International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering

| e-ISSN: 2320-9801, p-ISSN: 2320-9798| www.ijircce.com | |Impact Factor: 8.379 | A Monthly Peer Reviewed & Referred Journal |

|| Volume 11, Issue 11, November 2023 ||

| DOI: 10.15680/IJIRCCE.2023.1111001 |

Liver Cirrhosis Prediction using Machine Learning

Akash M J1, Abhishek I Hanchinamani2 , Venkatesha H3, Karthik S Badiger4 Anu C.S5

B.E Student, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bapuji Institute of

Engineering and Technology, Davangere, Karnataka, India1
B.E Student, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bapuji Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Davangere, Karnataka, India2
B.E Student, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bapuji Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Davangere, Karnataka, India3
B.E Student, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bapuji Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Davangere, Karnataka, India4
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bapuji Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Davangere, Karnataka, India5

Abstract: Liver cirrhosis is the most common type of chronic liver disease in the globe.
The ability to forecast the onset of liver cirrhosis disease is critical for successful treatment
and the prevention of catastrophic health implications. As a result, we are going to design a
prediction model using machine learning techniques. The proposed model for the prediction
of liver cirrhosis disease uses Ensemble learning models (Naive Bayes classifier,
Classification and Regression Tree (CART), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) with 10-
fold cross-validation). Accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 Score were used to evaluate the
model’s performance. Ensemble learning techniques may provide a more accurate prediction
for liver cirrhosis disease. This approach can be used to help doctors make better clinical
decisions.

Keywords: Liver functions tests, Data preprocessing, Deep learning, Ensemble Model.

1. Introduction
Liver cirrhosis is an important type of liver damage. It usually occurs as a result of long
term damage of liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and circumstances, such as
hepatitis and chronic alcoholism or through genetics. Each time the liver is injured it tries to
repair itself fibrous scar tissue can be deposited in place of the missing cells which forms the
cirrhosis. As cirrhosis progresses, more and more scar tissue forms, hence making it difficult
for the liver to function. Advanced cirrhosis is life threatening. The liver damage done by
cirrhosis generally can't be undone. But if liver cirrhosis is diagnosed early and the cause is
treated, further damage can be limited and, rarely, reversed. In addition to fibrosis, the
complications of cirrhosis include portal hypertension, ascites, hepatorenal syndrome and
hepatic encephalopathy.
A poor correlation exists between histologic findings of cirrhosis and the clinical picture.
Some patients with cirrhosis are completely asymptomatic and have a reasonably normal life
expectancy while some individuals have severe symptoms of end-stage liver disease and
limited chance for survival. Common signs and symptoms may arise from decreased hepatic
synthetic function (coagulopathy), decreased detoxification capabilities of the liver (hepatic
encephalopathy) or portal hypertension (variceal bleeding) (Wolf & Katz, 2013). ICT has

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 International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering
| e-ISSN: 2320-9801, p-ISSN: 2320-9798| www.ijircce.com | |Impact Factor: 8.379 | A Monthly Peer Reviewed & Referred Journal |

|| Volume 11, Issue 11, November 2023 ||

| DOI: 10.15680/IJIRCCE.2023.1111001 |

been globally credited for changing the course of history and adding value to human lives in
various ways. Of all the technologies that add value and enhance human life, the introduction
of telemedicine which perhaps go down in history as the most defining and has the potential
to impact positively on humans, especially those living in the rural areas (Ezeorah,
Ayatalumo & IbeEnwo, 2009).

1.1 Causes of Liver Cirrhosis:

 Chronic Alcoholism: Excessive and prolonged alcohol consumption is a common cause
of liver cirrhosis. Alcohol-related liver disease occurs when the liver is unable to
metabolize alcohol effectively.
 Viral Hepatitis: Chronic infections with hepatitis B or C viruses can lead to
inflammation and damage to the liver over time, contributing to cirrhosis.
 Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): Accumulation of fat in the liver, often
associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome, can progress to non-alcoholic
steatohepatitis (NASH) and eventually lead to cirrhosis.
 Autoimmune Hepatitis: The immune system mistakenly attacks healthy liver cells,
causing inflammation and, in some cases, cirrhosis.
 Genetic Disorders: Inherited conditions such as hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease, and
cystic fibrosis can lead to the accumulation of toxins in the liver, contributing to cirrhosis.
 Biliary Atresia: This is a rare condition where the bile ducts inside or outside the liver
are absent or damaged, leading to bile accumulation and liver damage, especially in
infants.
 Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC) and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC): These
are autoimmune conditions affecting the bile ducts, leading to inflammation, scarring, and
eventually cirrhosis.
2. Literature review

