The Valley Cathedral Academy, Inc.

#o63 HL Labac, Naic, Cavite

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

U 4- 1.ESTIMATIONS OF
PARAMETERS
NI 5
T
TASK BASED LEARNING MODEL

GRADE ELEVEN
Learning Area STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Fourth Quarter – Second Semester
Module 2 Duration 4 Weeks

Topic/s Lesson 1: Central Limit Theorem

Lesson 2: Percentile & T-Distribution
Lesson 3: Length of Confidence Interval and Appropriate Sample Size
Lesson 4: Testing Hypothesis

Textbook: Statistics and Probability

Reference/s Statistics and Probability, Rex Bookstore
 Rene R. Belecina, Elisa S. Baccay, Efren B. Mateo 2016
Online  Statistics%20_%20Probability_Q3_Mod6_Central%20Limit
Resources %20Theorem.pdf
Resource/s:
 Statistics%20_%20Probability_Q3_Mod7_Percentile%20and
%20T-Distribution.pdf
 Statistics%20_%20Probability_Q3_Mod8_Length%20of
%20Confidence%20Interval.pdf
 pdfcoffee.com_statistics-and-probability-g11-quarter-4-module-
1-test-of-hypothesis-pdf-free.pdf

Subject Teacher: MR. DAVE HOMER H. MORALES

1
WEEK
Central Limit Theorem
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 The Valley Cathedral Academy, Inc.
#o63 HL Labac, Naic, Cavite

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to:
 illustrate the Central Limit Theorem; (M11/12SP-IIIe-2)
 define the sampling distribution of the sample mean using the Central Limit Theorem; and (M11/12SP-IIIe-3)
 solve problems involving sampling distributions of the sample mean. (M11/12SP-IIIf-1)
LESSON PROPER

Statistics is the most commonly used branch of mathematics. We use it almost every day. It is also a must-have
knowledge for a data scientist. Central Limit Theorem is the cornerstone of it.
In statistics, the given data set represents a sample from the entire population. Using this sample, we try to see the
patterns in the data. We then try to generalize the patterns in the sample to the population while making the predictions.
Central limit theorem helps us to make inferences about the sample and population parameters.

What’s In?
Central Limit Theorem states that the sampling distribution of the mean approaches a normal distribution, as the
sample size increases.

Regardless of the initial shape of the population distribution, if samples of size n are randomly selected from a
population, the sampling distribution of the sampling means will approach a normal distribution as the sample size
n gets larger.

Remember that if we want to get a good estimate of the population mean, we have to make n sufficiently large. This fact
is stated as a theorem in the Central Limit Theorem.

Central Limit theorem is important because it teaches researchers to use a limited sample to make intelligent and
accurate conclusions about a greater population. It also justifies the use of normal curve methods for a wide range of
problems.

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 The Valley Cathedral Academy, Inc.
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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Study the illustrative sample problems below.

1. Assume that the variable is normally distributed, the average time it takes a group of senior high school students to
complete a certain examination is 46.2 minutes while the standard deviation is 8 minutes. What is the probability that
a randomly selected senior high school student will complete the examination in less than 43 minutes? Does it seem
reasonable that a senior high school student would finish the examination in less than 43 minutes?
a. If 50 randomly selected senior high school students take the examination, what is the probability that the mean time it
takes the group to complete the test will be less than 43 minutes? Does it seem reasonable that the mean of the 50 senior
high school students could be less than 43 minutes?

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#o63 HL Labac, Naic, Cavite

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Therefore, the probability that a randomly selected 50 senior high school students will complete the examination in less
than 43 minutes is 0.23%. No, it’s not reasonable since the probability is less than 1.
2. An electrical company claims that the average life of the bulbs it manufactures is 1 200 hours with a standard deviation
of 250 hours. If a random sample of 100 bulbs is chosen, what is the probability that the sample mean will be between
1150 hours and 1 250 hours?

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 The Valley Cathedral Academy, Inc.
#o63 HL Labac, Naic, Cavite

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

ACTIVITY
Activity I: Supply the missing words/phrase that will make the sentence complete.
Name:__________________________________ Date:___________
Track/Strand:____________________________ Score:_____/5

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 The Valley Cathedral Academy, Inc.
#o63 HL Labac, Naic, Cavite

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

1. Central Limit Theorem states that the sampling distribution of the mean approaches a
____________________________ as the sample size increases.

2. A good estimate of the mean is obtained if the standard error of the mean is small or _______________.

3. The mean is a poor estimate if the standard error of the mean is _______________.

4. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is _______________ to the population mean.

5. The _____________________________ measures the degree of accuracy of the sample mean as an estimate of
the population mean.

II. Enumerate the steps in solving problem using Central Limit Theorem?

III Probability Solving: Directions: Read, analyze, and solve the problems below. Show your complete
solutions.

1. There are 250 dogs at a dog show that weigh an average of 12 pounds, with a standard deviation of 8 pounds. If 4 dogs
are chosen at random, what is the probability that the average weight is greater than 8 pounds?

