Thermodynamics

Lecture 4: Energy Analysis for closed

system
MSc Ali S. M. Almshahy
Department of Polymers and Petrochemicals Engineering
Faculty of Petroleum and Gas Engineering
University of Basra for Oil and Gas
 Reversible process
Specific heat (C): is the heat required to raise unit mass through one-
degree temperature rise for small quantity.
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝐶 ∗ 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑞 = 𝐶 ∗ 𝑑𝑇 … … … … 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Where: dQ amount of heat added (KJ)
m: mass of the gas (Kg)
C: specific heat (KJ/Kg.K)
dT: Change in gas Temperature (K)
 Reversible process
At Constant Volume:
By using non flow energy equation
𝑑𝑞 = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑤
V=constant , then dw=0
𝑑𝑞 = 𝑑𝑢 … … … 2
By sub equation (2) in equation (1)
𝐶 = named specific heat at constant volume then
𝑑𝑢 = 𝐶 ∗ 𝑑𝑇
By integration ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝐶 ∫ 𝑑𝑇
∆𝑈 = 𝐶 ∗ ∆𝑇
 Reversible process
At Constant Pressure:
By using non flow energy equation
𝑑𝑞 = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑤
𝑑𝑤 = 𝑃. 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑃 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑃 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 = 𝑃𝑉2 − 𝑃𝑉1
𝑑𝑞 = (𝑢2 − 𝑢1) + (𝑃𝑉2 − 𝑃𝑉1)
𝑑𝑞 = 𝑢2 + 𝑃𝑉2 − (𝑢1 + 𝑃𝑉1)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑝𝑣 = ℎ
𝑑𝑞 = ℎ2 − ℎ1
𝑑𝑞 = 𝐶. 𝑑𝑇
𝑑ℎ = 𝐶. 𝑑𝑇
Cp=named specific heat at constant pressure
 Reversible process
At Constant Pressure:
𝑑ℎ = 𝐶𝑝. 𝑑𝑇 𝑏𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑑ℎ = 𝐶𝑝. 𝑑𝑇

∆𝐻 = 𝐶𝑝. ∆𝑇
 Reversible process
Relation Between Specific heats:
𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊

∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝐶 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝑊 = 𝑃 𝑉2 − 𝑉1
For equation of perfect gas 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚. 𝑅𝑇
𝑊 = 𝑃(𝑉2 − 𝑉1) = 𝑚. 𝑅(𝑇2 − 𝑇1)
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 + 𝑚. 𝑅(𝑇2 − 𝑇1)
𝑄 = 𝑚 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 . (𝐶 + 𝑅)
 Reversible process
For Constant pressure processes:
𝑄 = ∆𝐻 = 𝑚𝐶 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1)
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑚(𝑇2 − 𝑇1). (𝐶 + 𝑅)
∴𝐶 =𝐶 +𝑅 →𝑅 =𝐶 −𝐶
𝑅 =𝐶 −𝐶 by divided on 𝐶
𝑅 𝐶
= −1
𝐶 𝐶
𝑪𝒑
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝜸 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
𝑪𝒗
𝑅
=𝛾−1
𝐶
𝑪𝒗 = 𝑹/(𝜸 − 𝟏)
 Reversible process
For Constant pressure processes:
𝑄 = ∆𝐻 = 𝑚𝐶 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1)
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑚(𝑇2 − 𝑇1). (𝐶 + 𝑅)
∴𝐶 =𝐶 +𝑅 →𝑅 =𝐶 −𝐶
𝑅 =𝐶 −𝐶 by divided on 𝐶
𝑅 𝐶
=1−
𝐶 𝐶
𝑪𝒑
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝜸 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
𝑪𝒗
𝑅
= 1 − 1/𝛾
𝐶
𝑪𝒑 = 𝑹/(𝟏 − 𝟏/𝜸)
 Reversible process
Closed system – Reversible process:
1- Constant pressure process (Isobaric Process)
A) For perfect gas
𝑃1𝑉1 𝑃2𝑉2 𝑉1 𝑉2
= → =
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑾= 𝑃. 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑃 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑷 𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟏 = 𝒎 𝑹 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏
𝑸 = ∆𝑯 + 𝑾