C. Geetha et al. has proposed a work on “Evaluation based Approaches for Liver Disease
Prediction using Machine Learning Algorithms” in 2021. In this Study, methods used are
Support Vector Machine, Decision Tree. While its Accuracy is 70%. This work focused on
algorithms for classification of healthy people from liver datasets. Centre on their success
variables, this research also aims to compare the classification algorithms and to provide
prediction accuracy [1].

Jianxia Wen et al. demonstrated a work on “Research Progress and Treatment Status of
Liver Cirrhosis with Hypoproteinemia” in 2022. In this paper, Support Vector Machine is
used. While its Accuracy is 55%. This study comprehensively analyzed the common
complications, pathogenic mechanisms, and treatment status of cirrhosis caused by
hypoproteinemia and proposed research prospects for dealing with this increasingly serious
problem [2].

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 International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering
| e-ISSN: 2320-9801, p-ISSN: 2320-9798| www.ijircce.com | |Impact Factor: 8.379 | A Monthly Peer Reviewed & Referred Journal |

|| Volume 11, Issue 11, November 2023 ||

| DOI: 10.15680/IJIRCCE.2023.1111001 |

Manjula Devarakonda Venkata Sumalatha Lingamgunta et al. proposed a work on

“Health Care Automation” in 2022. The ML-based system for the early prediction of liver
disease based on the Indian dataset has been successfully developed using the RF algorithms.
The performance analysis of the technique is presented in terms of metrics for evaluation.
The performance of predicting the positive cases from the dataset is approximately 95%
which is evident from the recall metrics. Further, the precision reported to be approximately
74% emphasizing that the performance of predicting the positive class which are actually
positive [3].

Md. Fazle Rabbi, et al. demonstrated a work on “Prediction of Liver Disorder Using
Machine Learning Algorithm” in 2020. In this research, Logistic regression, Decision Tree,
Random Forest. ML algorithms such as Logistic Regression (LR), Decision Tree (DT),
Random Forest (RF), and Extra Trees (ET) for classifying Indian Liver Patient Dataset
(ILPD). Pearson Correlation Coefficient based feature selection (PCC-FS) is applied to
eliminate irrelevant features from the dataset. Also, a boosting algorithm (AdaBoost) is
utilized to enhance the predictive performance of those algorithms. The comparative analysis
is evaluated in terms of accuracy, ROC, F-1 score, precision, and recall. After comparing
experimental results, we have found that boosting on ET provides the highest accuracy of
92.19% [4].

Hartatik et al. demonstrated a work on “Prediction for Diagnosing Liver Disease in

Patients using KNN and Naive Bayes Algorithms” in 2020. Based on the results of testing
the Naive Bayes and KNN algorithms to solve predictive problems for patients with liver
disease or not using the python application. Data were taken from the UCI Machine Learning
Repository, namely the Indian Liver Patient Dataset (ILPD). The results show that of the two
algorithms, the Naive Bayes algorithm provides a better value than the KNN by using six
variables in the prediction model, which gives an increase in accuracy compared to the results
of previous studies[5].

Sateesh Ambesange et al. presented a work on “Optimizing Liver disease prediction with
Random Forest by various Data balancing Techniques” in 2020. In this work, ML models
are built using various preprocessing techniques to balance the unbalanced data and predicted
using RF algorithm. If Data set is imbalanced, only performing pre-processing like –
Replacing missing value, outlier treatment and transforming the data set does not improve the
results. Even hyper parameter tuning, Feature selection and PCA methods improve
performance up to a certain value, as mentioned in the result table. To further fine tune a
model, the balancing the data set is essential which is done using many oversampling and
under sampling techniques in this work. It has observed that prediction accuracy from
oversampled dataset is less compared to under sampled dataset, which indicates that over
sampling dilutes the correlation and relationship of features with target label and increases
variance in result. It also indicates, more data not always gives better results, it is quality of

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 International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering
| e-ISSN: 2320-9801, p-ISSN: 2320-9798| www.ijircce.com | |Impact Factor: 8.379 | A Monthly Peer Reviewed & Referred Journal |

|| Volume 11, Issue 11, November 2023 ||

| DOI: 10.15680/IJIRCCE.2023.1111001 |

data, cleaned data essential for building efficient models. In future same techniques we can
use in another set of data and check for the prediction accuracy[6].

