COURSE CONTENT

Software development life - cycle. Top-down design. Program design usmg pseudo-code,
: flowchart. Flowchart ANSI symbols and usage. Programming using a structured language such
as C: Symbols, keywords, identifiers, data types, operators, various statements, operator
precedence, type conversion, conditional and control structures, array, function, recursive
functions parameter passing, pointers, structure, union. File Handling. Software development in
C in MS Windows, UNIX/LINUX environments.

Software: Is a set of instruction given to computer to perform a particular function. There are
two basic types of software,
~ System software
~ Applicationsoftware
System software: is a type of computer program that is designed to run ~ computer's hardwares- ,
and application programs. System software is computer software designed to provide platform
to other software/so Examples i of system software are operating system or system control
program and utility software or system support programy like, Microsoft
Windows, MacOS, Linux, compiler, linker or debug gel', interpreter and so on.
Application 1 software: is a computer program designed to perform a group of coordinated.
functions, tasks, or activities for the benefit of the user. It is usually install on the' computet
system based on the user's specification. Examples me Corel draw, print artist, web-browsers,
media players, accounting applications, simulators and so on.
I

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE:

Software Development Life Cycle: Consists of detailed plan on how to develop, maintain;
replace and 'alter or enhance specific software. SDLC defines a methodology for improving the
quality of software and the overall development process, in essence SDLC describe phases of the
software cycle and the order in which those phases are executed. Each phase produces
deliverables requiremensfor the next phase in the life cycle.
Software development life cycle involves six (6) phases
~ Requirement gathering and analysis
);;- Design
r

:;.- Implementation! coding

:;.- Testing
:;.- Deployment
z
:;.- Maintenance

REQUIREMENT GATHERING AND ANALYSIS: Requirements are gathered in this phase.

This phase is the main focus of the project stake holders. Meetings with managers, stake holders
and users are held in order to determine the requirements and following are general questions get
answered at this stage.

i
• Who is going to use the system?
• How will they use the sy~tem?
• What data should be input into the system?
• What data should be output by the system?

Analysis is carried out on the gathered requirements to determine their validity and the
possibility of incorporating them in the system to be development. After which requirement
specification document is created in order to serve as guidelines for the next phase of the cycle.
DESIGN: At this phase the system and software design is prepared from the requirement j,

specification document gotten from the first phase. System design helps in specifying hardware
and system requirements and also helps in defining overall system architecture. The system
design specifications serve as input for the next phase of the model.

IMPLEMENTATION I CODING: On receiving system design documents, the work is

divided in modules/units and actual coding is started. Since, in this phase the code is produced so
it is the main focus for the developer. This is the longest phase of the software development life
cycle.

TESTING: After the code is developed it is tested against the requirements to make sure that 4

the product is actually solving the needs addressed and gathered during the requirements phase.
During this phase all types of functional testing like unit testing, integration testing, system
testing, acceptance testing are done as well as non-functional testing are also done.

,"'
_'-
DEPLOYMENT: After successful testing the product is delivered I deployed to the customer
for their use. As soon as the product is given to the customers they will first do the beta testing to
check if any changes are required or if any bugs are caught, then they will report it to the
engineering team. Once those changes are made or the bugs are fixed then the final deployment
will happen.

MAINTENANCE: Once the customers start usmg the developed system then the actual
problems comes up and needs to be solved from time to time. This process where the care is
taken for the developed product is known as maintenance.

Software DesignApproaches

Systems are usually composed; of more than one sub-systems and it contains a number of
I

components. Further, these sub-systems and components may have their own set of sub-system
and sub-components and creates hierarchical structure in the system. There are two (2)
approaches to software design

• . Top-down Design

• Bottom-up Design

Top-down: This approach takes the whole software system as one entity and then decomposes
I

it to achieve more than one sub-system or component based on some characteristics. Each sub-
system or component is then treated as a system and decomposed further. This process keeps on
running until the lowest level of system in the top-down hierarchy is achieved.

Top-down design starts with a generalized model of system and keeps on defining the more
specific part of it. When all components are composed the whole system comes into existence.

Top-down design is more suitable when the software solution needs to be designed from scratch
and specific details are unknown.

Bottom-up Design: Bottom-up design model starts with most specific and basic components. It
proceeds with composing higher level of components by using basic or lower level components .••.
It keeps creating higher level components until the desired system is ~ evolved as one single
component. With each higher level, the amount of abstraction is increased.
,. -

Bottom-up strategy is more suitable when a system needs to be created from some existing
system, where the basic primitives can be used in the newer system.

Both, top-down and bottom-up approaches are not practical individually. A good combination
of both gives better result.
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