WEEK
2 Percentiles and T-Distribution

By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to:
1. Illustrate the t-distribution (M11-12SP-IIIg2)
2. Identify the percentile using the t-table (M11-12SP-IIIg5)

LESSON PROPER

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 The Valley Cathedral Academy, Inc.
#o63 HL Labac, Naic, Cavite

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Lesson
Percentile and the
1 T-Distribution
Percentiles have been discussed on your Grade 10 and their uses. These were also discussed that percentiles
are identifier of a student’s performance in comparison to the performance of the whole class.
In this lesson, you will explore and understand the student’s t-distribution and identify the percentiles using
the t-tables.
Before we discuss percentiles and t-distribution, it is necessary to study first the concept of percentiles. Let us
have a recall about percentiles. Answer all the activities provided for you. Good luck and have a good time answering
the module.

The t-distribution (also called Student’s t-distribution) is a family of distributions that look almost identical to
the normal distribution curve, only a bit shorter and stouter. The t-distribution is used instead of the normal
distribution when you have small samples. The larger the sample size, the more the t distribution looks like the
normal distribution. In fact, for sample sizes larger than 20 (e.g. more degrees of freedom), the distribution is almost
exactly like the normal distribution.
The t-distribution is similar to a normal distribution. It has a precise mathematical definition. Instead of diving
into complex math, let’s look at the useful properties of the t-distribution and why it is important in analysis of any set
of statistical quantitative data.

• Like the normal distribution, the t-distribution has a smooth shape.

• Like the normal distribution, the t-distribution is symmetric. If you think about folding it in half at the mean, each side
will be the same.
• Like a standard normal distribution (or z-distribution), the t-distribution has a mean of zero.
• The normal distribution assumes that the population standard deviation is known.
The t-distribution does not make this assumption.
• The t-distribution is defined by the degrees of freedom. These are related to the sample size.
• The t-distribution is most useful for small sample sizes, when the population standard deviation is not known, or both.
• As the sample size increases, the t-distribution becomes more similar to a normal distribution.
Using the t-table, shown on the next page we can be able to identify the t value of a certain data.
Let us be familiar first with the following words:
1. Degree of freedom - This refers to the maximum number of logically independent values which vary in the data
sample.

2. Percentile – This is a measure of position with data divided into 100 parts.

Below is the t-table which you can use to find the t-value

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Illustrative example:
1. Identify the t-value whose number of samples n = 7 and has an area (𝛼) equal to 0.05.
2. Find the t-value whose degree of freedom is 20 and has 𝛼 = 0.01.
3. Identify the t-value of the following percentiles given the number of samples.
a. 95th percentile , N= 30
b. 90th percentile, N=20
Solution:
1. To identify the t-value, identify first the degree of freedom using the formula df= n-1 where n is the sample
size.
df = n-1 df = 7-1
df = 6

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 The Valley Cathedral Academy, Inc.
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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Therefore, the t-value with sample size of 7 and has 𝛼 = 0.05 is 1.943.

2. Since the degree of freedom and 𝛼 are already given locate the t-value on the t-table.

Therefore, the t-value is 2.528

3.a. The 95th percentile is the number where 95% of the values lie below it and 5% lie above it, so you want the right-tail
area to be 0.05. Move across the row, find the column for 0.05, and then locate the t-value using n=30 or df = 29.

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

So therefore, the t-value of P95 with n= 30 is 1.699.

b. The 90th percentile is the number where 90% of the values lie below it and 10% lie above it, so you want the right-
tail area to be 0.01. Move across the row, find the column for 0.05, and then locate the t-value using n=20 or df = 19.

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Therefore, the t-value of 90th percentile with n= 20 is 1.328

ACTIVITY
Activity I: Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of t-distribution?

A. Like the normal distribution, the t-distribution has a smooth shape.

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

B. Like the normal distribution, the t-distribution is symmetric. If you think about folding it in half at the
mean, each side will be the same.
C. Like a standard normal distribution (or z-distribution), the t distribution has a mean of one.
D. The normal distribution assumes that the population standard deviation is known. The t-distribution
does not make this assumption.

2. This refers to the measure of position with data divided into 100 parts.
A. Percentiles C. Deciles
B. Quartiles D. Median

3. This refers to the maximum number of logically independent values, which vary in the data sample.
A. Level of significance C. Degree of freedom
B. Percentiles D. Probability

4. What is the right-tailed area if the confidence interval is 75%?

A. 0.05 C. 0.005
B. 0.10 D. 0.25

5. What will be the degree of freedom of the data whose sample size is 18?
A. 17 C. 19
B. 18 D. 20

APPLICATION

Test I: Complete the table below by identifying the degree of freedom, right-tailed area and the t-value for each
percentile and the sample size.

Percentile n df Right tailed area t

1. 60th percentile 2

2. 75th percentile 5

3. 25th percentile 15

4. 90th percentile 7

5. 95th percentile 20

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