Maria Alex Kuzhippallil et al. proposed work on “Comparative Analysis of

Machine Learning Techniques for Indian Liver Disease Patients” in 2020. In this work,
liver disease prediction has been studied and analyzed. The data is cleaned by performing
various techniques such as imputation of missing values with median, label encoding to
convert categorical into numerical data for easy analysis, duplicate value elimination and
outliers are eliminated using Isolation forest in order to improve the performance. Genetic
algorithm combined with XGBoost is used to fetch the best attributes required for prediction
of liver disease. Different classification algorithms are used to predict the presence or absence
of liver disease. Performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, f-measure and time
complexity is effectively utilized to analyze the performance of various classification
algorithms[7].

A.Sivasangari et al. proposed a work on “Diagnosis of Liver Disease using Machine

Learning Models” in 2020. In this paper, the different machine learning algorithms is
evaluated for the prediction of liver disease. Due to the subtle nature of its symptoms, liver
disease is particularly difficult to diagnose. Liver disease prediction followed the step of
preparing data in that data was collected from the public database preprocessing of data for -1
value replacement. Data division into the entire array of data split into training and research.
Eventually, quantitative measurement metrics such as precision, accuracy and recall are
measured over various machine learning models[8].

Sateesh Ambesange et al. demonstrated a work on “Liver Diseases Prediction using KNN
with Hyper Parameter Tuning Techniques” in 2020. In this work they developed the K-
Nearest Neighbor model to diagnose and predict liver disease. The data is transformed and
further dimensionality reduction is performed to reduce the features to improve the model
performance. The performance of classification and prediction techniques are evaluated on
different performance measures some of them are precision , accuracy, recall and score of F-
1. Grid Search is used for tuning the model’s hyper parameters like solver, max iterations,
random-state etc. The model not only gives best accuracy, it also gives a perfect score in
terms of AUC-ROC curve, precision, recall and other matrices of the model. The K NN
model performs better with an accuracy of 91%. In future this model can be utilized for larger
and real time datasets with more attributes, so that the model can perform even more
accurately[9].

2.1 Literature Review Summary

The literature review aimed to explore existing research on the early prediction of liver
cirrhosis, focusing on machine learning techniques. The review encompassed studies
published in last few years, investigating various algorithms and methodologies employed in

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 International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering
| e-ISSN: 2320-9801, p-ISSN: 2320-9798| www.ijircce.com | |Impact Factor: 8.379 | A Monthly Peer Reviewed & Referred Journal |

|| Volume 11, Issue 11, November 2023 ||

| DOI: 10.15680/IJIRCCE.2023.1111001 |

predicting liver cirrhosis. While the literature presented promising advancements, it also
acknowledged certain challenges. The main challenge is that the Existing Systems are unable
to predict the liver cirrhosis in its early stages.

2. Gaps Identified:

There are some other challenges like low accuracy, unable to predict the stages, data
quality and model generalization, the review points towards collaborative efforts for large,
diverse datasets. The future direction emphasizes the need for early detection along with the
stage in which the patient belongs.

3. Existing System :

The existing system for liver cirrhosis assessment often relies on traditional diagnostic
methods, including clinical evaluation, liver function tests, imaging studies, and invasive
procedures like liver biopsy. While these approaches are fundamental, they may have
limitations in terms of early detection and widespread applicability. Machine learning has
emerged as a complementary tool to enhance the existing system. By leveraging vast datasets
and advanced algorithms, ML models can analyze diverse patient data to identify patterns and
subtle indicators associated with liver cirrhosis. This offers the potential for earlier and more
accurate predictions, enabling timely interventions and personalized healthcare strategies.

4. Problem Statement:

Liver cirrhosis has become a common disease around the world. The death rate due to the
disease is becoming alarming. Early detection of the disease may reduce the complication of
the disease misfortune on patients. The ease of use of inventive technologies such as the one
anticipated in this research may help in alleviating the troubles of holdup in the uncovering
and treatment of liver cirrhosis. The Machine learning tools are used to predict whether
patient is positive or negative for the Disease. One more significant drive behind this is
Predicting Stage also in which stage patient is there.