𝑄 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 + 𝑃2𝑉2 − 𝑃1𝑉1
= 𝑃2𝑉2 + 𝑈2 − (𝑃1𝑉1 + 𝑈1)
𝑄 = 𝐻2 − 𝐻1
𝑸 = 𝒎 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 = 𝒎 𝑪𝒑 (𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏)
 Reversible process
Closed system – Reversible process:
1- Constant pressure process (Isobaric Process)
B) For Steam
𝑄 = ∆𝐻 + 𝑊
𝑊= 𝑃. 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑃 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑃 𝑉2 − 𝑉1
𝑄 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 + 𝑃2𝑉2 − 𝑃1𝑉1 = 𝑃2𝑉2 + 𝑈2 − (𝑃1𝑉1 + 𝑈1)
𝑄 = 𝐻2 − 𝐻1
𝑸 = 𝒎 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏
 Reversible process
Closed system – Reversible process:
2- Constant Volume process (Isochoric Process)
A) For perfect gas

𝑃1𝑉1 𝑃2𝑉2 𝑃1 𝑃2
= → =
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇1 𝑇2

𝑊= 𝑃. 𝑑𝑣 → 𝑉 = 𝐶 → 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑾 = 𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
𝑸 = ∆𝑯 + 𝑾

𝑄 = ∆𝑈
𝑸 = 𝒎𝑪𝒗 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏
 Reversible process
Closed system – Reversible process:
2- Constant Volume process (Isochoric Process)
A) For Steam:
𝑄 = ∆𝐻 + 𝑊 𝑊=0 𝑉 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

𝑸 = ∆𝑼 = 𝒎 𝑼𝟐 − 𝑼𝟏

𝑈 ≠ 𝐶𝑣. ∆𝑇 𝑼 = 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆

 Reversible process
Closed system – Reversible process:
3- Constant Temperature process (Isothermal Process)
A) For perfect gas :
𝑄 = ∆𝐻 + 𝑊

∆𝑈 = 𝑚 𝐶𝑣 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 since T = constant T2 = T1
∴ ∆𝑇 = 0 → ∆𝑈 = 0
𝑄=𝑊
From state equation
𝑃1𝑉1 𝑃2𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
Since T= constant
P1V1=P2V2=C , P=C/V
 Reversible process
Closed system – Reversible process:
3- Constant Temperature process (Isothermal Process)
A) For perfect gas :
𝐶𝑑𝑉 𝑉2
𝑤= = 𝐶 𝐿𝑛( )
𝑉 𝑉1
Since C=P1V1=P2V2
𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑾 = 𝑷𝟏𝑽𝟏 𝑳𝒏 𝒐𝒓 𝑾 = 𝑷𝟐𝑽𝟐 𝑳𝒏( )
𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟏
𝑷𝟏
𝑾 = 𝑷𝟐𝑽𝟐 𝑳𝒏 KJ/Kg
𝑷𝟐
PV =m RT
𝑷𝟏
W= m R T Ln KJ
𝑷𝟐
 Reversible process
Closed system – Reversible process:
3- Constant Temperature process (Isothermal Process)
B) For Steam:
𝑄 = ∆𝐻 + 𝑊
∆𝐻 = 𝑚 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 𝐾𝐽

𝑊 = 𝑄 − ∆𝐻
 Reversible process
Closed system – Reversible process:
4- Adiabatic process (Isentropic process) 𝑷𝑽𝜸 = 𝑪
A) For perfect gas:
For adiabatic process there is no heat transfer 𝑄 = 0
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝑈 + 𝑑𝑊 𝑑𝑄 = 0
𝑑𝑈 + 𝑑𝑊 = 0 … … … … 1
𝑷𝟏𝑽𝟏𝜸 = 𝑪 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐 𝜸
= ( ) … … … … 2 − 𝑎 𝑜𝑟
𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟏

𝑽𝟐 𝑷𝟏 𝟏/𝜸
= ( ) … … … (2 − 𝑏)
𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟐
 Reversible process
Closed system – Reversible process:
4- Adiabatic process (Isentropic process)
A) For perfect gas:
From equation of state =
𝑃1 𝑇1𝑉2
= … … … … 3 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞. 2 − 𝑎
𝑃2 𝑇2𝑉1

𝑃1 𝑃1 𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑇1
= . =
𝑃2 𝑃2 𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑇2

