1 ℎ
εeff = + [1 + 12 ]−2
2 2 𝑊
Step 3: Calculation of Effective Length (Leff):
The effective length is

𝐶
𝐿eff =
2𝑓0 √𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓
22
Step 4: Calculation of Length Extension (∆𝐿)
𝑊
(𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 +0.3)( +0.246)
∆𝐿 = 0.412h ℎ
𝑊
(𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 −0.258)( +0.8)
ℎ
Step 5: Calculation of actual Length of Patch (L):
The actual length of radiating patch is obtained by
𝐿 =𝐿eff−2∆𝐿
Step 6: Calculation of Gr.
The transmission line model is applicable to infinite ground planes only.

However, for practical considerations, it is essential to have a finite ground
plane. It has been shown by that similar results for finite and infinite ground
plane can be obtained if the size of the ground plane is greater than the patch
dimensions by approximately six times the substrate thickness all around the
periphery. Hence for this design, the ground plane dimensions would be given
as:
𝐿= 6+𝐿
𝑊=6+𝑊
3.3.3 Feeding Techniques

There are many configurations that can be used to feed microstrip antenna.
The most popular feeding techniques are the microstrip feed line, coaxial probe,
aperture coupling, proximity coupling and coplanar Waveguide. Out of these five
techniques, the first two are very similar in operation and offer essentially one
degree of freedom (for a fixed patch size and substrate). The proximity coupled
patch has at least two degrees of freedom: the length of the feeding stub and the
patch width-to-line width ratio. The aperture coupled patch antenna has at least
23
four degrees of freedom: the slot size, its position the feed substrate parameters
and the feed linewidth.
1. Microstrip feedline
The microstrip feed line is a conducting strip, usually of much smaller width
compared to the patch. The microstrip-line feed is easy to fabricate, simple to
match by controlling the inset position and rather simple to model. However as
the substrate thickness increases, surface waves and spurious feed radiation
increase, which for practical designs limit the bandwidth. Such antennas are
limited in bandwidth to about 2-5 %. The equivalent circuit that applies to this
feeding technique is the parallel RLC network representing the resonant patch
and the series inductor represents feed inductance of the microstrip feed line.
Electromagnetic field lines are focused between the microstrip line and ground
plane to excite only guided waves as opposed to radiated or surface
waves.
(a) (b)
Figure 3.5: Geometry of Microstrip Feed line (a) directly feed (b) Inset feed
(2) Coaxial probe
It can be used to feed patch elements through the ground plane from the
parallel feed substrate. The inner conductor of the coax is attached to the
radiation patch while the outer conductor is connected to the ground plane. The
coaxial probe feed is easy to fabricate and match and it has low spurious
24
radiation. However, it has narrow bandwidth and it is more difficult to model,
especially for thick substrates (h > 0. 02 λ). But in the array design having
thousands of elements, such a large number of solder joints makes fabrication
difficult and lowers reliability. Its equivalent circuit is same as the microstrip
feed line. Although, probe and microstrip line feeds primarily stimulate the
dominant mode of the patch, the native unevenness of these feeds generates
some higher-order modes which produce cross-polarized radiation.
Figure 3.6: Geometry of Coaxial Probe Feed patch antenna
(3) Aperture coupling technique
This configuration uses two parallel substrates separated by a ground plane.

A microstrip feed line on the bottom substrate is coupled through a small
aperture in the ground plane to a microstrip patch on the top substrate. This
feeding technique allows independent optimization to both the feed and the
radiation functions by keeping thin, high dielectric constant substrate to be used
for the feed and thick, low dielectric constant for the antenna element. The key
factor of this feeding technique is that the aperture is usually smaller than
resonant size, so the back lobe radiated by the slot is 15-20dB below the forward
main beam. Aperture coupled antennas are advantageous in arrays because
they electrically isolate the feed and phase shifting circuitry from the patch
antennas. The disadvantage is the required multilayer structure which increases
fabrication complexity and cost . The major disadvantage of this feed
25
technique is that it is difficult to fabricate due to multiple layers, which
also increases the antenna thickness. This feeding scheme also provides
narrow bandwidth. The equivalent circuit appears as a series RLC network, with
a shunt inductance representing the coupling slot.
Fig 3.7: Geometry of Aperture Coupled Microstrip Patch Antenna
(4) Proximity coupling feed antenna
It uses a two-layer substrate with a microstrip line on the lower substrate,

terminating in an open stub below the patch which is printed on the upper
substrate. It is a type of non- contacting feed. Proximity coupling has the
advantage of allowing the patch to exist on a relatively thick substrate for
improved bandwidth; on the contrary the feed line is on an effectively thin
substrate, which reduces spurious radiation and coupling. The major problem
in this feeding technique is its fabrication, which is bit more difficult because
of the requirement for accurate alignment between substrates, but soldering is
eliminated. The coupling in proximity is of capacitive nature. The equivalent
circuit of this feeding technique has a capacitor in series with the parallel RLC
resonator that represents the patch. It provides bandwidth up to 21%.
26
Figure 3.8: Geometry of Proximity Coupled Microstrip Patch Antenna
(5) Coplanar wave guide feeding
The coplanar waveguide was proposed by C.P. Wen in 1969. A

coplanar waveguide structure consists of a median metallic strip of
deposited on the surface of a dielectric substrate slab with two narrow slits
ground electrodes running adjacent and parallel to the strip on the same
surface. This transmission line is uniplanar in construction, which implies
that all of the conductors are on the same side of the substrate. They have
many features such as low radiation loss, less dispersion, easy integrated
circuits and simple configuration with single metallic layer, and no via
holes required. The CPW fed antennas have recently become more and
more attractive because of its some more attractive features such as wider
bandwidth, better impedance matching, and easy integration with active
devices or monolithic microwave integrated circuits.
fig3.9: Geometry of Coplanar Waveguide Feed
27
Characteristic Microstr Coaxial Apertu Proximi Coplanar
s ip Feed Feed recoupl ty Feed Wavegui
line ing de
Spurious More More More
Feed More More
Feed
Reliability
Radiation Better Poor due to Good Good Good
soldering
Impedance Easy Easy Easy Easy Easy
Matching
Bandwidth 2-5% 2-5% 13% 21% 40%
Due to more spurious radiation, more reliability and easy impedance
matching, aperture coupled feeding techniques is used. Also, it provides
better bandwidth as compared to Microstrip feed line and Coaxial coupled
techniques.
3.3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Microstrip Antennas
Advantages of Microstrip Antennas
• They are very low profile, and can be fabricated using printed circuit
techniques.
• Light weight and low volume.
• Low fabrication cost, hence can be manufactured in large quantities.
• Supports both, linear as well as circular polarization
• Can be easily integrated with microwave and millimetre wave

integrated circuits(MMICs).
• Capable of dual and triple frequency operations.
• Mechanically robust when mounted on rigid surfaces
28
Disadvantages of Microstrip Antennas
• Narrow bandwidth.
• Low efficiency.
• Low Gain.
• Extraneous radiation from feeds and junctions.
• Poor end fire radiator except tapered slot antennas.
• Low power hand line capacity.
• Surface wave excitation.
Applications of Microstrip Antennas
• Aerospace vehicles including high-performance

aircraft, spacecraft, satellites and missiles
• Mobile radios, phones and pagers
• Base stations for personal communications
• Large ground-based phased array antennas

Microstrip patch antennas have a very high antenna quality factor (Q). Q
represents the losses associated with the antenna and a large Q leads to narrow
bandwidth and low efficiency. Q can be reduced by increasing the thickness of
the dielectric substrate. But as the thickness increases, an increasing fraction of
the total power delivered by the source goes into a surface wave. However,
surface waves can be minimized by use of photonic band gap structures. Other
problems such as lower gain and lower power handling capacity can be
overcome by using an array configuration for the elements.
29
3.4 Antenna Parameters
Before discussing the simulated results of a microstrip patch antenna, it is

important to discuss some parameters in details that are to be analysed in
simulation.
• Return Loss: It is the difference between forward and reflected power,
in dB, generally measured at the input to the coaxial cable connected to
the antenna. If the power transmitted by the source is Pt and the power
reflected back is Pr , then the return loss is given by Pr. For maximum
power transfer the return loss should be as small as possible. This means
that the ratio Pr/Pt should be as small as possible, or expressed in dB, the
return loss should be as large a negative number as possible. Return Loss
is determined in dB as follows:
Return loss = −20log10 Γ
Where | Γ | = is the reflection coefficient,
• Directivity: It is defined as the ratio of radiation intensity in a given

direction from the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over all the
directions. The average radiation intensity is equal to the total power
radiated by the antenna divided 4π. If the direction is not specified, the
direction of maximum radiation intensity is implied. The directivity of
the non-isotropic source is equal to the ratio of its radiation intensity in
a given direction over that of an isotropic source. In numerical form,
directivity is given by:
Where U=radiation intensity (W/unit solid angle)
Uo = radiation intensity of an isotropic antenna (W/unit solid

angle) Prad = total power radiated (W)
• Gain: It is defined as the ratio of the intensity, in a given direction, to
the radiation intensity that would be obtained if the power accepted by the
30
antenna is radiated isotropically. The radiation intensity corresponding
to the isotropically radiated power is equal to power accepted (input) by
the antenna divided by 4π.when the direction is not stated, the power
gain is usually taken in the direction of maximum radiation. It is given as:
• Bandwidth: It is defined as “the range of frequencies within which the

performance of the antenna, with respect to some characteristic, conforms
to a specified standard.” The bandwidth can be considered to be the range
of frequencies, on either side of a centre frequency (usually the resonance
frequency for a dipole), where the antenna characteristics (such as input
impedance, pattern, beam-width, polarization, side lobe level, gain, beam
direction, radiation efficiency) are within an acceptable value of those at
the centre frequency.
• Beam width: It is defined as the angular separation between two identical

points on opposite side of the pattern maximum.
• Efficiency: It is used to take into account losses at the input terminals and
within the structure of the antenna. Such losses may be due to,
1.Reflections because of the mismatch between the transmission line and
the antenna
I 2R losses (conduction and dielectric)
In general, the overall efficiency can be written as
eo = er x ec x ed (1.14)
Where eo = total efficiency (dimensionless)
er = reflection(mismatch) efficiency = (1 - |?|2) (dimensionless)
31
ec = conduction efficiency (dimensionless)
ed = dielectric efficiency (dimensionless)
3.5 Microstrip Slot Antenna

Microstrip antennas can be divided into two basic types by structure,
namely microstrip patch antenna and microstrip slot antenna. The slot antennas
can be fed by microstrip line, slot line and CPW. Microstrip slot antenna is very
simple in structure: it consists of microstrip feed that couples electromagnetic
waves through the slot above and slot radiates them.
A microstrip-fed slot antenna offers a better isolation between the feed and the
material under measurement compared to the microstrip-fed microstrip antenna.
They are more flexible in integration with other active and passive devices in a
hybrid MIC and MMIC design . Furthermore, they are capable of producing
omni-directional radiation patterns by simply inserting quarter-wave thick
foam and reflector. To improve the antenna performance by improving the
coupling between the patch and feed line, different size and shapes of slots are
experimented. H-shaped, bowtie, dog bone shaped slots had been studied. All
these slot shapes provide better input impedance compared to a rectangular slot.
32
They also have smaller dimensions compared to rectangular slot, which
decreases the amount of back radiation through the aperture. Only disadvantage
of these complicated slot geometries is that it is difficult to analyse these
structures analytically or even numerically. Besides slot shape, patch and feed
shapes are also varied to design a wideband microstrip antenna. Some different
shapes of patch and feed, like T-shaped feed, Further more the effects of
dielectric constants of the layers are investigated. Studies have shown that it is
advantageous to choose a high dielectric constant material for the lower substrate
(for feed) and a thick and low dielectric constant material for the upper substrate
(forpatch).
Figure 3.10: Microstrip Slot antenna Structure
3.6 Objective of Thesis
The main objectives were designed as the following:
(A) To design and simulate a Dual band for WLAN and WiMAX frequency
bands.
• Parametric studies on the proposed antenna.
• Fabrication and testing of the proposed design.
(B) To design and simulate a Triple band for WLAN and WiMAX frequency .
33
• Parametric studies on the proposed microstrip patch antenna as
aforesaid.
(C) To design and simulate a triple band for WLAN, WiMAX and IMT
frequency bands
• Parametric studies on the proposed microstrip patch antenna as

aforesaid.
3.7 Existing System:
1.SWITCHABLE QUAD-BAND ANTENNA:

The quad-band antenna has a directional radiation pattern in four frequency
bands, i.e., B1 (800–900 MHz),B2 (1.7–2.5 GHz), B3 (3.3–3.6 GHz), and B4
(5.1–5.9 GHz), covering all spectrums for existing wireless applications, such as
GSM,PCS, WCDMA, Wi-Fi, and WiMax.
The operating frequency of the quad-band antenna can be adjusted by the
use of a MEMS switch, making it suitable for cognitive radio applications. First
a switch-able quad-band antenna element is introduced. Then a two-element
antenna array is developed to increase the antenna gain for base station
applications featuring a gain value of about 9–11 dBi over all four frequency
bands.
Quad-band antenna element is a pair of symmetrically positioned dipole
arms in the direction. The separation between the dipole arms is approximately
with being the free-space wavelength at the center frequency for each frequency
band. Only a single dipole is used for B4 because it is located exactly in the center
of symmetry.
The dipole arm selected was based on the printed broadband dipole
antenna. It provides a simple broadband dipole structure with the capability to
34
easily tune the impedance matching. With this structure, the radiation pattern of
the quad-band antenna can be easily controlled by the relative position of the
dipole arms and the dipole length, while the impedance matching is individually
controlled by the balun matching network. Its two element array will be presented
to demonstrate the possibility of beam width narrowing and beam tilting along
its E plane, as desired by base stations. Furthermore, this quad-band antenna
geometry has a compact form factor and high scalability to incorporate additional
frequency bands in the future.
Configuration of a quad-band antenna element
2.Vivaldi antenna:
35
Vivaldi antenna is a co-planar broadband-antenna, which is made from a
dielectric plate metalized on both sides.
Pattern of a Vivaldi antenna, made from double-sided printed circuit

board material
The feeding line excites a circular space via a microstrip line, terminated
with a sector-shaped area. From the circular resonant area the energy reaches an
exponential pattern via a symmetrical slot line.
Vivaldi antennas can be made for linear polarized waves or – using two
devices arranged in orthogonal direction – for transmitting / receiving
both polarization orientations.
If fed with 90-degree phase-shifted signals, orthogonal devices can

transmit/receive circular-oriented electromagnetic waves.
Vivaldi antennas are useful for any frequency, as all antennas are scalable
in size for use at any frequency. Printed circuit technology makes this type
antenna cost effective at microwave frequencies exceeding 1 GHz.
Advantages of Vivaldi antennas are their broadband characteristics

(suitable for ultra-wideband signals [1]), their easy manufacturing process using
common methods for PCB production, and their easy impedance matching to the
feeding line using microstrip line modeling methods. The MWEE collection
of EM simulation benchmarks includes a Vivaldi antenna.
36
Microwave Engineering Europe's (MWEE) EM simulation benchmark has
become quite a tradition over the last few years, enticing some of the best known
software providers to put their diverse simulation methods to the test. The results
are always eagerly awaited as they represent the current status of simulation
technology and permit revealing comparisons between individual methods and
software packets.
For the first time in MWEE benchmark's history an antenna problem was
set. The balanced Vivaldi antenna posed a worthy challenge to the benchmark
participants due to its complex form and size. The CAD benchmark was
presented in the October 2000 edition of MWEE and results from six contributors
were published in the subsequent editions with the measured results ending the
series in February 2001.
The comparison between the published measured and simulated results

from all software producers revealed significant differences. No possible reason
for this striking discrepancy was put forward by MWEE. HFSS calculated the
Vivaldi structure with great diligence and, having carried out a detailed
convergence study, consider our results to be highly accurate.
Over the next few pages you will find a discussion of performance and
accuracy, commentary on the differences between measured and simulation
results, remarks on model input time, and the benchmark results achieved with
HFSS MICROWAVE STUDIO® illustrated with a wide range of plots and
animations.
At first glance all curves - at least in the frequency range from 0-5 GHz -
are similar. But when you take a closer look they demonstrate clear differences.
The importance of these differences is shown by the following convergence
study performed with the help of HFSS MWS®'s automatic mesh adaptor.
37
large variations with the final solution in a rough mesh with 10.000 mesh nodes
(Pass 1). After the fifth run (with 53.000 mesh nodes, 12 min. calculation time)
hardly any deviation is present in the results and strong convergence can be seen.
It has been mathematically proven that our method must always converge and so
is absolutely reliable.
We will now take a closer look at one section of the frequency band (Figure
3). The resonance peak around 3 GHz decreases in intensity and the resonance
frequency shifts until a mesh density of 330.000 nodes is used where an
extremely high accuracy is attained (pass 9). The difference between the absolute
minimum of these peaks for runs 1 and 9 is, nevertheless, 25 dB, the frequency
shift 330 MHz. A renewed look at the results submitted by the benchmark
participants, clearly reflects the time spent and reliability of the various methods.
The difference between the individual resonance peaks amounts to 12dB / 250
MHz for this frequency range. This enormous difference impressively clarifies
the importance of a carefully carried out convergence study. It should be noted
that the 9 runs made here, were only carried out in order to clearly illustrate the
convergence process. In practice, substantially fewer runs are sufficient to reach
a reliable result.
As an optional extra, MWEE had challenged the participants to calculate

results for the 10 to 20 GHz range. Unfortunately MWEE neither presented the
measured results for this range, nor published a comparison between the
submitted simulation results. It is precisely in this frequency range that the widely
differing abilities of the methods would have appeared most clearly, due to the
problem size in wave lengths and the resulting increase in the number of mesh
nodes points.
The reflection for the same frequency range (0.5 – 10 Ghz) as measured by
BAE Systems, Great Baddow. The variation with the common trend present in
38
all simulation results is so large, that it has to be asked whether the layout of the
measured antenna completely corresponds with the structural information made
available. It seems very unlikely that all published simulation results should be
so full of errors. We would like you to bear in mind that the published simulation
results represent state of the art 3D EM simulation and their accuracy and
agreement with measurements have been verified over the years by thousands of
users of these methods. A possible explanation for the deviation would be the
confirmed presence of an SMA launcher in the real antenna model, which was
additionally given as the explanation for the enormous ripple (see MWEE Feb.
2001 edition).
Figure 3.11 Geometry of a vivaldi antenna
User friendliness, along with the accuracy and speed of calculations, is an

important criterion of modern CAE packages. Often a large part of the time
available for design and analysis will be used for the inputting of data. The input
times submitted by the competitors vary greatly. They range from 10 to <120
minutes. Many customers have already certified that HFSS MICROWAVE
STUDIO has the most easy to use interface of all EM simulation programs.
Ironically, the makers of this software submitted the longest input time.
39
We leave it up to you and your experience of interpreting technical
drawings, inputting structures, setting up simulation boundary conditions and the
parametrisation of models, to determine how realistic a complete input time of
15 minutes is for such a structure. HFSS believes that only realistic input times
are of any use to readers of this Benchmark. We therefore stand by our statement
of <120 minutes, which implies that an experienced user, with a CAD interface
as user-friendly as present in HFSS MICROWAVE STUDIO®, could also
achieve substantially shorter times.
Microwave Engineering Europe have unveiled their CAD Benchmark 2000 - a

free space electromagnetic problem based on a balanced antipodal Vivaldi
antenna. The results achieved using HFSS MICROWAVE STUDIO can be
viewed here or alternatively on the MEE website.
Model Geometry
The Vivaldi Antenna was modelled with HFSS MICROWAVE
STUDIO. The structure was built as a fully parametric model and the real
thickness of the metallic layers (17µm) was taken into account.
Figure 3.12 Model geometry
3. PATCH BAND
A patch antenna (also known as a rectangular microstrip antenna) is a type of

radio antenna with a low profile, which can be mounted on a flat surface. It
40
consists of a flat rectangular sheet or "patch" of metal, mounted over a larger
sheet of metal called a ground plane. They are the original type of microstrip
antenna described by Howell in 1972; the two metal sheets together form a
resonant piece of microstrip transmission line with a length of approximately
one-half wavelength of the radio waves. The radiation mechanism arises from
discontinuities at each truncated edge of the microstrip transmission line. [2] The
radiation at the edges causes the antenna to act slightly larger electrically than its
physical dimensions, so in order for the antenna to be resonant, a length of
microstrip transmission line slightly shorter than one-half a wavelength at the
frequency is used.
A variant of the patch antenna commonly used in mobile phones is the shorted
patch antenna, or planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA). In this antenna, one corner
of the patch (or sometimes one edge) is grounded with a ground pin. This variant
has better matching than the standard patch.
This basic concepts of patch antennas. We use a simple rectangular, half wave
long, probe-fed patch operating in its fundamental mode as an example. Topics
include principles of operation, impedance matching, radiation patterns, circular
polarization, bandwidth, efficiency, alternative feed types, stacked patches and
higher mode behavior. This article was originally published in September 2005.
After it was published, we received substantial feedback from those who read it.
The article has been revised based upon the feedback we received.
Properties Of A Basic Microstrip Patch

A microstrip or patch antenna is a low-profile antenna that has a number
of advantages
over other antennas: it is lightweight, inexpensive, and electronics like LNA’s
and SSPA’s can be integrated with these antennas quite easily. While the antenna
41
can be a 3- D structure (wrapped around a cylinder, for example), it is usually flat
and that is why patch antennas are sometimes referred to as planar antennas.
A patch antenna in its basic form: a flat plate over a ground plane. This
antenna is often built of printed circuit board material and the substrate makes up
the patch antenna’s dielectric. The distance between the patch and the ground
plane – the substrate or dielectric height h – determines the bandwidth. A thicker
substrate increases the gain to some extent, but may lead to undesired effects like
surface wave excitation: surface waves decrease efficiency and perturb the
radiation pattern.
The ground plane should extend beyond the edges of the patch by at least
2 to 3 times the
board thickness for proper operation. A ground plane that is too small will result
in a
reduced front to back ratio. Making the ground plane larger also increases the
gain, but as the ground plane size increases, diffraction near the edges plays less
of a role and increasing the size of an already “large” ground plane has very little
effect on gain.
In the antenna, the center conductor of a coaxial line serves as the feed
probe to couple electromagnetic energy in and/or out of the patch. A thicker
substrate leads to a longer feed probe, a larger feed probe inductance and a
degradation of impedance matching. This can be compensated by using a
different feed type and we’ll look at alternative feed methods further down.
42
A half wave long patch operates in what we call the fundamental mode:
the electric field is zero at the center of the patch, maximum (positive) on one
side, and minimum (negative) on the opposite side. These minima and maxima
continuously change side like the phase of the RF signal.
The electric field does not stop abruptly near the patch's edges like it would
in a cavity the field extends beyond the outer periphery. These field extensions
are known as fringing fields and cause the patch to radiate. Some popular analytic
modelling techniques for patch antennas are based on this leaky-cavity concept
and the fundamental mode of a rectangular patch is often denoted using cavity
theory like the TM10 mode.
This TM notation often leads to confusion and here is an attempt to explain
that: Figure 1 uses a Cartesian coordinate system, where the x and y axes are
parallel with the ground-plane and the z-axis is perpendicular to it.
TM stands for a magnetic field distribution –between patch and ground–
that is transverse to the z-axis of the antenna shown in Figure 1. This ‘transverse’
with respect to the z-axis is usually dropped because the magnetic fields in patch
antennas are always transverse to their z-axis.
43
So, we can simplify things and only consider three field components
instead of six (magnetic and electric fields in each x, y and z axis): the electric
field in the z direction, and the magnetic field components in x and y directions.
In general, modes are designated as TMnmp. The ‘p’ value is mostly omitted
because the electric field variation is considered negligible in the z-axis since
only a phase variation exists in the z axis. So, TMnm represents the field
variations in the x and y directions. The field variation in the y direction
(impedance width direction) is negligible and m is 0. The field has one minimum-
to-maximum variation in the x direction (resonance length direction and a half
wave long), n is 1 in this case and we say that this patch operates in the TM10
mode.
Dimensions The resonant length (the x axis in Figure 2) determines the resonant
frequency and is about ld/2 for a rectangular patch excited in its fundamental
mode where ld is the wavelength in the PCB material. The patch is actually a bit
larger electrically than its physical dimensions due to the fringing fields and the
difference between electrical and physical size is mainly dependent on the PC
board thickness and dielectric constant of the substrate. A good approximation
for the resonant length is: L » 0.49 ld = 0.49 l0 /e r. This formula includes a first
order correction for the edge extension due to the fringing fields, with:
➢ L = resonant length
➢ ld = wavelength in PC board
➢ l0 = wavelength in free space
➢ er = dielectric constant of the printed circuit board material Other
parameters that have less influence on the resonant frequency include:
➢ Ground plane size
➢ Metal (copper) and dielectric thickness
➢ Patch (impedance) width
44
The feed position of a patch antenna excited in its fundamental mode is typically
located in the center of the patch width direction (y axis) and somewhere along
the patch resonant length direction (x axis). The exact position along the resonant
length is determined by the electromagnetic field distribution in the patch.
Looking at the current (magnetic field) and voltage (electric field) variation along
the patch, the current has a maximum at the center and a minimum near the left
and right edges, while the electric field is zero in the center and maximum near
the left and minimum near the right edges. Keep in mind that the field distribution
constantly changes in amplitude and sign. Figures 2 and 3 below clarify this:
45
From the magnitude of the current and the voltage, we can determine that
the impedance is minimum (theoretically zero W) in the center of the patch and
maximum (typically a couple hundred W) near the edges. This means that there
are two points where the impedance is 50 W somewhere along the resonant length
(x) axis of the element and this is where you would typically connect to the
antenna.
The possibility to connect to the patch at other impedance points is quite

useful and impedances up to 200 _ are common. For example, a two element
array can be fed with a simple parallel feed by matching the individual patch
elements to 100 _ and connecting them in parallel results in 50 _ end impedance
without the need for impedance transformers. The same woks for a 4 element
array with the elements connected at their 200 point.
If you wanted to connect to the edge of the patch and were looking for a
specific impedance, you could modify the width of the patch to yield the
impedance your are looking for. Increasing the width decreases the impedance
Fundamental Specifications Of Patch Antennas Radiation Pattern
A patch antenna radiates power in certain directions and we say that the
antenna has directivity (usually expressed in dBi). If the antenna had a 100%
radiation efficiency, all directivity would be converted to gain. Typical half wave
patches have efficiencies well above 90%. The directivity of a patch can be
estimated quite easily: The radiating edges of a patch can be seen as two radiating
slots placed above a ground plane and, assuming all radiation occurs in one half
of the hemisphere (on the patch side of the ground), we get a 3 dB directivity
increase. This would be an antenna with a perfect front-to-back ratio where all
radiation occurs towards the front and no radiation towards the back. This front-
to-back ratio is highly dependent on ground-plane size and shape in real life.
Another 3 dB can be added because there are 2 slots. The length of these
slots typically equals the impedance width (length in the y-axis) of the patch and
the width of these slots equals the substrate height. These slots typically have a
46
directivity of 2 to 3 dB compared to an isotropic radiator and behave like a dipole.
All of this results in a total maximum directivity of 8 to 9 dBi.
The rectangular patch excited in its fundamental mode has a maximum directivity
in the direction perpendicular to the patch (z-axis or broadside). The directivity
decreases when moving away from broadside towards lower elevations. The 3
dB beam width is the width at which the gain of the beam decreases by 3 dB
relative to the gain in broadside to either side of the main beam. Figure 4 shows
a typical radiation pattern for a square, half wave patch.
So far, the directivity has been defined relative to an isotropic radiator and we
use dBi. An isotropic radiator emits an equal amount of power in all directions
and it has no directivity. Antenna directivity can also be specified relative to that
of a dipole. A dipole has 2.15 dBi of directivity over an isotropic radiator. When
we specify the directivity of an antenna relative to a dipole, we use dBi. No
antenna losses have been included so far and the integrated average of the
directivity pattern over an entire sphere has to be 0 dBi. This implies that creating
directivity in a certain direction reduces directivity in other directions. Antenna
47
Gain Antennas do not have gain because they are passive structures. Antenna
gain is defined as antenna directivity times a factor representing the radiation
efficiency. Radiation efficiency is always lower than 100% so the antenna gain
is always lower than antenna directivity. This efficiency quantifies the losses in
the antenna and is defined as the ratio of radiated power (Pr) to input power (Pi).
The input power is transformed into radiated power, surface wave power and a
small portion is dissipated due to conductor and dielectric losses. Surface waves
are guided waves captured within the substrate and partially radiated and
reflected back at the substrate edges. Surface waves are more easily excited when
materials with higher dielectric constants and/or thicker materials are used.
Surface waves are not excited when air dielectric is used. Several techniques to
prevent surface wave excitation exist, but this is beyond the scope of this article.
Antenna gain can also be specified using the total efficiency rather than just the
radiation efficiency. This total efficiency is a combination of the radiation
efficiency and efficiency
linked to the impedance matching of the antenna.
Polarization
The plane in which the electric field varies is also known as the polarization
plane. The basic patch covered so far is linearly polarized since the electric field
varies in only on direction. This polarization can be anything between vertical
and horizontal depending on the orientation of the patch. The polarization plane
is the xz-plane in Figure 1. For optimum system performance, transmit and
receive antennas must have the same polarization. The patch described above
yields horizontal polarization and when rotated by 90°, the current flows in the
vertical plane and the antenna is now vertically polarized. A large number of
applications like satellite communications, do not work well with linear
polarization because the relative orientation of the antennas is unknown and
because of Faraday rotation. In these applications, circular polarization is useful
since it is not sensitive to antenna orientation. In a circularly polarized antenna,
48
the electric field varies in two orthogonal planes (x and y direction) with the same
magnitude and a 90° phase difference. The result is the simultaneous excitation
of two modes, i.e. the TM10 mode (x direction) and the TM01 mode (y direction).
One of the modes is excited with a 90° phase delay with respect to the other mode.
A circularly polarized antenna can either be right-hand circular polarized (RHCP)
or left-hand circular polarized (LHCP). The antenna is RHCP when the phases
are 0° and -90° for the antenna in Figure 5 when it radiates towards the reader,
and it is LHCP when the phases are 0° and +90°. To excite circular polarization
in a patch we need to do three things: Split the signal in two equal parts.
Feed one signal to the horizontal radiator (x axis) and the other to the
vertical radiator (y axis). Each radiator behaves like a pair of radiating slots in the
patch antenna as shown in Figure 5. Change the phase of one of the signals by
90°.
Splitting the signal in half can be done with a Wilkinson power divider or
other splitter. If a square patch is fed with two feed points like in Figure 5 and a
90° delay is added to one of the signal lines, a circularly polarized antenna is
built.
49
While this works well, the splitter and delay line take up valuable board space,
introduce losses, tend to radiate and may degrade the radiation pattern. A
different approach is based on the fact that each patch mode (TM10, TM01)
behaves like a parallel RLC resonant circuit. If we make the x and y dimensions
of the patch slightly different, there will be two resonant frequencies, fa and fb
and we will see two different RLC circuits. This creates a phase shift change
versus frequency as shown in Figure 6:
50
If we pick these two resonance frequencies right, there will be a small frequency
band where the phase difference between the two RLC circuits is 90°. So, circular
polarization can be achieved by building a patch with two resonance frequencies
in the orthogonal directions and using the antenna right in between the two
resonances at f0. The two modes must be excited with equal power and with a
90° phase difference. One way to implement this is shown in Figure 7: this nearly
square patch has slightly different lengths in the x and y axis. This causes the
excitation of two orthogonal modes with the required 90° phase shift. Feeding
splits the power equally between the two orthogonal modes and all three
requirements to generate circular polarization have been met. The nearly square
and corners truncated patches have a smaller (1 to 3%) circular polarization
bandwidth than the double fed patch (at least 3%): the polarization bandwidth of
the antenna is mainly determined by the bandwidth of the splitter phase shifter.
The quality of the circular polarization is commonly quantified as the axial ratio
(AR) and is expressed in dB. A 3 dB axial ratio is considered sufficient for most
applications. Since the phase difference between modes varies with frequency,
51
it is clear that the axial ratio also varies with frequency: it has a theoretical
optimum of 0 dB right in between the resonance frequencies of the two
orthogonal modes. Not shown so far is that the axial ratio varies with elevation
as well: the AR is optimal in broadside (z-axis), degrades towards lower
elevations (the x-y plane) and the amount of degradation is highly dependent on
the antenna geometry.
A UWB Frequency-Band Reconfigurable Antenna
Ultra wideband (UWB) communication is based on the transmission of very short

pulses with relatively low energy. This technology may see increased use in the
field of wireless communications and ranging in the near future. UWB technique
has a fine time resolution which makes it a technology appropriate for accurate
ranging. Because of the huge bandwidth, UWB waves have a good material
penetration capability.
UWB radio signal occupies a bandwidth of more than 500 MHz or a

fractional bandwidth of larger than 0.20. According to Shannon’s capacity
formula, this large bandwidth provides a very high capacity. Thus, high
processing gains can be achieved that allow the access of a large number of users
52
to the system. The impulse radio UWB is a carrier-less (i.e., baseband) radio
technology and accordingly, in this radio technique no mixer is needed.
Therefore, the implementation of such a system is simple, which means that low
cost transmitters/receivers can be achieved when compared to the conventional
radio frequency (RF) carrier systems.
UWB systems operate in a very large bandwidth, they need to share the
spectrum with other users as well as with the existing communication systems
and consequently, interferences may occur. Besides from the interference from
other users, the UWB propagation channel will cause disturbances.
A frequency band reconfigurable antenna that has an ultra wideband

(UWB) mode and three narrowband modes has been designed, by using four
photoconductive switches. By using two reconfigurable monopole antennas
provide the combination of wideband and narrowband functionality have been

proposed , where the first antenna is using p-i-n diode switches, and the other is
using varactor diodes for switching operation. Configuration of the UWB
antenna.
Bandwidth of the UWB technique is huge. This very wide bandwidth
means a fine time resolution. This main feature of the UWB technology provides
the capability of accurate positioning which has already been used in the radar
applications and is now underway in the wireless communications. The capability
53
of communications and positioning (with precise performance), in a single
technology (i.e., fusion of positioning and data capabilities in a single
technology) is one of the salient features of the UWB technology. Referring to
the spectrum of the UWB signal we realize that the UWB center frequency is
relatively low.
This causes the UWB signal to penetrate many materials and providing a
functionality that would not be present in a system of comparable bandwidth at
the significantly higher center frequencies. Besides from the high performance of
the UWB technique at low cost, another major feature of this technique is the
very low transmit power. This low transmit power (in the order of microwatts)
causes a low level of interference to the existing systems. Moreover, the UWB
method is robust against fading. This robustness further reduces the required
transmit power of this technology.
Generally antennas are elements that radiate the electromagnetic energy of

a transmission line to the free space. Antennas are in fact transition devices
(transducers) between guided wave and free space (and vice versa). They can be
considered as impedance transformers, coupling between an input or line
impedance and the impedance of free space. For the case of the UWB this
impedance transformation of antenna is more important. This is due to huge
bandwidth of UWB system.
As an initial approach to the UWB antennas we can start from a dipole and
consequently consider multi-narrowband antennas which are optimized to work
in the entire UWB band. This idea is shown in Fig. together with the antenna’s
corresponding dispersive waveform. The large scale components of this log-
periodic antenna radiate the low frequency components and the smaller scale
components of the antenna radiate high frequency components. For the UWB
communications the dispersive behavior of the antenna waveform is not popular.
Another disadvantage of this antenna is at different azimuth angles around the
54
antenna the waveform varies, which is again unpopular for wireless
communication applications. There are different types of UWB antennas. They
are categorized into the following classes according to form and function:
A log-periodic antenna (left) which has a dispersive waveform (right)
a) Frequency dependent antennas:
The log-periodic antenna is an example of this type of antennas where the

smaller scale geometry of antenna contributes to higher frequencies and the
larger scale part contributes to the lower frequencies.
b) Small-element antennas:
These are small, omni-directional antennas for commercial applications.

Examples of this type of antennas are bow-tie or diamond dipole antennas.
Horn antennas:
Horn antennas are electromagnetic funnels that concentrate energy in a

specific direction. These antennas have large gains and narrow beams. The
Horn antennas are bulkier than small-element antennas.
c) Reflector antenna:
These antennas are high gain antennas that radiate energy in a particular
direction. They are relatively large but easy to adjust by manipulating the
antenna feed.
55
UWB and other wireless systems spectrum
A hexagonal shape monopole antenna has been chosen as a basic structure
to operate over wide bandwidth and has good radiation characteristics. The
antenna is constructed on an FR4 substrate with the relative permittivity of 4.4
and thickness of 1.33 mm. The size of the FR4 substrate is 40×40 mm2.
The radiating element is a hexagonal shape patch with dimensions ab = 4.4
mm, bc = 5.2 mm, cd= 4 mm, de = 5.2 mm and ef = 12 mm, which is fed with a
50 ohm micro strip feed line with the length of 22 mm and width of 3.2 mm. On
the bottom of substrate, there is a ground plane with 20×40 mm2 dimensions and
height of 0.01 mm, below the micro strip feed line. The input reflection
coefficient S11of UWB antenna is below -10dB and having bandwidth from 2.54
GHz to 11.71 GHz in UWB mode is demonstrated.
56
CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE TOOL
4.1 OVERALL HARDWARE DESCRIPTION:
Fig 4.1 shows the overall block of the hardware description for which the
detailed description is given as follows.
Design HFSS design Implementation Vector

measurement (Computer of blending and network
and fractal Simulator cutting of analysis real
factor design Technology) antenna time
environment
Radiation box, boundary

condition excitation port
assignment (HFSS)
Fig 4.1 Block diagram of overall hardware tool
DESIGN MEASUREMENT AND FRACTAL FACTOR DESIGN:
The fractal design is used for varying frequency range. The idea behind
placing the dielectric load is to serve a dual purpose of enhancing the impedance
bandwidth of the antenna at the upper frequency band as well as improving the
overall gain of the antenna. Fractal is a concept which is being implemented in
microstrip antenna to have better characteristics than microstrip antenna. The
word fractal is derived from the Latin word “fractus” meaning broken, uneven,
any of various extremely irregular curves or shape that repeat themselves at any
scale on which they are examined.The finalized design pattern of the minkowski
fractal design based antenna is shown in the Fig4.1.
57
Fig 4.2 Layout of the fractal slot antenna with dielectric loading
(a) (b)
Fig4.3(a) Fractal slot loop antenna and (b) dielectric loaded fractal slot loop
antenna.
MATERIAL USED:
Substrate: FR4, Thickness: 1.6mm, Permittivity: 2.4, Loss tangent:

0.24 The FR4 substrate is used as the material as substrate due to its property
inflammability and the application mobile device antenna. Because in mobile
devices it is enabled with FR4 as the PCB board substrate. Ground plane radiating
element is copper plate which is due to its property of much conductivity,copper
58
plate is used as radiating and conducting arm further utilized for grounding
properties.
SLOT ANTENNA:
A Slot Antenna consists of a metal surface usually a flat plate with

a hole or slot cut out. When the plate is driven as an antenna by a driving
frequency the slot radiates electromagnetic waves in a way similar to dipole
antenna. The shape and size of the slot as well as the driving frequency determine
the radiation distribution pattern. Often the radio waves are provided by the wave
guide and the antenna consists of slots in the waveguide. Slot antenna are often
used at ultrahigh frequency and microwave frequency, instead of line antenna
when greater control of radiation pattern is required. Slot antenna are widely used
in radar antenna for the sector antenna used for the cellphone base station and are
often found in standard desktop microwave source used for research purposes.
DIELECTRIC RESONATOR ANTENNA:
Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) avoids some limitations of the patch

antenna including the high conductor losses at millimeter wave frequencies,
sensitivity to tolerance and narrow bandwidth. The rectangular shape is much
easier to fabricate and one or more dimensional parameters are available.
59
Table 4.1 Design parameters and corresponding values
PARAMETER VALUES
Ground plane size (L*W) 100mm*100mm
Loop Slot Dimension (L0*W0) 25mm*25mm
Stub length (Ls) 3mm
Slot width (Sw) 0.4mm
2nd indentation factor (i2) 0.5
Dielectric Slab Dimensions (A*B*H) 33mm*30mm*5mm
4.2 DESIGNING PROCESS:
INITIATE:
The input material used in this project is copper plate which is a conducting
material and this copper metal is chosen due to its inflammability property and
the capability of retaining the impact resistance and also for its outstanding
resistance to corrosion. Initially the ground plane is of size 100*100mm from
60
which the loop slot dimension is calculated by (lambda/4) where the patch
antenna is created.Here two copper plates are taken for two inputs so that 1 st
iteration and 2nd iteration are done separately by using MIMO pattern.
25mm
Gound Plane
Copper Plate
100mm
25mm
100mm
Fig 4.4 Initial copper plate
FIRST INDENTATION ANALYSIS:
Before the fractal analysis feed is given to the copper plate. In

this process the patch antenna with 25*25mm of size is taken then all the sides
are divided into a ratio of 1/3 which gives three 8.33 all the sides. The indentation
factor for first iteration is 0.9 and so,
Indentation Width = 0.9*8.33
= 7.497
The etching of these antenna is done in a square shape and further more iterations
are in done in different scales.
61
Fig 4.5 First Indentation factor analysis of antenna
SECOND INDENTATION ANALYSIS:
In this process the patch antenna with 25*25mm of size is taken

then all the sides are divided into a ratio of 1/3 which gives three 8.33 all the
sides. The indentation factor for first iteration is 0.9 and then in the stage again
each of the square etched sides under go another iteration using the indentation
factor of 0.5.So the calculation of second indentation factor is given by,
Indentation Width = 0.5*2.499
= 1.2495.
Similarly the iteration process continues using this fractal design.
Fig 4.6 Second Indentation factor analysis of antenna
62
FINAL PROCESS:
Finally the fractal designed antenna is loaded with a dielectric

resonator in order to increase the gain and bandwidth of the antenna. The slot
antenna is loaded with a nearly square shaped Dielectric Resonator(DR) to
obtain almost constant gain at all discrete frequencies.
Fig 4.7 Antenna after loading Dielectric Resonator(DR)
The antenna design that is ready for the fabrication process is

shown in the Fig 4.7.The designing process is done in the HFSS tool and then
simulated in the software to obtain the required output and frequency plots.
Fig 4.8 Final Minkowski antenna design
63
STAGES OF ITERATION:
Fig 4.9 Generation of Minkowski Fractal Island
4.3 DESIGN EQUATION:
4.4 CALCULATION OF RESONANT FREQUENCY:
Equation for resonant frequency in particular band is,
The values attained from the indentation factor is,
64
CHAPTER 5
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
5.1 HFSS SOFTWARE:
The antenna is designed and simulated in HFSS(High Frequency Structure

Simulator)design software. HFSS is a commercial finite element method solver
for electromagnetic structures. The acronym originally stood for high frequency
structural simulator. It is one of several commercial tools used
for antenna design, and the design of complex RF electronic circuit elements
including filters, transmission lines, and packaging. HFSS offers accurate,
efficient computational solutions for electromagnetic design and analysis. Our
3D EM simulation software is user friendly and enables you to choose the most
appropriate method for the design and optimization of devices operating in a wide
range of frequencies. It is based on Finite Element Method (FEM).
FEM has its origin in the field of structural analysis. It is a more powerful
and adaptable numerical technique for handling programs involving complex 24
geometries. In mathematics, FEM is a numerical technique for finding
approximate solutions to boundary value problems. It uses variational methods
(the Calculus of variations) to decrease an error function and produce a steady
solution. As we know that joining many tiny straight lines can approximate a
larger circle, FEM involves all the methods for connecting many simple element
equations over many small subdomains, named finite elements, to approximate a
more complex equation over a larger domain. FEM analysis of any problem
involves basically four steps Passive microwave and RF component design is a
major application of HFSS and supporting it is one of HFSS’s core
competencies.HFSS MWS offers a broad range of solver technologies,operating
in both the time and frequency domain and capable of using surface meshes as
well as Cartesian and tetrahedral volume meshes.An antenna array allows us to
65
achieve high gain with multiple radiating elements and a phased array in addition
offers the possibility to shape and steer the beam without changing the array
geometry.
5.2 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR THE SIMULATION:
There are six main steps to create and solve a proper HFSS simulation. They are
1. Create model/geometry
2. Assign boundaries
3. Assign excitations
4. Setup the solution
5. Solve
6. Post process the results
DESIGN PROCESS FLOW:
The adaptive solution process is the method by which HFSS guarantees that a
final answer to a given EM problem is the correct answer. It is a necessary part
of the overall solution process and is the key reason why a user can have extreme
confidence in HFSS’s accuracy.
66
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM:
In Detail
The adaptive analysis is a solution process in which the mesh is refined

iteratively. Refinement of the mesh is localized to regions where the electric field
solution error is high. This adaptive refinement increases the solution’s accuracy
with each adaptive solution. The user sets the criteria that control mesh
refinement during an adaptive field solution. Most HFSS problems can only be
accurately solved by using the adaptive refinement process.
Work flow of HFSS:
There are six main steps to creating and solving a proper HFSS simulation.
They are:
1. Create model/geometry
2. Assign boundaries
3. Assign excitations
67
4. Set up the solution
5. Solve
6. Post-process the results
FLOW DESIGN:
In Detail
Every HFSS simulation will involve, to some degree, all six of the above steps.
While it is not necessary to follow these steps in exact order, it is good modeling
practice to follow them in a consistent model-to-model manner.
Step One:
The initial task in creating an HFSS model consists of the creation of the
physical model that a user wishes to analyze. This model creation can be done
within HFSS using the 3D modeler. The 3D modeler is fully parametric and will
allow a user to create a structure that is variable with regard to geometric
dimensions and material properties. A parametric structure, therefore, is very
useful when final dimensions are not known or design is to be “tuned.”
Alternatively, a user can import 3D structures from mechanical drawing
packages, such as SolidWorks, Pro/E or AutoCAD. However, imported
structures do not retain any “history” of how they were created, so they will not
be parameterizable upon import. If parameterization of the structure is desired, a
68
user will need to manually modify the imported geometry so that
parameterization is possible.
Step Two:
The assignment of “boundaries” generally is done next. Boundaries are

applied to specifically created 2D (sheet) objects or specific surfaces of 3D
objects. Boundaries have a direct impact on the solutions that HFSS provides;
therefore, users are encouraged to closely review the section on Boundaries in
this document.
Step Three:
After the boundaries have been assigned, the excitations (or ports) should
be applied. As with boundaries, the excitations have a direct impact on the quality
of the results that HFSS will yield for a given model. Because of this, users are
again encouraged to closely review the section on excitations in this document.
While the proper creation and use of excitations is important to obtaining the
most accurate HFSS results, there are several convenient rules of thumb that a
user can follow. These rules are described in the excitations section.
Step Four:
Once boundaries and excitations have been created, the next step is to
create a solution setup. During this step, a user will select a solution frequency,
the desired convergence criteria, the maximum number of adaptive steps to
perform, a frequency band over which solutions are desired, and what particular
solution and frequency sweep methodology to use.
Step Five:
When the initial four steps have been completed by an HFSS user, the
model is now ready to be analyzed. The time required for an analysis is highly
dependent upon the model geometry, the solution frequency, and available
69
computer resources. A solution can take from a few seconds, to the time needed
to get a coffee, to an overnight run. It is often beneficial to use the remote solve
capability of HFSS to send a particular simulation run to another computer that
is local to the user’s site. This will free up the user’s PC so it can be used to
perform other work.
Step Six:
Once the solution has finished, a user can post-process the results. Post
processing of results can be as simple as examining the S-parameters of the
device modelled or plotting the fields in and around the structure. Users can also
examine the far fields created by an antenna. In essence, any field quantity or S,
Y, Z parameter can be plotted in the post-processor. Additionally, if a
parameterized model has been analyzed, families of curves can be created.
3D modelling:
Hotkeys are specific keys or a combination of keys that have a specific purpose.
The most
70
Common hot keys are for pan, rotate, and zoom. Additionally, hotkeys can be
used to produce planar XY, YZ, XZ, and the standard isometric views of objects
in the modeling window.
SHIFT + Left Mouse Button: Drag
Alt + Left Mouse Button: Rotate model
Alt + SHIFT + Left Mouse Button: Zoom in
Boundaries:
The Available boundaries within HFSS
In Brief
There are twelve boundaries available within HFSS. Boundaries are applied to
specifically create 2D sheet objects, or surfaces of 3D objects. The twelve
boundaries are:
1. Perfect Electric Conductor (PEC): default HFSS boundary fully encloses the
solution Space and creates a closed model
2. Radiation: used to create an open model
3. Perfectly Matched layer (PML): used to create an open model and preferred
for antenna simulations
4. Finite Conductivity: allows creation of single layer conductors
5. Layered Impedance: allows creation of multilayer conductors and thin

dielectrics
6. Impedance: allows creation of ohm per square material layers
7. Lumped RLC: allows creation of ideal lumped components
8. Symmetry: used to enforce a symmetry boundary
71
9. Master: used in conjunction with Slave Boundary to model infinitely large
repeating array structures
10. Slave: used in conjunction with Master Boundary to model large infinitely
repeating array structures
11. Screening Impedance: allows creation of large screens or grids
12. Perfect H: allows creation of a symmetry plane
EXCITATION:
A Wave Port is the most commonly used type of excitation used in HFSS. This
port type is very useful for exciting micro strip, stripline, coaxial, or waveguide
transmission lines. It should be applied only to an outer face of the solution
space.co axial based feeding and dielectric resonator based feeding has been
analysed below here.
Excitations Lumped Ports:
Lumped Ports are the other commonly used excitation type in HFSS. This port
type is analogous to a current sheet source and can also be used to excite
commonly used transmission lines. Lumped ports are also useful to excite voltage
gaps or other instances where wave ports are not applicable. They should only be
applied internally to the solution space. Shown below are examples of commonly
used wave ports with proper size dimensions.
Lumped port shown below:
72
PORT REFINEMENT AND ANALYSIS:
The maximum Refinement Per Pass and maximum number of Passes Settings
The Maximum number of passes is the maximum number of adaptive

iterations HFSS performs in order to reach convergence. The Maximum
refinement per pass is the percentage of tetrahedral elements that are subdivided
with each adaptive pass
73
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM:
ASSIGNING BOUNDARIES IN THE GUI
Boundaries are assigned to specifically created 2D object in an HFSS

model or to specific faces of 3D objects.
In Pictures
To assign a boundary to a 2D object or 3D face, simply change to the select

faces mode and select the appropriate 2D object or 3D face. If a common
boundary is to be applied to multiple faces, the multiple faces can be selected by
holding the CTRL key. Once all the desired faces have been selected, simply
perform a right mouse button click and select Assign Boundary. Finally, select
the desired boundary. Alternatively, once all the faces have been selected, a user
can click on HFSS in the top-level menu bar, select boundaries, choose assign,
and select the desired boundary.
Assigning driven modal Solution excitations in the GUI:
Excitations are assigned to specifically created 2D object in an HFSS

model or to specific faces of 3D objects. The solution type selected dictates the
steps a user needs to follow in order to create a port excitation. Shown Below are
the steps for a driven modal solution.
74
In Pictures
To assign an excitation to a 2D object or 3D face, simply change to the

select faces mode and select the appropriate 2D object or 3D face. Multiple faces
can be selected if a common excitation is to be applied to them. Once all the
desired faces have been selected, simply perform a right mouse button click,
select assign excitations, and choose the desired excitation. Alternatively, once
all the faces have been selected, a user can click on HFSS in the top-level menu
bar, select excitations, choose assign, and select the desired excitation.
A user should ensure that the port area is of the proper dimension. For
reference, see the section on ports. While it is not necessary to create an
integration line when creating a wave port, it is good modelling practice and is,
therefore, strongly, encouraged.
Plotting field results
In Brief,
HFSS can produce a plot of any standard electromagnetic quantity, such as the
electric field, magnetic field, Pointing vector, or current density. Generally, fields
are displayed on specifically created 2D objects, faces of 3D objects, or on
coordinate system planes. Plots can be scalar quantity plots or vector quantity
plots. Specific quantities based on mathematical operations on the basic field
quantities can also be plotted by use of the field’s calculator.
75
In Pictures
In Detail,
Field plots, or, more specifically, field overlays, are representations of the basic
or derived field quantities on specific surfaces of objects or within an object for
the current design variation. A field overlay’s appearance can be changed by
modifying the settings in the Plot attributes dialog. This dialog modifies a plot
folder and all field overlays contained within that folder will use the same
attributes.
Field overlays can also be created by the use of the field calculator. The field
calculator allows a user to create mathematical operations on the basic field
quantities. These results can be plotted or exported depending on the needs of the
user.
Once a mathematical operation has been created in the calculator, it can be added
to the Named Expressions stack. After adding, this quantity can be plotted by
selecting Plot Fields -> Named Expressions dialog. Field overlay plots can be
saved as HFSS-specific .DSP files. To save a file, simply click on HFSS in the
menu bar, select Fields, and select Save As. A list of plots will be displayed and
a user can select which plots to save. Once saved, they can be
5.3 FRACTAL ANTENNA DESIGNED WITH FIRST INDENTING

ITERATION:
Antenna is designed with the indentation factor 0.9 results plotted between
reflection coefficient and frequency.
76
Fig 5.1 1stIteration
5.4 FRACTAL ANTENNA DESIGNED WITHSECOND INDENTING

ITERATION:
Antenna is designed with the indentation factor 0.5 results plotted between
reflection coefficient and frequency.
Fig 5.2 2nd Iteration

5.5 FRACTAL DESIGN:
Fractal is a concept which is being implemented in microstrip antenna to
have better characteristics than microstrip antenna. The word fractal is derived
from the Latin word“fractus” meaning broken, uneven, any of various extremely
irregular curves or shape that repeat themselves at any scale on which they are
examined. Using fractal in an antenna maximizes the length, or increase the
perimeter (on inside sections or the outer structure), of material that can receive
77
or transmit electromagnetic radiation within a given total surface area or volume.
In many fractal antennas, the self-similarity and plane-filling nature of fractal
geometries are often quantitatively linked to its frequency characteristics.
Fractals are geometrical shapes, which are self-similar, repeating
themselves at different scales. The geometry of fractals is important because the
effective length of the fractal antennas can be increased while keeping the total
area same. Fractal can fill the space occupied by the antenna in a more effective
manner than the traditional Euclidean geometry antenna.
5.6 IMPLEMENTATION OF BLENDING AND CUTTING OF ANTENNA
FABRICATION PROCESS:
There are various step followed when we fabricate an antenna. This

can be shown via flowchart:
78
5.7 Instruments used while fabricating MPA:
The hardware used to design of the antenna includes two processes namely
PCB (Printed circuit board) design and testing of the antenna. The various
steps for the PCB design are explained as:
• Negative developing: The negative development is done by software.
The whole design in designed in this software and then print out of
that design is taken.
• The PCB cutter is used to PCB‟s as per desired size. The actual size of
antenna i.e. Substrate size of material, like FR4 (εr = 4.4) is used here.
Figure 6.4 shows the PCB cutter.
79
Figure 5.3 PCB Cutter
Operations on PCB: - Now the PCB is dipped once in the photo resist
developer placed in yellow light. It dried in an oven for 3-5 minutes. The
oven unit is used to dry the final design on antenna, which contain the
paint on the layer that protects the copper to clean up. Thus, the oven dries
the PCB at 140-150 degree temperature properly.
Figure 5.4 Oven Unit.
80
Figure 5.5 Etching Unit
5.7 Fabricated Antenna
In Figure give below shows the dual band antenna at 2.55 GHz and 5.84 GHz
have a various resonating length on radiating patch to increase the bandwidth
and to get the wide dual band covering the frequency band (2.46 GHz-2.80 GHz)
to ( 5.30 GHz-6.39 GHz) and Fabricated Microstrip Patch antenna with coplanar
waveguide feed line. The Simulated result of antenna is discussed in chapter.
(a) Topview (b) Backview
Figure 3.16: Fabricated antenna connected with SMA connector As

from above figures, the material used for fabrication antenna is PEC
(Copper) of height 0.02 mm with 1.6 mm(Substrate).
81
5.8 ANTENNA MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS:
VECTOR NETWORK ANALYZER:
Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) is one of the most essential RF and

microwave measurement approaches. Rohde & Schwarz offers a wide range of
versatile, high-performance network analyzers up to 500 GHz and multiport
solutions up to 48 ports. A Rohde & Schwarz vector network analyzer is the
perfect tool for analyzing passive and active components such as filters,
amplifiers, mixers and multiport modules.The network analyzers feature
excellent RF characteristics and a wide variety of analysis functions that help the
user evaluate important parameters at a glance.
An instrument used to analyze the properties of electrical network

especially those associated with reflection and transmission of electrical signals
which are called scattering parameters(S-parameters).Measuring both magnitude
and phase of components is important for several reasons. First, both
measurements are required to fully characterize a linear network and ensure
distortion-free transmission. To design efficient matching networks, complex
impedance must be measured. Engineers developing models for Computer Aided
Engineering (CAE) circuit simulation programs require magnitude as diverse as
antennas themselves The large variety of today’s wireless applications is also
matched by the demands placed on the transmitting and receiving antennas they
require. Therefore, antennas are probably the most highly varied of components
in wireless communications systems, with virtually no restrictions in size, shape
and structure. Yet, all of these antennas serve basically the same purpose: As
transmitting antennas, they must convert conducted electromagnetic waves to
free-space waves, and as receiving antennas they must convert these free-space
waves back to conducted waves. To determine if the antenna properties are
optimally suited for the application at hand, they are precisely analyzed using
antenna measurement systems. To accomplish this, several basic parameters must
82
be determined: The radiation pattern is a graphical representation of the radiated
energy versus the radiation angle Directivity describes the distribution of the
radiated antenna of the antenna in the direction of the strongest radiation to the
radiation density of an isotropic antenna. The antenna and directivity. allowing
these systems to be housed indoors or spherical scanning geometries are used.
Geometries are chosen based on the AUT characteristics.
Antenna measurement systems One engineering challenge encountered when

designing an antenna measurement system is to properly select and integrate all
electronic and mechanical components, the T&M equipment and the shielded
chamber. Component selection largely depends on the type of AUT, and
particularly on its dimensions, weight, frequency range and antenna gain. Any
limitations of the measurement system must also be taken into consideration.
FIG 3 shows an example of an antenna measurement system. The system
consists of the following key components: keys to obtaining conclusive
measurement data are the accuracy of the position and the reproducibility of the
83
measurements. Measurements are therefore performed in a shielded chamber
lined with electromagnetic absorber material to suppress external interference
signals and reduce internal Position controller The position controller is the
interface between the mechanical positioning
Signal source The signal source is the transmitting side of the antenna
measurement system. Many systems use a continuous wave (CW) non-
modulated signal, except for radar applications, which require pulsed signals. In
many cases, additional with the desired frequency and power. Fast switching of
the frequency is essential so as to cover as many frequencies as possible while
the position of the AUT moves within a FGƓPGFURCEG Receiver The
receiving side of the system also uses external SIGNAL FEED: the incoming
signal level. Placing a mixer near the receiving antenna enables the low-loss
transmission of power over long distances, for example. This is accomplished
by mixing down to a lower frequency range. An antenna measurement receiving
system must have a high dynamic range and short measurement cycles. This is
the only way to determine the high peaks (positions with a high RX/TX ratio)
and deep nulls (positions with a low RX/TX ratio) of the AUT at a variety of
positions and frequencies.
84
CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
According to the simulation result, reflection coefficient of the modulus is less

than -6db and the isolation is better than 12db over the band frequency of 3300
-3600MHz and 4800-5000MHz, it will met the needs of future 5G application.
A.
B.
Figure 6.1 Prototype for fabricated Dual band Mimo antenna for 5G smart phone
applications (A) TOP VIEW (B) BOTTOM VIEW.
85
XY PLOT :
Figure 6.2 xy plot
86
RADIATION PATTERN :
Figure 6.3 Radiation pattern
87
3D POLAR PLOT :
Figure 6.4 3D Polar plot
88
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
A Dual band MIMO antenna for 5G smart phone communication for

mobile terminal application is presented. The proposed antenna as good matching
performance in frequency range of 3.3-3.6GHz to 4.8-5.0GHz and multi band is
achieved . Therefore these features allow the proposed antenna to operate in 5G
application.
In future this same antenna can be implemented with many new idea work under
various higher frequency range like 6G , 7G and also so on . Designing this kind
of antenna very easy and also has many advantages such as compact size , lower
return loss and higher gain .
89
REFERENCES
REFERENCE PAPERS:
[1] X. L. Sun, S. W. Cheung, and T. I. Yuk, “Dual-band monopole antenna with
frequency tunable feature for WiMAX applications,” IEEE Antennas Wireless
Propag. Lett., vol. 12, pp.100-103, 2013.
[2] C. H. Chang and K. L. Wong, “Printed λ/8-PIFA for penta-band WWAN

operationin the mobile phone,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 57,no. 5, pp.
1373 - 1381, May. 2009.
[3] Y. D. Dong, H. Toyao, and T. Itoh, “Design and characterization of

miniaturized patch antennas loaded with complementary split-ring resonators,”
IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 772-785, Feb. 2012.
[4] S. W. Su, “High-gain dual-loop antennas for MIMO access points in

the2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz bands,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 58, no. 7,
pp. 2412-2419, Jul. 2010.
[5] K. L. Wong, and L. C. Lee, “Multiband printed monopole slot antenna

forWWAN operation in the laptop computer,” IEEE Trans. Antennas
Propag., vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 324-330, Feb. 2009.
[6] Y. Cao, B. Yuan, and G. F. Wang, “A compact multiband open-ended slot

antenna for mobile handsets,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol.
90
[7] Y. C. Lu and Y. C. Lin, “A mode-based design method for dual-band and
self-diplexing antennas using double T-stubs loaded aperture,” IEEE
Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 60, no. 12, pp. 5596-5603, Dec. 2012.
[8] M. J. Chiang, S. Wang, and C. C. Hsu, “Compact multifrequency slot

antenna design incorporating embedded arc-strip,” IEEE Antennas Wireless
Propag. Lett., vol. 11, pp. 834-837, 2012.
[9] A. P. Saghati, M. Azarmanesh, and R. Zaker, “A novel switchable singleand

multifrequency triple-slot antenna for 2.4-GHz bluetooth, 3.5-GHz WiMax, and
5.8-GHz WLAN,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 9, pp. 534-537,
2010.
[10] J. H. Lu and B. J. Huang, “Planar compact slot antenna with multi-band

operation for IEEE 802.16m application,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol.
61, no. 3, pp. 1411-1414, Mar. 2013.
91

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DESIGN OF A DUAL BAND MIMO ANTENNA

FOR 5G SMARTPHONE APPLICATION

DEEPAK.R REG.NO- 113016106019

DEEPANESH.G REG.NO- 113016106020

KARTHIK.K REG.NO- 113016106039

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

ELECTRONIC AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

VEL TECH HIGH TECH Dr. RANGARAJAN Dr. SAKUNTHALA

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

DEEPAK.R REG.NO- 113016106019

DEEPANESH.G REG.NO- 113016106020

KARTHIK.K REG.NO- 113016106039

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

ELECTRONIC AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

VEL TECH HIGH TECH Dr. RANGARAJAN Dr. SAKUNTHALA

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

Certificate that this project report “DESIGN OF A DUAL BAND MIMO

DEEPAK.R REG.NO- 113016106019

DEEPANESH.G REG.NO- 113016106020

KARTHIK.K REG.NO- 113016106039

Dr.N.DURAICHI M.E,Ph.D Dr.M.SURESH KUMAR M.E,Ph.D

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

Department of electronic and Department of electronic and

Communication Engineering communication Engineering

Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College

Avadi, Chennai-600062 Avadi, Chennai-600062

COLLEGE : VEL TECH HIGHTECH Dr.RANGARAJAN Dr.SAKUNTHALA

ENGINEERING COLLEGE,AVADI,CHENNAI-600 062.

BRANCH : ELECTRONIC AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

NAME OF THE UNIVERSITY TITLE OF THE NAME OF THE

DEEPAK.R 113016106019 DESIGN OF A Dr.M. SURESH

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

We express our sincere thanks to our Principal Dr. E. KAMALANABAN, B.E.,

CHAPTER TITLES PAGE NO

4.4 Calculation of resonant frequency 64

5.4Fractal antenna designed with

TABLE TITLE PAGE NO

FIGURES TITLES PAGE NO

3.1 Structure of a MPA 18

3.2 Side view of a MPA 18

3.3 Physical and effective length of MPA 20

3.4 MPA with microstrip feed line 21

3.5 Geometry of microstrip feed line 24

3.6 Geometry of coaxial probe feed patch antenna 25

3.7 Geometry of aperture coupled microstrip patch 26

3.8 Geometry of proximity coupled microstrip 27

3.9 Geometry of coplanar waveguide feed 27

3.10 Microstrip slot antenna structure 33

3.11 Geometry of a Vivaldi antenna 39

3.12 Model geometry 40

4.1 Overall hardware tool 57

4.2 Layout of the fractal slot antenna with 58

4.3(a) Fractal slot loop antenna 58

4.3(b) Dielectric loaded fractal slot loop antenna 58

4.4 Initial copper plate 61

4.5 First indentation factor analysis of antenna 62

4.7 Antenna after loading dielectric resonator 63

4.8 Final minkowski antenna design 63