5. Proposed System:

The proposed system for liver cirrhosis prediction through machine learning is designed to
revolutionize current diagnostic approaches. This system integrates a diverse array of patient
data to develop a robust predictive model using advanced machine learning algorithms. The
primary objective is to predict the liver cirrhosis in the early stages. Overall, this proposed
system represents a significant step toward more accurate and user-friendly liver cirrhosis
prediction system.

6. Objectives:
1. To design a model to analyse various patient data and predict the presence of liver cirrhosis.

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 International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering
| e-ISSN: 2320-9801, p-ISSN: 2320-9798| www.ijircce.com | |Impact Factor: 8.379 | A Monthly Peer Reviewed & Referred Journal |

|| Volume 11, Issue 11, November 2023 ||

| DOI: 10.15680/IJIRCCE.2023.1111001 |

2. To design a model to predict the stage of liver cirrhosis using Ensemble Classification
algorithm for model creation.
3. To design front End application using flask for user usage.

7. Methodology

This section provides a summary of the datasets, the suggested method, the structural
design of the system, and the algorithms utilized for categorizing liver disease.

Figure 8.1: Design Frame work

8.1 Dataset Description

Liver disease categorization is performed using the dataset pertaining to Indian Liver
Patients (ILPD) sourced from the UCI Machine Learning Repository. 2 It comprises 13
columns. Table 1 presents a summary of the feature characteristics for the patients.

8.2 Dataset Pre-Processing

The target feature in the dataset represents the categorical health condition of patients'
livers. The control group, also known as the negative class, consists of blood donors. On the
other hand, the positive classes include patients diagnosed with Cirrhosis.

8.3 Utilizing Improved Pre-processing for Liver Disease Prediction via

Machine Learning Algorithms.

This study assesses how ensemble-driven machine learning techniques perform on the
Dataset and conducts a comparative analysis of their outcomes. The Ensemble methodology
involves a distinct strategy where we merge several machine learning models, whether
similar or dissimilar, to execute prediction tasks, such as logistic regression (LR), KNN,
support vector machines (SVM), and so forth [19]. The ensemble models employ

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 International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering
| e-ISSN: 2320-9801, p-ISSN: 2320-9798| www.ijircce.com | |Impact Factor: 8.379 | A Monthly Peer Reviewed & Referred Journal |

|| Volume 11, Issue 11, November 2023 ||

| DOI: 10.15680/IJIRCCE.2023.1111001 |

foundational estimators or base learners. There exist numerous rationales for favoring
ensemble models over conventional ones.

Our results indicate that the utilization of ensemble classification approaches leads to
higher accuracy when compared to individual classifiers [20]. The amalgamation of these
algorithms demonstrated superior performance in contrast to using a single algorithm. The
discovery was made that selecting classifiers with independence and divergent perspectives
leads to enhanced outcomes

8. Results

Fig. 9.1: User Interface Design of Home Page

Fig. 9.2: User Interface Design of Form for Data Entry

This is the form which accepts Patient information from various medical reports.

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 International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering
| e-ISSN: 2320-9801, p-ISSN: 2320-9798| www.ijircce.com | |Impact Factor: 8.379 | A Monthly Peer Reviewed & Referred Journal |

|| Volume 11, Issue 11, November 2023 ||

| DOI: 10.15680/IJIRCCE.2023.1111001 |

Fig. 9.3: Prediction Result Page

Fig. 9.4: User Interface Design of Form for Data Entry

Fig. 9.5: Prediction Result Page

Fig. 9.6: User Interface Design of Form for Data Entry

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 International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering
| e-ISSN: 2320-9801, p-ISSN: 2320-9798| www.ijircce.com | |Impact Factor: 8.379 | A Monthly Peer Reviewed & Referred Journal |

|| Volume 11, Issue 11, November 2023 ||

| DOI: 10.15680/IJIRCCE.2023.1111001 |

Fig. 9.7: Prediction Result Page

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 International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering
| e-ISSN: 2320-9801, p-ISSN: 2320-9798| www.ijircce.com | |Impact Factor: 8.379 | A Monthly Peer Reviewed & Referred Journal |

|| Volume 11, Issue 11, November 2023 ||

| DOI: 10.15680/IJIRCCE.2023.1111001 |

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