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DSP Vlab1

This document discusses designing FIR filters using the window method. It covers FIR filter theory, ideal filter approximations, and using window functions to design lowpass and highpass filters. Key steps include choosing a window function, calculating coefficients, and analyzing the frequency response.

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raneraji123
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19 views

DSP Vlab1

This document discusses designing FIR filters using the window method. It covers FIR filter theory, ideal filter approximations, and using window functions to design lowpass and highpass filters. Key steps include choosing a window function, calculating coefficients, and analyzing the frequency response.

Uploaded by

raneraji123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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VIRTUAL LAB 1

AIM
Study of FIR filter design using window method: Lowpass and highpass filter.

THEORY
Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filter
FIR filters are digital filters with finite impulse response. They are also known as
non-recursive digital filters as they do not have the feedback (a recursive part
of a filter), even though recursive algorithms can be used for FIR filter
realization. Hence it is an all zero filter. Therefore input and output difference
equation for FIR filter is given by
y(n)=b0x(n)+b1x(n−1)+b2x(n−2)+...+bM−1x(n−N+1)
Where b0, b1, b2 ... b(M-1) are filter coefficients.

There are essentially three well-known methods for FIR filter design namely:
1. The window method.
2. The frequency sampling technique.
3. Optimal filter design methods

Out of these three techniques we are going to discuss about window method
Ideal filter approximation
Figure 4.a and 4.b: Transfer functions of two standard ideal filters
The ideal filter frequency response can be computed via inverse Fourier
transform. The two standard ideal filters frequency responses are contained in
the table 1 below.

Table 1: The frequency responses of two standard ideal filters


The value of variable n ranges between 0 and N, where N is the filter order. A
constant M can be expressed as M = N / 2. Equivalently, N can be expressed as
N = 2M The constant M is an integer if the filter order N is even, which is not
the case with odd order filters. If M is an integer (even filter order), the ideal
filter frequency response is symmetric about its Mth sample which is found via
expression shown in the table 1 above. If M is not an integer, the ideal filter
frequency response is still symmetric, but not about some frequency response
sample Since the variable n ranges between 0 and N, the ideal filter frequency
response has N+1 sample . If it is needed to find frequency response of a
nonstandard ideal filter, the expression for inverse Fourier transform must be
used:
hd[n]=1π∫π0ejω(n−M)dω
FIR filter design using window functions
When both the window function and filter order are known, it is possible to
calculate the window function coefficients w[n] using the formula for the
specified window function After estimating the window function coefficients, it
is necessary to find the ideal filter frequency samples. The final objective of this
step is to obtain the coefficients hd[n]. Two sequences w[n] and hd[n] have the
same number of elements. The next step is to compute the frequency response
of designed filter h[n] using the following expression:
h[n]=w[n].hd[n]
Lastly, the transfer function of designed filter will be found by transforming
impulse response via Fourier transform:
H(ejω)=∑n=0Nh[n].e−jnω
Table 2 below contains all window functions mentioned in this chapter and
briefly compares their selectivity and stop band attenuation

Figure 5: Main lobe, main lobe width, side lobes, transition region
As can be seen in the table 2 above, the stopband attenuation of these
windows is not adjustable. It is only possible to affect the transition region by
increasing the filter order. For this reason it is preferable to start design process
by specifying the appropriate window function on the basis of the stopband
attenuation. It is most preferable to specify a window with the least stopband
attenuation that satisfies the given requirements. This enables the designed
filter to have the narrowest transition region

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