NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION

Newton’s Laws of Motion

1st Law of Motion
• Newton's first law states that every object will remain at rest or in
uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change its
state by the action of an external force.
• Also known as the “Law of Inertia”.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
2nd Law of Motion
• A net force on an object causes it to have an acceleration in
the direction of the net force.
• States that the acceleration of an object depends upon two
variables, the net force acting upon the object and the mass of
the object.
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑎=
𝑚
Newton’s Laws of Motion
3rd Law of Motion
• For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
FREE BODY DIAGRAM
What is a Free-body Diagram?

How to make a Free-body Diagram?

Draw all the forces acting on the object
including its direction.
What are the possible forces that may act on a body?

Applied Force (F app)

An applied force is a force that is applied to an object by a person or another object. If a
person is pushing a desk across the room, then there is an applied force acting upon the
object. The applied force is the force exerted on the desk by the person.

Gravity Force or Weight (Fg or Fgrav)

The force of gravity is the force with which the earth, moon, or other massively large object
attracts another object towards itself.

Normal Force (F norm)

The normal force is the support force exerted upon an object that is in contact with another
stable object.
What are the possible forces that may act on a body?

Air Resistance (F air)

The air resistance is a special type of frictional force that acts upon objects as they travel
through the air. The force of air resistance is often observed to oppose the motion of an
object. This force will frequently be neglected due to its negligible magnitude (and due to
the fact that it is mathematically difficult to predict its value). It is most noticeable for objects
that travel at high speeds (e.g., a skydiver or a downhill skier) or for objects with large surface
areas.

Tension Force ( F tension)

The tension force is the force that is transmitted through a string, rope, cable or wire when it
is pulled tight by forces acting from opposite ends. The tension force is directed along the
length of the wire and pulls equally on the objects on the opposite ends of the wire.
FRICTIONAL FORCE
What is Frictional Force?
Resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over
another.
STATIC FRICTION AND KINETIC FRICTION
STATIC FRICTIONN IS THE FRICTIONAL FORCE BETWEEN SURFACES OF TWO SUBSTANCES
WHEN THEY ARE NOT IN MOTION WITH RESPECT TO EACH OTHER. INSTEAD
OF THE BODIES BEING IN RELATIVE MOTION, THE BODIES ARE STATIONARY WITH RESPECT TO EACH OTHER. BUT WHEN THE BODY
STARTS TO MOVE, THERE IS THE PRESENCE OF KINETIC FRICTION. IN SHORT STATIC FRICTION IS THE FORCE THAT RESIST THE
INITIAL MOTION OF AN OBJECT WITH EXERTED FORCE. IF THE APPLIED FORCE EXCEEDS THE MAXIMUM STATIC FRICTIONAL
FORCE THE OBJECT BEGINS TO MOVE OR ACCELERATE.

𝐹𝑠𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = µ𝑠 ∗ 𝐹𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚
NORMAL FORCE
𝐹𝑠𝑓 ≤ 𝜇𝑠 ∗ 𝐹𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚
µ𝑠 ⇒ 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

APPLIED FORCE OBJECT STATIC FRICTIONAL FORCE

SURFACE

𝐹𝑁𝐸𝑇 Net force is the summation of all forces

acting on the object.

WEIGHT OF THE OBJECT = (MASS)(ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY)

W = mg
KINETIC FRICTION KINETIC FRICTION IS A FOCE THAT ACTS BETWEEN MOVING SURFACES.
AN OBJECT THAT IS BEING MOVED OVER A SURFACE WILL EXPERIENCE A
FORCE IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION AS IT IS MOVING. THE MAGNITUDE
OF THE FORCE DEPENDS ON THE COEFFICIENT OF KINETIC FRICTION BETWEEN THE TWO KINDS OF MATERIAL. EVERY
COMBINATION IS DIFFERENT. THE COEFFICIENT OF KINETIC FRICTION IS ASSIGNED AS GREEK LETTER “mu” μ WITH A SUBSCRIPT
“k”.KINETIC FRICTIONAL FORCE IS THE PRODUCT OF COEFFICTION OF FRICTION AND THE NORMAL FORCE EXPRESSED IN
NEWTON.

NORMAL FORCE 𝐹𝑘 <𝐹𝑠

OBJECT IS IN MOTION

DIRECTION OF MOTION OBJECT KINETIC FRICTIONAL FORCE

SURFACE

WEIGHT OF THE OBJECT =

(MASS)(ACCELERATION
DUE TO GRAVITY)
W = mg
1.)A 30 kg brick is laying on a table, not moving. What is the normal force?

2.)What is the weight of a 36 kg person on earth?

3.)What is the weight of a 12 kg dog on the moon? (acceleration of gravity is 1.63 m/s^2)

4.) Find the normal and frictional force of the following:

4.1) A 10 kg rubber block sliding on a concrete floor (µ=0.65)

4.2) A 8 kg wooden box sliding on a leather covered desk. (µ=0.40)

4.3) A 37 kg wooden crate sliding across a wood floor. (µ=0.20)

5.)An applied force of 50N accelerates a 6.0kg block at 7.0m/s2 along a horizontal surface. How large is
the friction force? What is the coefficient of kinetic friction?
INCLINED PLANE
INCLINED PLANE θ
Normal Force always
perpendicular to the
surface

Force pulling the

object down the
inclined plane
𝑭𝒈
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝒔𝒐, 𝑭𝒈 = 𝒎𝒈𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒎𝒈

𝑭𝑵𝑶𝑹𝑴
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝒔𝒐, 𝑭𝑵𝑶𝑹𝑴 = 𝒎𝒈𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
θ = Angle of Inclination 𝒎𝒈

Weight of the object always

going to the negative (-) y-
axis
A 2 Kg box is put on the surface of an inclined plane at 27 ° with the horizontal. The surface of the inclined plane is
assumed to be frictionless.
a) Draw a free body diagram of the box on the inclined plane and label all forces acting on the box.
b) Determine the acceleration a of the box down the plane.
c) Determine the magnitude of the force exerted by the inclined plane on the box
𝑎. )

W
A wooden pallet carrying a load of 600kg. Rests on a wooden floor.
a.) The forklift driver decides to push it without lifting it. What force must be applied to just get the pallet moving
(coefficient of static friction wood to wood = 0.28).
b.) After a bit of a time, the pallet begins to slide. How fast the pallet is moving after sliding under the same force you
calculated on item (a) for a half second? (coefficient of kinetic friction wood to wood = 0.17)
A block weighing 200 N is pushed along a surface. If it takes 80 N to get the block moving and 40 N to keep the block
moving at a constant velocity, what are the coefficients of friction μs and μk?

A 5 kg box on a horizontal table is pushed by a horizontal force of 15 N . If the coefficient of friction is 0.4, will the box
move? If no, What is the smallest force that could make the box slide along the table?

A car of mass 1.2 tons is travelling along a straight horizontal road at a speed of 20 m/ s, when it brakes sharply then
skids.
Friction brings the car to rest. if the coefficient of friction between the tires and road is 0.8, calculate
a the deceleration
b the distance travelled by the car before it comes to rest.
A woman is trying to push a load of mass 50 kg across a floor. The woman exerts a force of 70 N.
a.) Assuming the body is frictionless, calculate the acceleration of the load.
b.) Assuming that a constant resistive force of 56 N is acting, calculate:
b1.)The acceleration of the load
b2.)The coefficient of friction, between the load and the ground, assuming the resistive force is due only to friction.
TENSION
Force present to a string or rope when pulling an object using rope or string.

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑚 𝑇 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑎 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 𝑤 = 𝑚𝑔

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑔 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 (9.81𝑚/𝑠 2 )
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑇 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐼𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡:

𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑎 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑇 − 𝑊
0=𝑇−𝑤
𝑇=𝑤
Force present to a string or rope when pulling an object using rope or string.

Tension on the string if the object is

accelerating upward.
𝐹𝑁𝐸𝑇 = 𝑇 − 𝑊
𝑇 = 𝐹𝑁𝐸𝑇 + 𝑊
𝑇 = 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑡 + 𝑚𝑔
𝑇 = 𝑚(𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑡 + 𝑔)
𝐅𝐍𝐄𝐓
𝑂𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡:
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
𝑇1𝑋 = 𝑇1𝐶𝑂𝑆𝜃 𝑇1 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑇1𝑌 = 𝑇1𝑆𝐼𝑁𝜃 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑇2𝑋 = 𝑇𝐶𝑂𝑆𝜃 𝑇2 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑇2𝑌 = 𝑇2𝐶𝑂𝑆𝜃

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒:
@ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡
−𝑇1𝑋 + 𝑇2𝑋 = 0
𝑇2𝑋 = 𝑇1𝑋
𝑇2𝐶𝑂𝑆𝜃2 = 𝑇1𝐶𝑂𝑆𝜃1
@𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑇1𝑌 + 𝑇2𝑌 − 𝑊 = 0
𝑇1𝑆𝐼𝑁𝜃1 + 𝑇2𝑆𝐼𝑁𝜃2 = 𝑊
 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 250𝑁
40 𝑘𝑔 50 𝑘𝑔
 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑡 ∗ 𝑎
𝐹𝑔1 − 𝑊2 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠1 + 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠2 ∗ 𝑎
𝑇1
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 1 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 2
𝑇2
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒: 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹𝑔 − 𝑊

𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚:

𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝐹𝑔 − 𝑊 𝑚1 𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑚2 𝑔
𝑎= = =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2

After getting the acceleration of system using the

above formula, check if the sign of the acceleration is
positive or negative:
If positive, the assumption that Fg which is the force
pulling the mass 1 can also carry or pull the load of
mass 2.

If negative, then the assumption is wrong, the

𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
direction of the net force should be with the force
pulling the mass 2.
 After correcting the direction of the net force, if the
assumption is wrong. We can compute for the force
present at tension 1 and tension 2 using the free
𝑇1
diagram of individual masses.
𝑇2 In this case since there is no numerical value on the
given problem, let say that the fg is with the net force
meaning mass1 can carry mass2.

𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠1 :

𝑇1

𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑚𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑇1
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑚1 𝑎
𝑚1 𝑎 = 𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑇1 ⇒ 𝑇1 = 𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑚1 𝑎
 For body diagram for mass 2:

𝑇1

𝑇2
T2

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑚2 𝑎
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑇2 − 𝑊
Net force MASS 2 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑇2 − 𝑚𝑔
𝑚2 𝑎 = 𝑇2 − 𝑚𝑔
𝑇2 = 𝑚2 𝑎 + 𝑚𝑔

𝐼𝑛 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚,
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙
be positive and if it against it will be negative.