UNIT III: Application architecture Patterns: Introduction to Enterprise Integration, different

integration styles. Elements of messaging-based Integration. Enterprise Integration patterns:

Modern service integration techniques. Introduction to WSDL, SOAP.

Introduction to Enterprise Integration

Enterprise integration refers to the process of connecting and coordinating various systems,
applications, and data sources within an organization to enable seamless communication and
collaboration. It involves combining different technologies, platforms, and protocols to ensure that
information flows smoothly across the entire enterprise.

The primary goal of enterprise integration is to break down silos and enable disparate systems to work
together efficiently, thereby improving business processes, enhancing productivity, and driving
innovation. By integrating diverse systems and data sources, organizations can achieve a unified view of
their operations, streamline workflows, and make better-informed decisions.

Enterprise integration encompasses several key aspects:

1. *Data Integration*: Bringing together data from multiple sources, such as databases, applications,
and external APIs, and ensuring consistency, accuracy, and accessibility across the organization. This
may involve data cleansing, transformation, and synchronization to harmonize disparate data formats
and structures.

2. *Application Integration*: Connecting and coordinating various software applications, whether they
are custom-built, legacy systems, or third-party solutions, to enable them to exchange data and
functionality seamlessly. Application integration may involve API-based integration, message-based
integration, or middleware technologies.

3. *Process Integration*: Orchestrating and automating business processes that span multiple systems
and departments, ensuring smooth execution and coordination of tasks. Process integration aims to
optimize workflows, minimize manual intervention, and enhance operational efficiency.

4. *Service Integration*: Exposing functionality and data as services that can be consumed by other
applications or systems within the enterprise. Service integration promotes reusability, modularity, and
interoperability, allowing different components to interact with each other in a standardized and loosely
coupled manner.

5. *Cloud Integration*: Integrating cloud-based services, platforms, and infrastructure with on-premises
systems and applications to create a hybrid IT environment. Cloud integration enables organizations to
leverage the scalability, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness of cloud computing while seamlessly
integrating with existing on-premises resources.

6. *Partner and Supplier Integration*: Extending integration capabilities beyond the organizational
boundaries to include external stakeholders such as partners, suppliers, and customers. Partner
integration facilitates collaboration, data exchange, and business process alignment across the entire
supply chain ecosystem.

Effective enterprise integration requires careful planning, architectural design, and implementation to
address technical, organizational, and governance challenges. It involves selecting appropriate
integration technologies, establishing standards and best practices, and fostering a culture of
collaboration and agility across the organization.

Overall, enterprise integration plays a crucial role in driving digital transformation, enabling
organizations to adapt to changing market dynamics, unlock new opportunities, and deliver enhanced
value to customers and stakeholders.

What are different integration styles in enterprise patterns?

Enterprise integration patterns encompass various integration styles that organizations use to
connect and coordinate diverse software systems within their enterprise architecture. The
integration styles can be categorized into different approaches, each addressing specific needs
and challenges.

Here are some common integration styles in the context of enterprise patterns:

1. Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA):

• Description: SOA is an architectural style where software components, or

services, communicate with each other over a network. Services are designed to be
independent, reusable, and loosely coupled.
• Use Cases: Enterprise-level integration, interoperability, and flexibility in adapting to
changing business needs.
•
2. Microservices Architecture:

• Description: Involves breaking down a monolithic application into a set of small, independent
services, each responsible for a specific business capability. Microservices communicate
through APIs.
Use Cases: Scalability, agility, and the ability to develop and deploy services independently.

3.Event-Driven Architecture (EDA):

• Description: Systems communicate through the production and consumption of events. Events
are messages that signify a change in state or occurrence of an action.
• Use Cases: Real-time processing, loosely coupled systems, and scenarios where events trigger
actions in other systems.

3. Message-Driven Architecture:

• Description: Systems communicate by exchanging messages asynchronously. Messages can be

sent and received through message queues or topics.
• Use Cases: Scalability, decoupling of systems, and support for asynchronous processing.

4. API-Based Integration:

• Description: Involves exposing APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) to allow different

systems to interact. APIs define the rules and protocols for communication.
• Use Cases: Enabling third-party integrations, facilitating communication between internal
systems.

5. Batch Integration:

• Description: Involves processing data in batches rather than in real-time. Data is collected,
processed, and exchanged periodically.
• Use Cases: Large-scale data processing, data warehousing, and scenarios where real-time
processing is not critical.

6. Data Synchronization:

• Description: Involves keeping data consistent across different systems by synchronizing

changes in one system with others.
• Use Cases: Maintaining data integrity, ensuring consistency across multiple databases.

7. File Transfer:

• Description: Systems exchange data by transferring files between them. This can be done
using various protocols and file formats.
• Use Cases: Data exchange between systems that support file-based communication.

List out some elements of message based integration?

Message-based integration involves the exchange of messages between different software
applications, systems, or components to enable seamless communication and data sharing.
Several key elements contribute to the success of message-based integration:
1. Messages: Messages are the fundamental units of communication in message-based
integration. These can be structured data packets containing information or instructions that are
exchanged between systems. Messages can be formatted in various ways, such as XML, JSON,
or other custom formats.

2. Message Channels: Message channels provide the communication pathways through which
messages are sent and received. These channels can be asynchronous, allowing for decoupling
of systems, or synchronous, providing immediate responses. Channels facilitate the flow of
messages between different components of the integrated system.

3. Message Queues: Message queues are used to temporarily store messages before they are
processed by the receiving system. This helps in managing the flow of messages, providing a
buffer during times of high volume or when the receiving system is temporarily unavailable.

4. Message Brokers: Message brokers act as intermediaries that manage the routing and delivery
of messages between sender and receiver systems. They often provide additional features such
as message transformation, enrichment, and routing based on predefined rules.

5. Message Formats: Standardized message formats ensure that all systems involved in the
integration can understand and interpret the messages correctly. Common formats include XML,
JSON, and industry-specific standards like HL7 in healthcare or EDI in business transactions.

6. Message Transformation: Message transformation involves converting messages from one

format to another to ensure compatibility between systems with different data structures or
standards. This allows disparate systems to communicate effectively by translating messages into
a common format.

7. Message Routing: Message routing determines the path a message takes from the sender to
the intended receiver. It involves making decisions based on message content, destination, or
other criteria to ensure that messages are delivered to the appropriate systems or components.

8. Error Handling: Robust error handling mechanisms are crucial for message-based
integration. This includes the ability to detect, log, and handle errors that may occur during
message processing, ensuring that the integration system remains reliable and resilient.
 9. Security Measures: Message-based integration systems need to implement security measures
such as encryption, authentication, and authorization to protect the confidentialityand integrity
of the messages being exchanged.

10. Monitoring and Logging: Comprehensive monitoring and logging capabilities are essential
for tracking the flow of messages, identifying issues, and ensuring the overall health and
performance of the integration system.

By incorporating these elements into message-based integration, organizations can achieve

seamless communication between disparate systems, enabling efficient data exchange and
collaboration across the enterprise.

Modern service integration techniques in enterprise architecture patterns involve

various methods for seamlessly connecting and coordinating services within an organization's IT
infrastructure. Some of these techniques include:

1. *Microservices*: Breaking down applications into smaller, independently deployable services that
communicate via APIs. This promotes agility, scalability, and ease of maintenance.

2. *Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)*: Designing software components as services that are loosely
coupled and can be reused across different applications.

3. *Event-Driven Architecture (EDA)*: Emphasizing the production, detection, consumption, and

reaction to events, enabling real-time responsiveness and decoupling of components.

4. *API Management*: Centralized management of APIs, including security, versioning, monitoring, and
monetization, to facilitate integration and collaboration between services.

5. *Message Queuing and Brokering*: Using message queues or brokers to facilitate communication and
coordination between services asynchronously, ensuring reliability and scalability.

6. *Integration Platforms as a Service (iPaaS)*: Cloud-based platforms that provide tools and services for
integrating applications, data, and services across different environments.

7. *Enterprise Service Bus (ESB)*: Middleware architecture that facilitates communication between
disparate applications and services by providing a centralized hub for message routing and
transformation.

8. *Containerization and Orchestration*: Packaging applications and their dependencies into containers
for consistency across different environments, and orchestrating their deployment and management
using tools like Kubernetes.

9. *GraphQL*: A query language for APIs that enables clients to request only the data they need,
improving efficiency and flexibility in service communication.

10. *Serverless Computing*: Running applications as individual functions in a managed environment,

where the cloud provider dynamically manages the allocation of resources, allowing developers to focus
on writing code without managing infrastructure.
These techniques help organizations achieve agility, scalability, reliability, and maintainability in their IT
systems by promoting modularization, decoupling, and flexibility in service integration.

What are the Key Features of SOAP? Discuss pros and cons of SOAP?

SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is a protocol used for exchanging structured information
in the implementation of web services.
Key Features of SOAP:
1. XML-based Messaging: SOAP messages are encoded using XML, making them platform-
independent and easily readable by both humans and machines.
2. Standardized Communication: SOAP defines a standardized communication protocol for
exchanging messages between applications over various network protocols such as HTTP, SMTP,
and others.
3. Extensibility: SOAP allows for the inclusion of additional information and metadata within the
message headers, enabling extensibility and flexibility in the communication process.
4. Error Handling: SOAP includes built-in mechanisms for error handling and fault reporting,
ensuring robustness and reliability in communication between distributed systems.

Advantages of SOAP Web Services Disadvantages of SOAP Web Services

1. Complexity: SOAP messages are typically
1. Interoperability: SOAP web services can be larger and more complex compared to other
accessed and used by any application regardless of protocols like REST, which can increase overhead
the platform or language used. and reduce performance.
2. Overhead: SOAP requires XML parsing, which
2. Standardization: SOAP is a standardized protocol adds overhead in terms of processing time and
with well-defined specifications, ensuring consistency bandwidth consumption, especially for large
and reliability across different implementations. payloads.
3. Less Caching: SOAP messages are often not
3. Security: SOAP supports built-in security features cacheable, leading to increased network traffic and
such as WS-Security, enabling encryption, latency, particularly in scenarios with frequent
authentication, and authorization of messages. requests.
4. ACID Compliance: SOAP supports transactional 4. Limited Browser Support: SOAP is not
integrity through ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, natively supported by web browsers, making it less
Isolation, Durability) properties, ensuring reliability suitable for client-side scripting and browser-based
in distributed systems. applications.
 Advantages of SOAP Web Services Disadvantages of SOAP Web Services
5. Versioning Challenges: Upgrading or evolving
5. Error Handling: SOAP provides standardized SOAP-based services can be challenging due to
error handling mechanisms, including fault messages, stricter versioning requirements and backward
allowing for robust error detection and resolution. compatibility concerns.
6. Service Discovery: SOAP services can be
discovered using standardized protocols such as 6. Flexibility: SOAP's rigid structure and contract-
UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery, and first approach can limit flexibility in service design
Integration), facilitating service integration and and implementation, especially in agile
composition. development environments.
7. Reliability: SOAP offers reliable messaging 7. Performance: Due to its verbose XML format
through features like acknowledgments and retries, and additional processing overhead, SOAP may
ensuring message delivery even in unreliable network exhibit slower performance compared to more
environments. lightweight protocols like REST.
8. Complex Data Types: SOAP supports complex 8. Learning Curve: Developing and understanding
data types such as arrays, structs, and user-defined SOAP-based services often requires a steeper
types, making it suitable for exchanging structured learning curve compared to simpler protocols,
and typed data. potentially increasing development time and effort.

Introduction:
Simple Object Access Protocol(SOAP) is a network protocol for exchanging structured data
between nodes. It uses XML format to transfer messages. It works on top of application layer
protocols like HTTP and SMTP for notations and transmission. SOAP allows processes to
communicate throughout platforms, languages and operating systems, since protocols like
HTTP are already installed on all platforms. SOAP was designed by Bob Atkinson, Don Box, Dave
Winer, and Mohsen Al-Ghosein at Microsoft in 1998. SOAP was maintained by the XML Protocol
Working Group of the World Wide Web Consortium until 2009.

Message Format:
 SOAP message transmits some basic information as given below
 Information about message structure and instructions on processing it.
 Encoding instructions for application defined data types.
 Information about Remote Procedure Calls and their responses.
1. The message in XML format contains three parts
 2. Envelope: It specifies that the XML message is a SOAP message. A SOAP message
can be defined as an XML document containing header and body encapsulated in
the envelope. The fault is within the body of the message.
3. Header: This part is not mandatory. But when it is present it can provide crucial
information about the applications.
4. Body: It contains the actual message that is being transmitted. Fault is contained
within the body tags.
5. Fault: This section contains the status of the application and also contains errors in
the application. This section is also optional. It should not appear more than once in
a SOAP message.

WSDL stands for Web Services Description Language. It is an XML-based language used to describe the
functionality offered by a web service. WSDL documents provide a standardized way for clients to
understand how to interact with a web service.

Key documents included in a WSDL:

1. *Types:* Defines the data types used by the web service, typically using XML Schema Definition (XSD)
to specify the structure of input and output data.

2. *Message:* Describes the data elements exchanged between the client and the web service,
including the types defined in the "Types" section.

3. *PortType:* Defines the operations supported by the web service and the message types associated
with each operation. It acts as an interface to the web service, specifying the operations that clients can
invoke.

4. *Binding:* Specifies the protocol and message format used to communicate with the web service,
such as SOAP over HTTP. It connects the abstract operations defined in the "PortType" to concrete
network protocols and message formats.

5. *Service:* Describes the location of the web service and the endpoints through which clients can
access it. It provides the necessary information for clients to connect to and interact with the web
service.

These documents collectively define the contract between the web service provider and consumers,
enabling interoperability and seamless integration between different systems and platforms.

A WSDL document can also contain other elements, like extension elements and a
service element that makes it possible to group together the definitions of several
web services in one single WSDL document.
Key Features of WSDL:
1. It is platform-independent and has versatility features across various systems.
2. It plays an important component in UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery, and
Integration).
3. It allows a systematic approach to define any web services.
4. As we all know it is an XML-based protocol that exchanges data and information in
distributed systems.
5. It acts as a key support and tool to interface with XML services.
6. It also decreases the LOC (Lines of Code) which is used to access or to define web
services.
7. In the SOAP domain, WSDL is used for node configuration.
Usage of WSDL
 It uses XML based approach to exchange information in a distributed and
decentralized manner.
 It works in the combination of SOAP (Simple Object Access Control) and UDDI
(Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration) protocols to provide web
services.
 It is a language used to describe how to interface with XML services.
 When a client connects to the web server by using WSDL client can be able to
determine what are the functions available on the server and by using SOAP he can
one of the functions which is listed in WSDL.
WSDL patterns of operations
 One-way – Here the operation can receive a message, but the response will not be
returned.
 Request-Response – Here the operation can receive a request and a response will be
returned.
 Solicit-Response – In any operation, we can send a request and we need to wait for a
response.
 Notification – In any operation, we can able to send a message, but we need to wait
for a response.

Advantages Disadvantages
1. Interoperability: Enables communication between 1. Complexity: WSDL documents can be complex
different platforms and languages. and challenging to understand and maintain.
 Advantages Disadvantages
2. Versioning Issues: Changes in the service may
2. Standardization: WSDL is an industry-standard require updates to the WSDL, leading to versioning
for describing web services, promoting consistency. complexities.
3. Automatic Code Generation: WSDL facilitates 3. Performance Overhead: Parsing WSDL
automatic generation of client-side stubs and server- documents can introduce performance overhead,
side skeletons, speeding up development. especially in resource-constrained environments.
4. Service Discovery: WSDL enables service 4. Documentation Overhead: Maintaining
discovery, allowing clients to locate and utilize comprehensive documentation within WSDL files
available services. can be time-consuming.
5. Loose Coupling: WSDL promotes loose coupling 5. Security Concerns: Exposing service interfaces
between service providers and consumers, enhancing through WSDL may raise security concerns if not
flexibility. properly secured.
6. Multiple Bindings: Supports multiple protocols 6. Compatibility Issues: Differences in WSDL
and data formats, offering flexibility in service interpretation among different platforms can lead to
implementation. compatibility issues.
7. Tool Support: WSDL is supported by various 7. Limited Expressiveness: WSDL may not fully
tools for validation, testing, and development, capture complex service behaviors, leading to
improving productivity. limitations in service description.
8. Language Independence: WSDL descriptions are 8. Maintenance Overhead: Changes in service
independent of programming languages, facilitating interfaces may require corresponding updates in
integration across heterogeneous systems. WSDL files, increasing maintenance efforts.