𝜸 𝟏/𝜸
𝑻𝟏 𝑷𝟏
=
𝑻𝟐 𝑷𝟐
 Reversible process
Closed system – Reversible process:
4- Adiabatic process (Isentropic process)
A) For perfect gas:
From equation(1)
𝑑𝑊 = −𝑑𝑈
𝑊 = −(𝑈2 − 𝑈1)
𝑊 = 𝑈1 − 𝑈2
𝑊 = 𝐶𝑣 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑪𝒗 = 𝑹/(𝜸 − 𝟏)
𝑊 = 𝑅/(𝛾 − 1) 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑂𝑅 𝑊 = 𝑃. 𝑑𝑣
 Reversible process
Closed system – Reversible process:
4- Adiabatic process (Isentropic process)
A) For perfect gas:
From adiabatic process 𝑷𝟏𝑽𝟏𝜸 = 𝑪
𝐶
𝑃=
𝑉
𝐶
𝑊= 𝑑𝑉
𝑉
𝑑𝑉
𝑊=𝐶 =𝐶 𝑉 𝑑𝑉
𝑉
𝑉
𝑊=𝐶
1−𝛾
𝑉2 − 𝑉1
𝑊=𝐶
1−𝛾
 Reversible process
Closed system – Reversible process:
4- Adiabatic process (Isentropic process)
A) For perfect gas:
1
𝑊= (𝐶𝑉2 − 𝐶𝑉1 )
1−𝛾
1
𝑊= (𝑃2𝑉2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1𝑉1 𝑉1 )
1−𝛾

𝑷𝟐𝑽𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏𝑽𝟏 𝒎𝑹(𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏)

𝑾= =
(𝟏 − 𝜸) (𝜸 − 𝟏)
 Reversible process
Closed system – Reversible process:
4- Adiabatic process (Isentropic process)
B) For Steam:
𝑸 = ∆𝑼 + 𝑾 → 𝑸 = 𝟎

𝑾 = − 𝑼𝟐 − 𝑼𝟏 𝑲𝑱
 Reversible process
Closed system – Reversible process:
5- Polytropic process (𝑷𝑽𝒏 = 𝑪)
A) For Steam:
𝑸 = ∆𝑼 + 𝑾
𝑷𝟏𝑽𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐𝑽𝟐
𝑾=
𝒏−𝟏
Since h=u+pv u=h-pv
𝑝1𝑣1 − 𝑝2𝑣2
𝑞= + ℎ2 − 𝑝2𝑣2 − ℎ1 − 𝑝1𝑣1
𝑛−1
1
𝑞 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 + 𝑝1𝑣1 − 𝑝2𝑣2 +1
𝑛−1
1+𝑛−1
𝑞 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 + 𝑝1𝑣1 − 𝑝2𝑣2
𝑛−1
𝑝1𝑣1 − 𝑝2𝑣2
𝑞 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 + 𝑛 ∗
𝑛−1
𝒒 = 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 + (𝒏 ∗ 𝒘)
 Reversible process
Closed system – Reversible process:
5- Polytropic process (𝑷𝑽𝒏 = 𝑪)
A) For perfect gas:
𝑸 = ∆𝑼 + 𝑾
𝒎(𝑷𝟏𝑽𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐𝑽𝟐)
𝑾=
𝒏−𝟏
∆𝑼 = 𝒎 𝑪𝒗 (𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏)
𝑚(𝑃1𝑉1 − 𝑃2𝑉2)
𝑸 = 𝒎 𝑪𝒗 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 +
𝑛−1
( )
𝑸= − 𝑚 𝐶𝑣 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2)
𝑅
𝐶𝑣 =
𝛾−1
( )
𝑸= −𝑚 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2)
𝑸= − 𝑚 𝑅(𝑇1 − 𝑇2)
 Reversible process
Closed system – Reversible process:
5- Polytropic process (𝑷𝑽𝒏 = 𝑪)
A) For perfect gas:
𝑸= 𝑚 𝑅(𝑇1 − 𝑇2)
( )( )
( )
𝑸=( )
( ) ( )
𝑚 𝑅(𝑇1 − 𝑇2)
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑾 =
(𝑛 − 1)
𝜸 𝒏
𝑸= ( ) 𝑾
(𝜸 𝟏)
For this process as the same way of adiabatic process
𝒏
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐
=
𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟏